Showing 1873 results

(from Oxford Dictionary of Biography entry by K.D. Reynolds)

Stanley [née Bruce], Lady Augusta Elizabeth Frederica (1822-1876), courtier, was born on 3 April 1822, the daughter of Thomas Bruce, seventh earl of Elgin and eleventh earl of Kincardine (1766-1841), diplomatist, and his second wife, Elizabeth Oswald (1790-1860). She had four brothers and two sisters as well as a half-brother and three half-sisters, and on the death of their father the large family was left impoverished. The earl and his family had been living for some time in Paris, and it was there that his widow continued to make a home for her family. Lady Elgin was a woman of culture and learning (especially in mathematics), and the intelligentsia gathered at her Paris salon in the rue de Lille. Lack of money and the need for a secure home led Lady Augusta to accept the offer of a place in the household of the duchess of Kent, Queen Victoria's mother, and in 1846 she served her first term as lady-in-waiting. The exuberant and sympathetic yet profoundly religious Lady Augusta swept through the elderly and rather staid household at Frogmore like a breath of fresh air: with her connections in France, and her large family of siblings seeking their fortunes in different spheres and parts of the globe, she brought the outside world into the enclosed court. She soon came to occupy the place of a daughter in the duchess's affections, especially after Lady Elgin died in 1860, and remained with the duchess until the latter's death in March 1861.

Service in the duchess of Kent's household had brought Lady Augusta into regular contact with the queen, and especially with the queen's children, and following the duchess's death Victoria invited her to join her own household .

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–1881), a leader of the broad church, was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was well known to the Bruces and to the court, but it came as a surprise to Lady Augusta when their relations promoted a marriage between them: she had never ‘looked on [Stanley] in such a light, or dreamt of [him] as other than the most valued, trusted and admired friend’ (Letters, 292).

None the less, their mutual reticence was overcome and their engagement announced. The queen was furious. ‘My dear Lady Augusta, at 41, without a previous long attachment, has, most unnecessarily, decided to marry (!!)’ she wrote to her uncle, King Leopold of the Belgians (Gernsheim and Gernsheim, 143). She was eventually, if grudgingly, reconciled to the match, and on 22 December 1863 the wedding took place. Stanley took up his appointment as dean of Westminster shortly afterwards, and it was at the deanery that Lady Augusta was to make her home for the rest of her life.

At last settled in a home of her own, Lady Augusta Stanley revelled in her new duties. The deanery became something of a salon, where the church mixed with the intelligentsia and the politicians. Dean Stanley's politics were Liberal, but Lady Augusta's roots were tory, and politicians of all persuasions, British and continental, were to be met at the deanery, alongside scientists, artists, and writers. And Lady Augusta retained her connections with the court. On her marriage she was appointed extra woman of the bedchamber, and she was frequently in attendance on the queen. But now the most important service she provided for the queen was that of connecting her to the world, for Victoria was in the depths of her secluded widowhood. Lady Augusta, who travelled widely with her husband, constantly wrote to the queen about people and places, hoping always to draw her attention outward from her grief, and mindful always of the jeopardy in which the monarchy would stand if Victoria's popularity sunk too low. A particular project was to encourage the queen to visit Ireland; Lady Augusta was firmly of the belief that ‘if it had been Ireland she had visited and settled on, instead of Aberdeenshire—the ecstacies and interests that would have grown up would have been just as great—and fenianism would never have existed’ (Later Letters, 65). Only once did the queen invite herself to meet company at Lady Augusta's salon, on 4 March 1869, the guests being George and Harriet Grote, Sir Charles and Lady Lyell, Robert Browning, and Thomas Carlyle. The event was a mixed success, for although the queen found them ‘very agreeable’ (G. E. Buckle, ed., The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd ser., 3 vols., 1926, 1.587), she was never at ease in the company of the learned, and the experiment was not repeated.

In January 1874 the Stanleys travelled to Russia, where the dean was to perform the English ceremony at the marriage of Prince Alfred, duke of Edinburgh, with Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, at which Lady Augusta was one of the representatives of the queen. The journey marked the beginning of Lady Augusta's physical decline, for her health, long taxed by her devotion to her duties, never recovered. For some time she struggled to maintain her activities, attending the arrival of the new duchess of Edinburgh at Windsor, and keeping up her flow of cheerful letters. A trip to France in the autumn of 1874 led not to improved health but a case of ‘Roman fever’. Throughout 1875 she grew weaker, and on 1 March 1876 she died at the deanery, from ‘progressive muscular atrophy’ (d. cert.); her eventual physical weakness had been such that she was unable to sign her will on 19 February. She was buried on 9 March in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey. Her coffin bearers included an archbishop, a bishop, two dukes, and the poet Tennyson. The queen's usual encomium after the death of one of her household this time held real affection: ‘She was such a help in so many ways, so sympathising, loving and kind, so attached to me and mine, so clever and agreeable, known to so many. She used to write such interesting letters and knew so many interesting people. It was always a treat to me when she came’ (Later Letters, 274). If the loss of Lady Augusta to the queen was great, to Arthur Stanley, who had come late to marriage, it was immeasurable; his nephew commented, ‘The light had gone out of his life’ (ibid., 16).

Sources

Letters of Lady Augusta Stanley: a young lady at court, 1849–1863, ed. A. V. Baillie and H. Bolitho (1927) · Later letters of Lady Augusta Stanley, 1864–1876, ed. A. V. Baillie and H. Bolitho [1929] · W. A. Lindsay, The royal household (1898) · H. Gernsheim and A. Gernsheim, Queen Victoria (1959) · S. Weintraub, Victoria: biography of a queen (1987) · Darling child: private correspondence of Queen Victoria and the crown princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, ed. R. Fulford (1976) · K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic women and political society in Victorian Britain (1998) · m. cert. · d. cert. · Burke, Peerage (1901) · will · CGPLA Eng. & Wales (1876)

For more information see Oxford Dictionary of National Biography at : http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/41342 . Note: access requires Passport York).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (13 December 1815 - 18 July 1881) was an English churchman, Dean of Westminster, known as Dean Stanley. His position was that of a Broad Churchman and he was the author of works on Church History.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_(priest) .

Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope (7 December 1781 – 2 March 1855) was an English aristocrat and politician. He sat in Parliament as a Whig for Wendover from 1806 to 1807, Hull from 1807 to 1812, and Midhurst from 1812 until his succession to the peerage on 15 December 1816. Sharing his father's (Charles Stanhope's) scientific interest, he was elected F.R.S. (Fellow of the Royal Society) on January 8, 1807, and was a president of the Medico-Botanical Society; he furthermore was a vice-president of the Society of Arts. In 1831 Stanhope took an interest in Kaspar Hauser, [1812?]-1833, a German youth who claimed to have grown up in the total isolation of a darkened cell. Stanhope took custody of Hauser in 1831 and spent a great deal of money attempting to clarify Hauser's origin. By January 1832 Stanhope left Hauser for good and after Hauser's death, Stanhope published a book in which he presented all known evidence against Hauser's origins and story. Stanhope died in 1855 and was succeeded by his son Philip Henry Stanhope, fifth Earl Stanhope (1805–1875).

J. (Joseph) Bascom St. John (1906-1983), journalist and civil servant, was born and educated in Ontario. He began his journalism career in 1929 with the Montreal 'Star,' writing a column and editing a farm publication. In 1945 he joined the 'Globe and Mail' as an editorial writer. His reputation was made by the column, 'The world of learning,' a daily feature in the 'Globe and Mail' from 1958 until 1964. In the latter year, St. John joined the Ontario Department of Education as chair of its Policy and Development Council. In 1971 he became special assistant to the Deputy Minister of Education, retiring in 1973. Along with his journalism and magazine writing, St. John was the author of, 'Spotlight on Canadian education,' (1959).

“Hamilton singer and songwriter known across Canada for her high energy shows! At home St James collaborates with Hamilton musicians and friends for all-star fun around town. Blending country, blues and rockabilly, her powerful voice and entertaining style on-stage leave her fans wanting more!” https://hometownhub.ca/listing-item/ginger-st-james/

(from Wikipedia entry)

Most likely Mary Amelia St. Clair. May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 - 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' Suffrage League. May Sinclair was also a significant critic, in the area of modernist poetry and prose and she is attributed with first using the term stream of consciousness) in a literary context, when reviewing the first volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915-67), in The Egoist, April 1918.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Sinclair .

“Laura Spink is a vocalist/percussionist in the Toronto-based duo, The Young Novelists. She has toured Canada, the United States, and Europe, and the band has won a Canadian Folk Music Award for New/Emerging Artist of the Year. Besides working full-time in music, Laura graduated with a Geochemistry degree from the University of Waterloo and works part-time at the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. She is also the proud mom of an amazing 7-year old son.” https://soundcloud.com/the-story-collider/laura-spink-these-conventional-looks

Gustav Spiller (1864 - February 1940) was a Hungarian-born ethical and sociological writer who was active in Ethical Societies in the United Kingdom. He helped to organize the First Universal Races Congress in 1911. Born in Budapest to a Jewish family, Gustav Spiller came to London in 1885 and gained work as a compositor. Influenced by Stanton Coit, until 1901 he worked as a printer work for the Bank of England for six months every year, using the rest of his time for self-education. In 1901 he became a lecturer for the Ethical movement, and in 1904 the salaried secretary of the International Union of Ethical Societies.

Spiller and Felix Adler organized the International Congress of Moral Education, held at the University of London in September 1908. There Spiller promoted the idea of a Universal Races Congress, which took place in London in 1911 with financial support from John E. Milholland.

By 1920 Spiller had joined the Labour Office of the League of Nations in Geneva.

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Alfred Spender (23 December 1862 - 21 June 1942) was a British journalist, newspaper editor, and author. He is best known for serving as the editor of the London newspaper the Westminster Gazette from 1896 until 1922. Spender was the eldest of four sons born to John Kent Spender, a doctor, and his wife, the novelist Lillian Spender. He was educated at Bath College and Balliol College, Oxford, where he did well in his studies but missed a first in Greats due to illness.

Though Benjamin Jowett, the Master of Balliol, suggested that Spender become a lawyer, Spender sought out a career in journalism instead. In this he had the assistance of his uncle William Saunders, who owned the Western and Eastern Morning News as well as the Central News Ageny. After a brief period as Saunders's secretary, Spender was offered a position as a leader writer for The Echo by John Passmore Edwards, though their relationship proved difficult and Spender left after only five months in the post.

It was at this point in 1886 that Saunders offered his nephew the editorship of the struggling Hull newspaper Eastern Morning News. Spender eagerly accepted and spent a little more than four years in the post. As the editor of a provincial daily, Spender undertook whatever jobs were necessary, serving as sales manager, leader writer, reporter, and critic. Through his efforts the paper returned to profitability, only to then be sold by Saunders in February 1891. Spender returned to London, where he worked as a freelance contributor to a number of papers and wrote his book, a tract on old-age pensions that won him the friendship of John Morley.

In June 1892 Spender received an offer from E. T. Cook, the editor of the Liberal evening newspaper the Pall Mall Gazette, to work as his assistant editor. Spender gladly accepted, only to be let go a month later when the Pall Mall Gazette was sold to William Waldorf Astor, who changed its party allegiance to the Unionists. Though the newly married Spender was unemployed once more, he was quickly rehired by Cook when the editor started a new Liberal evening paper, the Westminster Gazette, in January 1893. Cook served as editor until 1896, when he resigned his position to take over as editor of the Liberal Daily News. Though a number of prominent individuals applied to succeed him, the owner of the Westminster Gazette, George Newnes, decided to offer the editorship to Spender, then only thirty-three years of age. Though Spender himself was modest about his prospects, his selection was met with approval by many in the Liberal ranks, including the head of the party Lord Rosebery.

Under Spender's direction, the Westminster Gazette never had a wide circulation, nor did it make a profit. Nonetheless it was the most influential evening newspaper in Britain, for which Spender received the credit. The veteran editor Frederick Greenwood regarded the Westminster Gazette under Spender as "the best edited paper in London," and his leaders became essential reading for politicians on both sides of the political aisle. In them his priority was Liberal unity. He balanced ideological expression in the pages of his paper, avoiding the polemical heights attained by his counterparts in other Liberal publications. Though this occasionally earned him the ire of both Liberal factions in a debate, his loyalty to the Liberal leadership was rewarded with their confidences, which provided him with invaluable insight into the inner workings of contemporary politics.

Spender greatly valued his editorial independence, which was never an issue with the Gazette's owner, George Newnes. When Newnes sold the paper in 1908 to a consortium of Liberal businessmen and politicians led by Alfred Mond, however, Spender found his cherished independence under pressure. Only internal disagreement within the ownership group saved Spender from dismissal. The dispute hurt staff morale, while the start of the First World War led several important staff members to leave for service in the armed forces. A growing decline in circulation and revenue led Spender and the owners to undertake the radical move of switching from an evening to a morning publication in November 1921. The new paper, however, was no longer a vehicle for the sort of reflective journalism characteristic of Spender, and he resigned from his position in February 1922. Spender's departure from the Westminster Gazette also meant his departure from journalism, as he how pursued a new career as an author. Over the next two decades, he wrote a number of books on nonfiction subjects, including histories, travelogues, biographies, and memoirs. His most prominent works were two biographies of Liberal party leaders, the former prime ministers Henry Campbell Bannerman and Herbert Henry Asquith, and a memoir of his Life Journalism and Politics. He also served on a number of public commissions and inquiries, and after refusing public honors three previous times he accepted an appointment as a Companion of Honour. He also remained involved in Liberal politics, though his influence was much diminished with the decline of the Liberal Party in the interwar period, while his concern about the insufficiency of British armaments led many to brand Spender as an appeaser in the run-up to the Second World War. Spender died in June 1942 after a long illness.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Alfred_Spender .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 - 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.

Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution" and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did." As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." Spencer was "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" but his influence declined sharply after 1900; "Who now reads Spencer?" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937.

Spencer is best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest", which he did in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he also made use of Lamarckism. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby, England, on 27 April 1820, the son of William George Spencer (generally called George). Spencer's father was a religious dissenter who drifted from Methodism to Quakerism, and who seems to have transmitted to his son an opposition to all forms of authority. He ran a school founded on the progressive teaching methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and also served as Secretary of the Derby Philosophical Society, a scientific society which had been founded in the 1790s by Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin.

Spencer was educated in empirical science by his father, while the members of the Derby Philosophical Society introduced him to pre-Darwinian concepts of biological evolution, particularly those of Erasmus Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. His uncle, the Reverend Thomas Spencer, vicar of Hinton Charterhouse near Bath, completed Spencer's limited formal education by teaching him some mathematics and physics, and enough Latin to enable him to translate some easy texts. Thomas Spencer also imprinted on his nephew his own firm free-trade and anti-statist political views. Otherwise, Spencer was an autodidact who acquired most of his knowledge from narrowly focused readings and conversations with his friends and acquaintances.

As both an adolescent and a young man Spencer found it difficult to settle to any intellectual or professional discipline. He worked as a civil engineer during the railway boom of the late 1830s, while also devoting much of his time to writing for provincial journals that were nonconformist in their religion and radical in their politics. From 1848 to 1853 he served as sub-editor on the free-trade journal The Economist, during which time he published his first book, Social Statics (1851), which predicted that humanity would eventually become completely adapted to the requirements of living in society with the consequential withering away of the state.

Its publisher, John Chapman, introduced Spencer to his salon which was attended by many of the leading radical and progressive thinkers of the capital, including John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, George Henry Lewes and Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), with whom he was briefly romantically linked. Spencer himself introduced the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, who would later win fame as 'Darwin's Bulldog' and who remained his lifelong friend. However it was the friendship of Evans and Lewes that acquainted him with John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic and with Auguste Comte's positivism and which set him on the road to his life's work. He strongly disagreed with Comte.

The first fruit of his friendship with Evans and Lewes was Spencer's second book, Principles of Psychology, published in 1855, which explored a physiological basis for psychology. The book was founded on the fundamental assumption that the human mind was subject to natural laws and that these could be discovered within the framework of general biology. This permitted the adoption of a developmental perspective not merely in terms of the individual (as in traditional psychology), but also of the species and the race. Through this paradigm, Spencer aimed to reconcile the associationist psychology of Mill's Logic, the notion that human mind was constructed from atomic sensations held together by the laws of the association of ideas, with the apparently more 'scientific' theory of phrenology, which located specific mental functions in specific parts of the brain. Spencer argued that both these theories were partial accounts of the truth: repeated associations of ideas were embodied in the formation of specific strands of brain tissue, and these could be passed from one generation to the next by means of the Lamarckian mechanism of use-inheritance. The Psychology, he believed, would do for the human mind what Isaac Newton had done for matter. However, the book was not initially successful and the last of the 251 copies of its first edition was not sold until June 1861.

Spencer's interest in psychology derived from a more fundamental concern which was to establish the universality of natural law. In common with others of his generation, including the members of Chapman's salon, he was possessed with the idea of demonstrating that it was possible to show that everything in the universe - including human culture, language, and morality - could be explained by laws of universal validity. This was in contrast to the views of many theologians of the time who insisted that some parts of creation, in particular the human soul, were beyond the realm of scientific investigation. Comte's Système de Philosophie Positive had been written with the ambition of demonstrating the universality of natural law, and Spencer was to follow Comte in the scale of his ambition. However, Spencer differed from Comte in believing it was possible to discover a single law of universal application which he identified with progressive development and was to call the principle of evolution. In 1858 Spencer produced an outline of what was to become the System of Synthetic Philosophy. This immense undertaking, which has few parallels in the English language, aimed to demonstrate that the principle of evolution applied in biology, psychology, sociology (Spencer appropriated Comte's term for the new discipline) and morality. Spencer envisaged that this work of ten volumes would take twenty years to complete; in the end it took him twice as long and consumed almost all the rest of his long life.

Despite Spencer's early struggles to establish himself as a writer, by the 1870s he had become the most famous philosopher of the age. His works were widely read during his lifetime, and by 1869 he was able to support himself solely on the profit of book sales and on income from his regular contributions to Victorian periodicals which were collected as three volumes of Essays. His works were translated into German, Italian, Spanish, French, Russian, Japanese and Chinese, and into many other languages and he was offered honors and awards all over Europe and North America. He also became a member of the Athenaeum, an exclusive Gentleman's Club in London open only to those distinguished in the arts and sciences, and the X Club, a dining club of nine founded by T.H. Huxley that met every month and included some of the most prominent thinkers of the Victorian age (three of whom would become presidents of the Royal Society).

Members included physicist-philosopher John Tyndall and Darwin's cousin, the banker and biologist Sir John Lubbock. There were also some quite significant satellites such as liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster; and guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time. Through such associations, Spencer had a strong presence in the heart of the scientific community and was able to secure an influential audience for his views. Despite his growing wealth and fame he never owned a house of his own.

The last decades of Spencer's life were characterized by growing disillusionment and loneliness. He never married, and after 1855 was a perpetual hypochondriac who complained endlessly of pains and maladies that no physician could diagnose.[citation needed] By the 1890s his readership had begun to desert him while many of his closest friends died and he had come to doubt the confident faith in progress that he had made the center-piece of his philosophical system. His later years were also ones in which his political views became increasingly conservative. Whereas Social Statics had been the work of a radical democrat who believed in votes for women (and even for children) and in the nationalization of the land to break the power of the aristocracy, by the 1880s he had become a staunch opponent of female suffrage and made common cause with the landowners of the Liberty and Property Defence League against what they saw as the drift towards 'socialism' of elements (such as Sir William Harcourt) within the administration of William Ewart Gladstone - largely against the opinions of Gladstone himself. Spencer's political views from this period were expressed in what has become his most famous work, The Man versus the State. The exception to Spencer's growing conservativism was that he remained throughout his life an ardent opponent of imperialism and militarism. His critique of the Boer War was especially scathing, and it contributed to his declining popularity in Britain.[12]

Spencer also invented a precursor to the modern paper clip, though it looked more like a modern cotter pin. This "binding-pin" was distributed by Ackermann & Company. Spencer shows drawings of the pin in Appendix I (following Appendix H) of his autobiography along with published descriptions of its uses.

In 1902, shortly before his death, Spencer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. He continued writing all his life, in later years often by dictation, until he succumbed to poor health at the age of 83. His ashes are interred in the eastern side of London's Highgate Cemetery facing Karl Marx's grave. At Spencer's funeral the Indian nationalist leader Shyamji Krishnavarma announced a donation of £1,000 to establish a lectureship at Oxford University in tribute to Spencer and his work.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer .

A Canadian composer and music teacher. She began a collaboration with the New Dance Group of Canada (later known as Toronto Dance Theatre) in 1967, where she became composer-in-residence in 1968. She was a founding member, first president (1980–88), life member (2002) and honorary president (2007) of the Association of Canadian Women Composers.

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Ritchie Sorley (4 November 1855 - 28 July 1935) was a Scottish philosopher. A Gifford Lecturer, he was one of the British Idealist school of thinkers, with interests in ethics. William Ritchie Sorley was born in Selkirk, the son of Anna Ritchie and William Sorley, a Free Church of Scotland minister. He was educated at Edinburgh University and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from 1900 until 1933. He died, aged 79, at Cambridge.

He is now remembered for his A History of British Philosophy to 1900, published in 1920, with its idiosyncratic slant, as a retrospective view from the point of view of British Idealism. Among his other published works are: The Ethics of Naturalism: a Criticism (second edition 1904), The Moral Life and Moral Worth (1911), and his Gifford Lectures Moral Values and the Idea of God (second edition 1921). The poet Charles Sorley was his son.

He is now remembered for his A History of British Philosophy to 1900, published in 1920, with its idiosyncratic slant, as a retrospective view from the point of view of British Idealism. Among his other published works are: The Ethics of Naturalism: a Criticism (second edition 1904), The Moral Life and Moral Worth (1911), and his Gifford Lectures Moral Values and the Idea of God (second edition 1921). The poet Charles Sorley was his son.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ritchie_Sorley .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edward Adolf Sonnenschein (1851 - 2 Sep 1929, Bath, Somerset) was an English Classical Scholar and writer on Latin grammar and verse. Sonnenschein was educated at University College School and then in 1868 at University College London in 1868.

He was appointed Oxford professor of Greek and Latin at Mason College, Birmingham (afterwards University of Birmingham) in 1883, staying there until 1918. He was a Plautine scholar, publishing editions of Captivi (1879), Mostellaria (1884), and Rudens (1891). He took up the reform of grammar teaching, and published the "Parallel Grammar" series. With John Percival Postgate, he founded the Classical Association in 1903.

Much of his grammatical research was summed up in The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive (1910) and The Soul of Grammar (1927). He insisted upon the humanities taking their proper place in the modern university; and took up the question of war-guilt during the European war; he was a very exact scholar. Sonnenschein was born in London in 1851, the eldest son of a teacher, Adolf Sonnenschein from Moravia (now part of the Czech Republic) and Sarah Robinson Stallybrass. He married Edith Annesley Bolton (1854-1943) and they had three children: Edward Jamie, who later took the surname Somerset; Christopher Edward, who was killed in a mountaineering accident in Switzerland on 22 February 1914 and Edward Oliver, who later took the surname Stallybrass. Because of the hostility to Germans during the First World War, two of his sons changed their surnames to English names. Adolf Sonnenschein's third son, William Swan Sonnenschein born in 1855 (Edwards younger brother) took his second name 'Swan' from the maternal grandfather’s friendship.

As a young man William was apprenticed to the firm of Williams and Norgate, where he gained experience of second hand bookselling before founding his own company, W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen, with the first of several partners, J. Archibald Allen, in 1878. This partnership was dissolved in 1882 when William married and the firm's name changed to W Swan Sonnenschein & Co. The firm published general literature and periodicals but specialized in sociology and politics. Sonnenschein was involved with the Ethical Society and published their literature.

In 1895 Swan Sonnenschein became a limited liability company, and in 1902 William Swan Sonnenschein left to work at George Routledge and Sons, and later at Kegan Paul. Swan Sonnenschein was amalgamated with George Allen & Co in 1911. He changed his ‘German’ surname during the First World War to Stallybrass. He died in 1934.

Sonnenschein was an influential classical scholar during his time at Mason College between 1883 and 1918, where he wrote prolifically. He edited several plays by Plautus, and collaborated with John Percival Postgate, forming the Classical Association in 1903, becoming its Secretary. He contributed to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica (designated by the initials "E. A. So.").

His views differed from Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) a Danish linguist, which he explained in his 1927 book, The Soul of Grammar, as his answer to Jespersen's 1924 Philosophy of Grammar. C. T. Onions, the last editor of the original Oxford English Dictionary, was one of his pupils.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Adolf_Sonnenschein .

Donald Solitar, educator, was born in the United States and graduated from New York University (PhD). He was professor and chair of the Department of Mathematics at York University (chair 1968-1974). He sat on the University Senate during the period, 1968-1972.

An American dancer and choreographer. She was also a co-founder of the Actors Studio. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sokolow)

Edward Snowden (1950- ) was a warrant officer and chief clerk with the 2nd Field Engineer Regiment Toronto (1968-1980). The 2nd Field Company Canadian Engineers was established as a militia in Toronto in 1904, with a large contingent of its members drawn from the University of Toronto. It saw action in World War I, at Ypres, the Somme, Vimy, Passchendale and at other places of battle. As part of the Non-Permanent Active Militia the 2nd Field Company was headquartered in Toronto following the War, assuming the name, 2nd Field Engineer Regiment Toronto. It served there as a recruiting company into World War II.

Delmar McCormack Smyth (1922- ), educator, was born and educated in Toronto, receiving the PhD from the University of Toronto in 1972. Originally in manufacturing, Smyth became the assistant administrative director of the Canadian International Trade Fair in the federal Ministry of Trade and Commerce, 1951-1956. He then joined the administration of the University of Toronto as assistant registrar. He subsequently became director of admissions, 1956-1960. After study at Cambridge, he became assistant to the president and lecturer in political science at York University in 1962. Other appointments at York included dean of Atkinson College, 1963-1969, director of the Centre for Continuing Education and professor of administration. He has also served as the vice chairman of the Ontario Council of Regents for Colleges of Applied Arts and Science (1966-1973), as member of the Council of the Bishop Strachan School (1966-1973), and on the Ontario Regional Committee, Canadian Council of Christians and Jews (1965-1970). Smyth has served on editorial boards for journals in the field of education, and has written several articles and books including, 'Government for higher education,' (1970) and co-authorship of 'The house that Ryerson built,' (1984).

“William Christopher Smither is an American folk/blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter. His music draws deeply from the blues, American folk music, and modern poets and philosophers.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Smither

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Robertson Smith FRSE (8 November 1846 - 31 March 1894) was a Scottish orientalist,Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was an editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica and contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica. He is also known for his book Religion of the Semites, which is considered a foundational text in the comparative study of religion. Smith was born in Aberdeenshire and demonstrated a quick intellect at an early age. He entered Aberdeen University at fifteen, before transferring to New College, Edinburgh, to train for the ministry, in 1866. After graduation he took up a chair in Hebrew at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1870. In 1875 he wrote a number of important articles on religious topics in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He became popularly known because of his trial for heresy in the 1870s, following the publication of an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Smith's articles approached religious topics without endorsing the Bible as literally true. The result was a furore in the Free Church of Scotland, of which he was a member. As a result of the heresy trial, he lost his position at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1881 and took up a position as a reader in Arabic at the University of Cambridge, where he eventually rose to the position of University Librarian, Professor of Arabic and a fellow of Christ's College. It was during this time that he wrote The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (1881) and The Prophets of Israel (1882), which were intended to be theological treatises for the lay audience.

In 1887 Smith became the editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica after the death of his employer Thomas Spencer Baynes left the position vacant. In 1889 he wrote his most important work, Religion of the Semites, an account of ancient Jewish religious life which pioneered the use of sociology in the analysis of religious phenomena. He was Professor of Arabic there with the full title 'Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic' (1889-1894). He died in 1894 of tuberculosis.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith .

John Newton Smith, filmmaker, was born in Montréal in 1943 and received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1964. He first became involved in film-making while working towards a Master's of Political Science when he created a film for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) with a fellow student in 1967. In 1968, Smith went to work for CBC Toronto as a researcher. One year later, he moved to Hobel-Leiterman Productions where he worked as a producer/director for several television series on the CTV network. In 1972 he joined the National Film Board (NFB) as executive producer of its television unit. With its closure in the mid-1970s, Smith turned his attention to drama and produced several films for the NFB. He directed and co-wrote "Dieppe" and "The Boys of St. Vincent" for which he received a Gemini Award for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program in 1994. More recently, Smith has directed films and television miniseries such as "Dangerous Minds" (1995), "Random Passage" (2002), "Prairie Giant : The Tommy Douglas Story"(2006), "The Englishman's Boy"(2008) and "Love & Savagery"(2009).

Smith has a long history of defending free speech and artists' rights. He protested the delay in broadcasting "The Boys of St.Vincent" fighting to expand the legal definition of freedom of expression for artists. He also fought efforts to have his miniseries "Prairie Giant : The Tommy Douglas Story" repressed, raising public awareness about de-facto censorship by CBC executives due to protests about the depiction of James Gardiner in the work.

Founder of the Christian Kingdom Society.

Denis Smith (1932- ), educator and editor, was educated at McGill and Oxford, receiving the degree of M. Litt. from the latter in 1959. After a brief time teaching at the University of Toronto, Smith was engaged first as registrar and then professor of political science at York University, 1960-1963. In 1964 he joined the faculty of Trent University as associate professor of political science and as Vice President. In 1982 he moved to the University of Western Ontario where he served as dean of social science. Smith was an editor of the 'Journal of Canadian studies,' (1966-1975) and of the 'Canadian forum,' (1975-1979). He was also president of the Canadian Periodical Publishers' Association (1975-1977). Smith is the author of several books including, 'Bleeding hearts, bleeding country.' (1971), and 'Gentle patriot,' (1973), the latter a biography of Walter Gordon.

“Grant Davidson, known professionally as Slow Leaves, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, and musician. Davidson began playing guitar at age 15, inspired after discovering a Led Zeppelin II cassette tape in his older brother’s room. It was a finger-picked guitar however that would eventually form the heart of his songs. [...] Davidson’s voice is fragile and assured. His music could exist as comfortably in the ‘70s as it does in today’s age of curated images and hollow soundbites, when vulnerability can be seen as defiance and sincerity as radical.” https://www.manitobamusic.com/profiles/view,499/slowleaves

"Sarah Hope Slean (born June 21, 1977) is a Canadian singer-songwriter, composer and musician. She has released eleven albums to date (including EPs and live albums). She is also a poet, visual artist, and occasional actress." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Slean

Dr. J.W. Slaughter was associated with the Sociological Society. According to Nina Cust, Slaughter was born in 1878, was a lecturer on Civic and Sociology at the Rice Institute in Texas and was author of "The Adolescent", "Social Forces in Latin-America" and other works.

B.F. Skinner was an influential American psychologist, behaviourist, and social philosopher.

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Felicia Mary Frances Skene (1821-1899) was a Scottish author, philanthropist and prison reformer in the Victorian era.

Skene used the pseudonym Erskine Moir and was a friend of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910).She was the youngest daughter of James Skene of Rubislaw and his wife, Jane Forbes, daughter of Sir William Forbes, sixth baronet of Pitsligo. She was born on 93 May 1821 at Aix in Provence. As a child, she played with the children of the exiled king, Charles X, at Holyrood ; as a girl she was the guest of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe at the embassy at Constantinople; and later was the friend of, among others, Sir John Franklin, Pusey, Landor, and Aytoun. Her father was a great friend of Sir Walter Scott, and it is said that Miss Skene as a child used to sit on the great novelist's knee and tell him fairy tales. In 1838, the family moved to Greece on account of Mrs. Skene 's health. Skene built a villa near Athens, in which they lived for some time. They returned to England in 1845, and lived first at Leamington and afterwards at Oxford.

Miss Skene was a very accomplished woman and devoted to good works. When, in 1854, cholera broke out at Oxford, she took part, under Sir Henry Acland, in organising a band of nurses. Some of them were sent afterwards to the Crimea, and during the war Miss Skene remained in constant correspondence with Miss Nightingale. She took much interest in rescue work in Oxford, and was one of the first 'lady visitors' appointed by the home office to visit the prison. Some of her experiences were told in a series of articles in Blackwood's Magazine, published in book form in 1889, and entitled Scenes from a Silent World.

Her earliest published work was Isles of Greece, and other Poems, which appeared in 1843. A devotional work, The Divine Master, was published in 1852, memoirs of her cousin Alexander Penrose Forbes, bishop of Brechin, and Alexander Lycurgus, archbishop of the Cyclades, in 1876 and 1877 respectively. In 1866, she published anonymously a book called Hidden Depths. It was republished with her name and an introduction by Mr. W. Shepherd Allen in 1886. Though to all appearance a novel, the author states that it is not a work of fiction in the ordinary acceptation of the term, as she herself witnessed many of the scenes described. She was a constant contributor to the magazines, and edited the Churchman's Companion, 1862-80. She died at 34 St. Michael Street, Oxford, on 6 October 1899.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Skene .

A medical scholar

Sacheverell Sitwell (1897-1988), author and critic, was born in England and served in a Guards regiment during World War I (1914-1918). He established a reputation as an art critic with his studies of the Baroque while also writing novels and poetry. His major titles include, 'Southern Baroque art,' (1924), 'German Baroque art,' (1927), 'The people's palace,' (1918), 'The dance of the quick and the dead,' (1964) and other titles. In all, he published eighty books.

Sir Osbert Sitwell (1892-1969), author, was born in England, and served with a Guards regiment in the World War, 1914-1918. His satirical poems of the war, published in 'Argonaut and Juggernaut,' (1919), and 'Out of the flame,' (1923). He was the author of numerous books, including a four-volume autobiography (1944-1950), 'Miracle on Sinai,' (1933), a novel, 'Winters of content,' (1932), and 'Escape with me,' (1939), travel books, and 'Pound wise,' (1963), a collection of essays.

Florence Alice Sitwell was the daughter of Sir Sitwell Reresby Sitwell, 3rd Bt. and Louisa Lucy Hely Hutchinson. She authored two books: Daybreak A Story for Girls ( published 1888) and Mistress Patience Summerhayes' Her Diary: During the Siege of Scarborough Castle, 1644-1645 [published 1885?].

Edith Louisa Sitwell (1887-1964), author, was born in England. She attracted literary attention in 1916 as the editor of 'Wheels,' a poetry anthology which was continued in 1917, 1918 and 1921. She was the author of several works of poetry and prose, as well as criticism, chief among them being 'The mother and other poems,' (1915), 'Elegy on dead fashion,' (1926), 'Selected poems,' (1936), 'Song of the cold,' (1948), 'A poet's notebook,' (1943), 'The pleasures of poetry,' (1930-32), and several others. In 1954 she was named Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II, and subsequently received many honorary degrees from universities, including Oxford (1951).

Edith Sitwell was an English poet who first gained fame for her stylistic artifices but who emerged during World War II as a poet of emotional depth and profoundly human concerns. She was equally famed for her formidable personality, Elizabethan dress, and eccentric opinions.

Dance artist who emigrated to Canada in 1965.

Gail Singer (1946- ), is a writer, and feature and documentary film maker. She has written, directed and/or produced numerous films for both the National Film Board and for her own film company, Zingerfilm Inc., which was incorporated in 1987. Her work has been noted for its socially progressive and feminist subject matter including films on Arctic oil spills, mercury poisoning on Canadian waterways, breast feeding, battered women and abortion. She has taught at York University, Ryerson University, and the University of Toronto and has received numerous awards for her work. Her film Abortion: Stories from North and South was awarded a Special Merit by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Science at the 1987 Oscars. She has also received numerous other awards for her films Wisecracks and You Can't Beat a Woman. Her first feature film, True Confections, was released in Canada, the United States, Australia and the United Kingdom and was nominated for a Genie Award. Singer has written reviews and articles for numerous magazines and newspapers. Her article "Foolish things" was included in the Katherine Govier edited collection "Solo : writers on pilgrimage."

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James Gilliland Simpson (16 October 1865 - 10 October 1948) was the Dean of Peterborough in the Church of England from 1928 to 1942.

He was educated at the City of London School and Trinity College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1889 and began his career with a curacy at Leeds Parish Church. He was then appointed Vice Principal of Edinburgh Theological College after which he was Principal of Leeds Clergy School before becoming Canon of Manchester in 1910. Two years later he became a Canon of St Paul's, a post he held for seventeen years before his elevation to the Deanery. He was a noted author.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Simpson_(priest) .

Donald (Don) George Simpson is a Canadian innovator and mentor in organizational development who has worked as an educator, historian, businessman, Third World aid administrator, researcher, consultant and entrepreneur, in more than 70 countries worldwide.

Simpson was born in 1934 in Weston, Ontario (west Toronto), and grew up in Sudbury and Mimico, a suburb west of Toronto. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Biology at the University of Western Ontario (UWO), and then taught high school science and history at Sir Adam Beck Secondary School in London, Ontario, from 1957 to 1965. In 1957, Simpson married Marion Henderson of London. Together they had four children: Janice, David, Christine and Craig.

Simpson completed a Master of Arts in History in 1965, writing on British imperialism in Africa; he then began teaching comparative education at UWO's new Althouse Faculty of Education, at the same time working on his Ph.D. on Ontario black history, finished in 1971.

Simpson was one of the creators of the African Students Foundation, which brought 300 Africans to Canada in the 1960s for a university education. He was also a co-founder and executive secretary of Canadian Crossroads Africa from 1960 to 1965. Crossroads took him to Nigeria in 1960 and Ethiopia in 1963 on volunteer work placements; then, from 1967 to 1968, he and his family lived in Ghana when Simpson served as the first regional director in West Africa for Canadian University Services Overseas (CUSO).

Having returned to Canada, during the 1970s Simpson regularly worked "on loan" away from the Althouse Faculty of Education for other agencies, including CUSO, Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC), the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) and UWO's new Office of International Education. At the latter, he was involved in the creation of a computerized Cross-Cultural Learner Centre designed to educate Canadians, particularly volunteers for overseas service, about the developing world.

Simpson has also worked with Canada's First Nations, co-chairing the Southern Support Group for the Dene Nation in the Northwest Territories (1974-1977); sitting on the executive of the National Coalition against the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline (1977); mentoring at CBC North as the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation was formed (1980); and serving on various review committees on Native education and education in the Canadian North, among other activities.

In 1983, Simpson joined the Centre for International Business at UWO, then became Director in 1985. He then formed two consulting firms: Kanchar International, to foster business collaboration between Canada and Africa; and Salasan Associates Inc., to build leadership and human resource capacity in First Nations and international settings.

In 1990, Simpson accepted the position of Vice President and Director of the Banff Centre for Management in Alberta. It was in Banff that Simpson created the International Institute for Innovation, or Triple i. Incorporated in 1993, the Triple i changed from a non-profit organization to a private company, with several reincarnations and parent companies. By 1999 it had evolved into the Innovation Expedition (IE). Simpson was Chief Explorer from the beginning. Having first applied its trademarked Challenge Dialogue Process to a public roundtable process in Alberta, IE went on to apply its method to food and agriculture, information technology, education and learning, and health. Working with organizations committed to transforming themselves, the company has undertaken projects in North America, Europe, Africa, India, Southeast Asia, China and Japan. Since 2000, Simpson's varied projects in innovation and organizational development have continued, engaging with work in strategic foresight, innovation network building, conservation and energy transformation.

In 2007, Simpson served as Innovator-in-Residence at York University's Harriet Tubman Institute for Research on the Global Migrations of African Peoples. Simpson is the author of "Under the North Star: black communities in Upper Canada before Confederation (1867)" (2005), based on his doctoral thesis; "Renaissance leadership: rethinking and leading the future" (2010), with Stephen Murgatroyd; and a memoir, "A Canadian odyssey: a personal and national journey towards cross-cultural harmony" (in progress). Simpson was named Professor Emeritus at the University of Western Ontario in 1991. In 1993, he received the Commemorative Medal for the 125th Anniversary of Canadian Confederation, awarded to people who have made a significant contribution to Canada, their community or to their fellow Canadians.

"Al Simmons is a quirky Canadian performer who has been unafraid to include unusual material in his kids' albums. A native of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Simmons started his career as an entertainer very early, staging neighborhood parades, circuses, and magic shows. n the '80s, Simmons was also featured on Sesame Street, and even starred in a Canadian National Film Board movie about his "horse-cycle," Ol' Spoke. Simmons also became an Official Representative of Canada, touring Expos in Tokyo, Vancouver, and Brisbane." http://www.allmusic.com/artist/al-simmons-mn0000514016/biography

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Theologian and biographer (1843-1899). Brother of British classical scholar and poet, George Agusutus Simcox. William wrote the first major biography of Barnabe Barnes, the famous 16th-century poet and patron of William Shakespeare.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Simcox .

Marilyn Silverman, anthropologist and professor, was born in Montreal in 1945. She received an honours BA in anthropology and sociology from McGill University in 1966, where she also completed an MA (1967) and PhD (1973) in the Department of Anthropology. She started her academic career as an assistant professor in York University’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology (later the Department of Anthropology) between 1973 and 1976 and was promoted to associate professor in 1976 and to full professor in 1996. She also served as the coordinator of York University’s Latin American and Caribbean Studies Programme between 1975 and 1978.

Silverman is the author of four books: Rich People and Rice: Factional Politics in Rural Guyana (1980), In the Valley of the Nore: A Social History of Thomastown, County Kilkenny, 1840-1983 (1986), Merchants and Shopkeepers: An Historical Anthropology of an Irish Market Town, 1200-1986 (1995), and An Irish Working Class: Explorations in Political Economy and Hegemony, 1800-1950 (2001). She is the co-editor of A House Divided? Anthropological Studies of Factionalism (1978) and Approaching the Past: Historical Anthropology Through Irish Case Studies (1992), and editor of Walking into the Past (1995) and Ethnography and Development – the Work of Richard F. Salisbury (2004).

She received the 2002 William A. Douglass Book Prize in Europeanist Anthropology from the Society for the Anthropology of Europe and the American Anthropological Association for her book An Irish Working Class: Explorations in Political Economy and Hegemony, 1800-1950. In March 2008, she held the Henrietta Harvey Distinguished Lectureship at the Memorial University of Newfoundland.

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Johannes Sieveking (July 6 1869 in Hamburg , September 20th 1942 in Munich ) was a German Classic archaeologist. Johannes Sieveking belonged to the old Hanseatic family Sieveking , who had besides several mayors spawned many professors, senators, diplomats and merchants. He studied at the University of Bonn , then at the University of Berlin and then moved to the University of Munich , where he last pupil of Heinrich Brunn was. After this had passed away, he went together with Adam Flasch at the University of Erlangen , where he in 1894 with the Scriptures The cornucopia of the Romans was awarded his doctorate. Then travels took him to Greece and Italy. After returning Sieveking was briefly assistant at Würzburg Martin-von-Wagner-Museum , but then switched to wish Adolf Furtwängler at the Antiquarium in Munich . After Furtwängler's death in 1907, he took over the management of the Antiquarium and the collection of vases, which he in 1919 in the premises of the Alte Pinakothek was able to unite and regroup. In 1942 he took his own life.

Sieveking lent his particular the Munich Collection of Antiquities. So he ordered the hitherto often neglected large and rich collections of ancient cabaret new. Parts he restored by hand. With Rudolf Hackl he began in 1912 to develop the collection in a series of publications, but she could because of the First World War not be set forth. Were published by him thus in particular acquisitions and smaller reports. In a large four-volume publication also bronzes and has terracotta collection of James Loeb published. Thanks Sieveking Loeb bequeathed his collection including Munich antiquities collection. It was the largest increase in the collection since its inception and included some very high-quality pieces. His main research field of research was the Roman art . He is considered one of the pioneers in this field of research. He researched the Roman portrait, for relief and the architectural ornaments. Above all, he demanded an exact copy of criticism. Sieveking wrote no monographs on his research, but wrote many, mostly short essays, find themselves scattered across many different journals.

Sieveking was described as humble, shy, unassuming and very withdrawn. Literally was his punctuality. Although Munich had become his second home, which he left reluctantly, but he was by nature his whole life Hanseat. He had personal discretion is very important, so his colleagues learned only after years on the occasion of a disease that Sieveking was married. He did not pursue an academic career, but was the only scientist. He never attended lectures and never held any. His work was strictly regulated. In the morning he worked at the Museum, in the afternoon at the Archaeological Department of the University. Ludwig Curtius wrote in an obituary Sieveking " realized in his own way a modern, unromantic, but horazistisches Romanism, not one of the victors and proconsuls , but one of the legacies and military tribunes whose punctual, to the great subordinating them following work also the empire of our science can not exist without ".[translation]

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sieveking .

Lionel Siegel (1927- ), television writer, was born in Chicago and educated at the University of Missouri (BJ 1950). Following freelance writing work, he joined the Publicity Department of 20th Century Fox Studios in Los Angeles, later working as an agent for MCA. In 1960 he began writing television scripts for popular American television programmes including, 'Mannix,' 'Six million dollar man,' 'The littlest hobo,' 'Rawhide,' 'Ben Casey,' and others. In addition to script writing, Siegel has produced movie pilots, episodic television dramas, and served as an executive consultant for television programmes in Canada and the United States. He has also taught at York University (1983-1984), and became an executive consultant to Astral Film Enterprises of Montreal.

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Henry Sidgwick (31 May 1838 - 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence. He also founded Newnham College in Cambridge in 1875. Newnham College is a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women after Girton College. The co-founder of the college was Millicent Garrett Fawcett. He joined the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society in 1856.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick .

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Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick, (née Balfour; 11 March 1845 - 10 February 1936) was an activist for the higher education of women, Principal of Newnham College of the University of Cambridge and a leading figure in the Society for Psychical Research. was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members. Most of her writings related to Psychical Research, and are contained in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. However, some related to educational matters, and a couple of essays dealt with the morality of international affairs. Eleanor Mildred Balfour was born in East Lothian, daughter of James Maitland Balfour and Lady Blanche Harriet. She was born into perhaps the most prominent political clan in nineteenth-century Britain, the 'Hotel Cecil': her brother Arthur would eventually himself become prime minister. Another brother, Frank, a biologist, died young in a climbing accident.

One of the first students at Newnham College in Cambridge, in 1876 she married (and became converted to feminism by) the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. In 1880 she became Vice-Principal of Newnham under the founding Principal Anne Clough, succeeding as Principal on Miss Clough's death in 1892. She and her husband resided there until 1900, the year of Henry Sidgwick's death. In 1894 Mrs Sidgwick was one of the first three women to serve on a royal commission, the Bryce commission on Secondary Education.

As a young woman, Eleanor had helped Rayleigh improve the accuracy of experimental measurement of electrical resistance; she subsequently turned her careful experimental mind to the question of testing the veracity of claims for psychical phenomena. She was elected President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1908 and named 'president of honour' in 1932.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Mildred_Sidgwick .

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Alfred Sidgwick (1850 in Skipton - December 22 1943 in Orchard Trewoofe ) was an English logician and philosopher.

Sidgwick studied at Lincoln College in Oxford. He became known for his analysis of fallacies . His logic is a theory of argumentation. He opposes the formal logic and emphasized the practical benefits that the study of the logic must have. In addition to some own books he published mainly in the philosophical journal Mind. For Sidgwick, the logic is a science in which it comes to distinguishing good from bad arguments, and these arguments in both the communication between several people as well as in the analysis of thinking of an individual play a role.

Sidwick's publications include:

Fallacies. A View of Logic from the Practical Side. 1883; 2. Aufl.: London 1890
Distinction and Criticism of Beliefs. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1892
The Process of Argument: A Contribution to Logic. 1893
The Use of Words in Reasoning. 1901
The Application of Logic.Macmillan, London 1910
Elementary Logic. 1914

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sidgwick .

Author of mathematics textbooks, including "The teaching of elementary mathematics", "Theoretical geometry ", "Further mechanics and hydrostatics."

“John Showman plays fiddle and sings lead and harmony. Classically trained in violin since childhood, Showman has folded the sheet music, and emerged as one of the most dynamic, original, and exciting fiddlers in bluegrass music today. John also has the rare ability to understand the subtleties of old-time fiddle as well: which is why he won 1st place in the 2011 Fiddle Contest in Clifftop, West Virginia.” Member of the Foggy Hogtown Boys. https://foggyhogtownboys.com/about-us

Born Sarah Scott. Eldest daughter of John and Elizabeth Scott. Married Joseph Henry Shorthouse at the Friends' meeting-house in Warwick on 19 August 1857. Converted with husband to the Church of England in 1861. Died in 1909.

Joseph Henry Shorthouse (9 September 1834 - March 1903) was an English novelist.He was born in Great Charles Street, Birmingham, educated at Grove School, Tottenham, and became a chemical manufacturer. Originally a Quaker, he joined the Church of England. His first book, John Inglesant, appeared in 1881, and at once made him famous. Though deficient in its structure as a story, and not appealing to the populace, it fascinates by the charm of its style and the "dim religious light" by which it is suffused, as well as by the striking scenes occasionally depicted. Shorthouse dedicated John Inglesant to Rawdon Levett, his friend and fellow teacher at King Edward's School, Birmingham. His other novels, The Little Schoolmaster Mark, Sir Percival, The Countess Eve, and A Teacher of the Violin, though with some of the same characteristics, had no success comparable to his first. Shorthouse also wrote an essay, The Platonism of Wordsworth.

Clement King Shorter was a British journalist and literary critic.

Katherine Shore was married to Thomas W. Shore. They had a farm in Sebringville, Ontario. They had at least one son, Charles William Shore and one daughter Jennie B. Shore.

Jennie B. Shore was the daughter of Thomas W. and Katherine Shore of Sebringville, Ontario. Her brother Charles William Shore served in World War I, as did her husband Ivan Bradshaw Miles Barr, who she married in 1920.

Charles William Shore (b. September 22, 1899) was the son of Thomas W. and Katherine Shore of Sebringville, Ontario, and at least one sibling, a sister, Jennie B. Shore. Misrepresenting his age, Charles W. Shore enlisted in the military in 1916, and was sent overseas to England where he served as a mess orderly in the early stages of the war. His family's efforts to have him discharged on the grounds that he was underage were rebuffed by the war office, although they promised not to send him to France before he turned 19. Shore was eventually sent to France about the time the war ended.

Jason Sherman (1962-), playwright and script writer, was born in Montreal, Quebec in 1962 and has lived in Toronto since 1969. He graduated from York University's Creative Writing Program in 1985 and co-founded and co-edited the literary magazine "What" with Kevin Connolly. Between 1985 and 1990, Sherman continued to run "What" as well as establishing himself as a journalist with reviews, essays and interviews appearing in The Globe and Mail, Canadian Theatre Review and Theatrum, among other publications. Sherman's playwriting work has been recognized with critical acclaim and numerous awards including the Governor-General's award in 1995 for "Three in the Back, Two in the Head", the Floyd S. Chalmers Canadian Play Award in 1993 for "The League of Nathans" and the Dora Mavor Moore Award in 1998 for his play "Patience". Since the production of his first professional play, "A Place Like Pamela" at Walking Shadow Theatre in Toronto in 1991, his work has been performed at various theatres across Canada and the United States including Tarragon Theatre, The Factory Theatre and Theatre Passe Muraille in Toronto, The National Arts Centre in Ottawa and the Stratford Festival in Stratford, Ontario. Several of his plays have been published by Playwrights Canada Press. He was the editor of two anthologies for Coach House Press: "Canadian Brash" (1991) and "Solo" (1993). Sherman is also a respected radio and television script writer and since 2007 has concentrated his work in this area. He has written for various radio and television programmes including his own radio series "National Affairs", the American television programme "The Hard Court", the mini-series "ReGenesis", the CBC Radio series "Afghanada", the television adaptation of Vincent Lam's prize-winning "Bloodletting & Miraculous Cures" collection, the television series "The Listener" and the documentary on Residential Schools, "Stolen Children."

Sarah Sheard is a Canadian writer and editor. She was born in Toronto and educated at York University, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts (Music) in 1977. She also studied conversational Japanese at the University of Toronto in 1983-1984. Sheard has had numerous writing-related occupations. She was a creative writing instructor for various Toronto area high schools (1980-1988), and from 1980 onwards she has been a guest lecturer on creative writing at several Ontario colleges, including York University's Glendon College and the Humber School of Creative Writing. She has also been a writer-in-residence at the Bolton Public Library (1988) and electronic writer-in-residence at Dr. Marian Hilliard Secondary School. Sheard was the Ontario representative of the Literary Press Group (1980-1981) and the Toronto Book Fair executive in 1983 and 1984. She has been a member of the editorial board of Coach House Press since 1979. Sheard's fiction and non-fiction has been published in a variety of periodical and anthologies. Her first novel, "Almost Japanese", has been published in 8 languages. In addition to her literary career, Sheard obtained a Master of Arts in counselling psychology from the Adler School of Professional Psychology and has practised as a psychotherapist since 1995, specializing in Gestalt therapy.

Rev. Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart (9 July 1856 - 28 February 1932) was the son of Sir Michael Robert Shaw-Stewart of Greenock and Blackhall, and Lady Octavia Grosvenor. He married Ida Fannie Caroline Afken (daughter of H.W. Afken) on 2 January 1890. They had two children, Una and Katherine. He graduate from Christ Church, Oxford with an MA in 1882, and after holding various curacies from 1880-1892 settled as rector at Cowden, Kent.

Also mentioned that a C. R. Shaw Steward of Coventry was involved in the Walsall and District Gospel Temperance Union.

Listed in The Harrow School Register (1801-1893) as Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart, son of Sir Michael R. Shaw-Stewart, 7th baronet Ardgowan, Greenock, N.B.
received his BA 1880, MA 1882, held various curacies from 1880-1892 and current vicar of Temple Balsall (1892).

Author of several articles published in Hibbert Journal

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.

He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.

In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he survived. They settled in Ayot St Lawrence in a house now called Shaw's Corner. Shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder.

He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on the film Pygmalion (adaptation of his play of the same name), respectively. Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance translation of fellow playwright August Strindberg's works from Swedish to English.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Alexander Faulkner Shand FBA (20 May 1858 - 6 January 1936) was an English writer and barrister. Born in Bayswater, London he was the son of Hugh Morton Shand, a Scot, and his wife Edrica Faulkner, Italian born but the daughter of Joshua Wilson Faulkner of Kent. He was a founding member of the British Psychological Society in 1901 and was awarded with honorary membership in 1934. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA). Through his son Philip, he is the paternal great-grandfather of HRH Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Faulkner_Shand .

Merle Shain (1935-1989), author, was born and educated in Toronto (BA, BSW, University of Toronto, 1957, 1959), and employed as a feature writer by the 'Toronto telegram,' associate editor of 'Chatelaine' [magazine], and as a columnist by the 'Toronto sun'. She was a host of the CTV Network program, 'W5', and served for four years as a member of the board of the National Film Board of Canada. Shain was the author of 'Some men are more perfect than others,' (1973), 'When lovers are friends,' (1978) and 'Courage my love,' (1988).

Kenneth Faiz Neamath Shah (ca. 1939-2002) was born in San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago as one of eight children. He spent his childhood in Trinidad, and at the age of 15, represented Trinidad and Tobago at the 1957 World Scout Jamboree held in England.

In 1965, he immigrated to Canada to pursue a degree in Petroleum Engineering at Carleton University. Upon his graduation, he was employed with Texaco Canada before leaving to follow his passion in carnival arts and costume design full time. In Canada, he married and began his family and had four sons.

Shah was one of the founding members of Caribana, and the Caribbean Cultural Committee (CCC). Formed in 1966, the CCC—originally named the Caribbean Centennial Committee—put on Carnival to represent the West Indian community and participate in the celebrations for Canada’s Centennial in 1967. After the success of the first Caribana Festival, the event became an annual occurrence, with the CCC operating year-round. Caribana remains the largest Carnival Festival in North America. Caribana was held over a weekend in August and culminated in the Caribana mas (masquerade) parade, where bands (groups of people), their band leader, and the King and Queen of the band, would “play mas” (walk the parade) often accompanied by music such as calypso or steel drums. There were also a series of prizes and competitions in order to determine the King and Queen of the Carnival, and the Band of the Year.

Over a period of thirty years, Shah was a carnival leader, assisting with the development of the vision and programming of Caribana; mas-producer and bandleader, project managing the design and manufacture of a mas band and its costumes each year; co-founder of Caribana’s Kiddies Carnival; and founder of the first J’Ouvert in 1995, a pre-dawn parade modeled after the traditional celebration in Trinidad. Additionally, Shah developed his own costume manufacturing business in Toronto under the name “Creative Costumes.” It became Canada’s second largest enterprise in dealings with parades, shows, operas, and other costume-based performance art.
Shah’s other roles and achievements include: President of Multi-Fest Canada, Inc.; editor of Canadian Caribbean Carnival Magazine; and contributing editor and circulating manager for the magazine So Yu Going to Carnival.

In May 2002, Shah died after complications from a surgery.

Jack Shadbolt, artist, teacher, author, poet, studied at the Art Student's League in New York, London and Paris. He attended the Vancouver School of Art and served in World War One as a war artist (1944-1945). He was an influential teacher and advisor across Canada and the U.S., as well as a successful artist with more than sixty solo exhibitions and major international shows. Three major retrospective exhibitions were held at the Vancouver Art Gallery, the B.C. Museum of Anthropology and the National Gallery. His work derives from his personal experience of nature and Native art in B.C., and his awareness of international themes and concerns. Throughout his career, Shadbolt designed stage, ballet, costume design and theater posters.

Ron Sexsmith is a three-time Juno award winning Canadian singer-songwriter and pianist from St. Catherine's, Ontario. He plays the guitar and performs pop and folk music.

Ellen Seligman was a Canadian publisher and literary editor.
Seligman was the editor for many of Canada's leading fiction writers and poets, including: Margaret Atwood, Leonard Cohen, Elizabeth Hay, Anne Michaels, Rohinton Mistry, Michael Ondaatje, Jane Urquhart, Guy Vanderhaeghe, Peter Robinson, Sheila Watson, Irving Layton, Peter Lang and many more. Of the titles she edited, twenty three went on to win Governor General's Awards, six won the Scotiabank Giller Prize and four won the Man Booker Prize. She was also published the work of Nobel Prize winner Alice Munro.
She began her career in publishing in New York City, later joining McClelland and Stewart in 1977 as a senior editor. She was later promoted in to Editorial Director (Fiction) in 1987, and later Publisher (Fiction) and Vice President of the firm in 2000. She later became Senior Vice President and continued to direct the company's fiction publishing after the firm was bought by Random House (now Penguin Random House Canada).
She was the recipient of numerous awards that recognized her skill as an editor and her commitment to Canadian literature and poetry. She was made a member of the Order of Ontario in 2008 and the Order of Canada in 2009.
Seligman died 25 March 2016.

John R Seeley (1913-1927) was educated in the United Kingdom and the United States. He taught and conducted research in the U.S. prior to his appointment as executive officer of the Canadian Mental Health Association in 1947. The following year he began his association with the University of Toronto as an associate professor of sociology within the Department of Psychiatry and then in the Department of Political Economy. During this period he also served as director of the Forest Hill Village Project (1948-1953), the results of that study being published as the monograph, 'Crestwood Heights' (1956). He later served as research director of the Alcoholism Research Foundation of Ontario (1957-1960), before accepting an appointment as professor of sociology at York University (1960). He served as chair of the department (1962) and as assistant to the president (Ross). Seeley resigned his positions at York in 1963 amidst a faculty-administration dispute, and removed to teaching, research and related work in the United States. Seeley is the author of several books, articles and reports on aspects of sociology, social psychiatry and education. In addition to the study of Crestwood Heights, he is the author of 'The Americanization of the unconscious,' (1967), and of over four hundred reviews, articles, chapters and papers.

"Keith Secola is an Ojibwe-American musician who plays rock and roll, folk rock, folk, and reggae. A singer-songwriter, he also plays guitar and flute. Secola was born in Cook, Minnesota. In 1982 he graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in American Indian Studies. His band has had the names the Wild Band of Indians, the Wild Javelinas, and Wild Onions. He has contributed songs to documentary films, including Homeland, Patrick's Story and Dodging Bullets. He won "best artist" at the 2006 Native American Music Awards for the album Native Americana. He is perhaps best known for his upbeat, folk rock song, "NDN Kars" from the film Dance Me Outside. Secola's music was used for the score of the documentary Dodging Bullets—Stories from Survivors of Historical Trauma as the music associates growing up Native.As an activist he has worked with Irene Bedard on environmental and Native American issues." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Secola

Dennis T. Patrick Sears was a Canadian author.

Clement William Scott was an influential English theatre critic for the Daily Telegraph, and a playwright and travel writer, in the final decades of the 19th century.

Professor of eugenics (?)

(from Wikipedia entry)

Olive Schreiner (24 March 1855 - 11 December 1920) was a South African author, anti-war campaigner and intellectual. She is best remembered today for her novel The Story of an African Farm which has been highly acclaimed ever since its first publication in 1883 for the bold manner in which it dealt with some of the burning issues of the day, including agnosticism, existential independence, individualism and the professional aspirations of women; as well as its portrayal of the elemental nature of life on the colonial frontier. In more recent studies she has also been foregrounded as an apologist for those sidelined by the forces of British Imperialism, such as the Afrikaners, and later other South African groups like Blacks, Jews and Indians - to name but a few. Although she showed interest in socialism, pacifism, vegetarianism and feminism amongst other things, her true views escape restrictive categorisations. Her published works and other surviving writings promote implicit values like moderation, friendship and understanding amongst all peoples, avoiding the pitfalls of political radicalism which she consciously eschewed. Although she may be called a lifelong freethinker in terms of her Victorian background - as opposed to mainstream Christianity - she always remained true to the spirit of the Christian Bible and developed a secular version of the worldview of her missionary parents, with mystical elements.

Karel Schoeman, the South African historian and leading authority on Schreiner's life, has written in one of his books about her that she was an outstanding figure in a South African context, although perhaps not quite the same abroad. In the Preface to the same work, Schoeman acknowledges that although The Story of an African Farm is by no means perfect, it is still unique and gripping even to the modern reader. He also outlines the basic pattern of her life which serves as a useful guide to this article, and the pursuit of further interest in the subject:

"From a chronological viewpoint, Olive Schreiner's life shows an interesting pattern. After she spent the first twenty-five thereof in South Africa ... she was in England for more than seven years, and also lived during this time in Europe. After this she lived in South Africa for twenty-four years, the time of her friendship with Rhodes, the Anglo-Boer war and her growing involvement in issues like racism and the lot of women, after which another exile followed in England for seven years; it was only shortly before her death in 1920 that she returned to South Africa" (Olive Schreiner: A Life in South Africa 1855-1881, Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, 1989). Olive Emilie Albertina Schreiner (1855-1920) was the ninth of twelve children born to a missionary couple at the Wesleyan Missionary Society station at Wittebergen in the Eastern Cape, near Herschel in South Africa. Her parents, Gottlob Schreiner and Rebecca Lyndall, married in England in 1837. She was named after her three older brothers, Oliver (1848-1854), Albert (1843-1843) and Emile (1852-1852), who died before she was born. Her childhood was a harsh one as her father was loving and gentle, though impractical; but her mother Rebecca was intent on teaching her children the same restraint and self-discipline that had been a part of her upbringing. Olive received virtually all her initial education from her mother, who was well-read and gifted.[clarification needed] Her eldest brother Frederic Samuel (1841-1901) obtained a BA at London University and founded New College in Eastbourne in 1873/4. He remained as headmaster until late 1897 but continued to run the junior school until 1901. He died in 1901 at the Grand Hotel in Eastbourne and was interred in the town.

When Olive was six, Gottlob transferred to Healdtown in the Eastern Cape to run the Wesleyan training institute there. As with so many of his other projects, he simply was not up to the task and was expelled in disgrace for trading against missionary regulations. He was forced to make his own living for the first time in his life, and tried a business venture. Again, he failed and was insolvent within a year. The family lived in abject poverty as a result.

However, Olive was not to remain with her parents for long. When her older brother Theophilus (1844-1920) was appointed headmaster in Cradock in 1867, she went to live with him along with two of her siblings. She also attended his school and received a formal education for the first time. Despite that, she was no happier in Cradock than she had been in Wittebergen or Healdtown. Her siblings were very religious, but Olive had already questioned the Christianity of her parents like many learned Victorians, and it was the cause of many arguments that she had with her family.

Therefore, when Theo and her brother left Cradock for the diamond fields of Griqualand West, Olive chose to become a governess . On the way to her first post at Barkly East, she met Willie Bertram, who shared her views of religion and who lent her a copy of Herbert Spencer’s First Principles. This text was to have a profound impact on her. While rejecting religious creeds and doctrine, Spencer also argued for a belief in an Absolute that lay beyond the scope of human knowledge and conception. This belief was founded in the unity of nature and a teleological universe, both of which Olive was to appropriate for herself in her attempts to create a morality free of organized religion.

After this meeting, Olive travelled from place to place, accepting posts as a governess with various families, later leaving them because of personal conflict with her employers. One issue which always surfaced, was her unusual view of religion. Her apostasy didn't sit well with the traditional farm folk she worked amongs.

Another factor was that she was somewhat unconventional in her relationships, for she was uncertain as to how to relate sexually to her male employers in many cases, and men in general. During this time she met Julius Gau, to whom she became engaged under doubtful circumstances. For whatever reason, their engagement did not last long and she returned to live with her parents and then with her brothers. She read widely and began writing seriously. She started Undine at this time. As in the case of her later husband, Cronwright, she may have been attracted to Gau, as other men, for his dominant personality, maturity and physicality...However, her brothers’ financial situation soon deteriorated, as diamonds became increasingly difficult to find. Olive had no choice but to resume her transient lifestyle, moving between various households and towns, until she returned briefly to her parents in 1874. It was there that she had the first of the asthma attacks that would plague her for the rest of her life. Since her parents were no more financially secure than before and because of her ill-health, Olive was forced to resume working in order to support them.

Over the next few years, she accepted the position of governess at a number of farms, most notably the Fouchés who provided inspiration for certain aspects of The Story of an African Farm, which she published under the pseudonym “Ralph Iron,” as well as a small collection of stories and allegories called Dream Life and Real Life.

However, Olive’s real ambitions did not lie in the direction of writing. She had always wanted to be a doctor, but had never had enough money to pay for the training. Undaunted, she decided that she would be a nurse as that did not require her to pay anything. By 1880, she had saved enough money for an overseas trip and she applied to the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh in Scotland. In 1881, she traveled to Southampton in England. Once there, she was never to realize her dream of becoming a medical practitioner, as her ill-health prevented her from completing any form of training or studying. She was forced to concede that writing would and could be her only work in life.

Despite that, she still had a passion to heal society’s ills and set out to do with her pen what she could not with pills. Her Story of an African Farm was acclaimed for the manner it tackled the issues of its day, ranging from agnosticism to the treatment of women. It was also the cause of one of her most significant and long-lasting friendships, as the renowned sexologist Havelock Ellis wrote to her about her novel. Their relationship soon developed beyond intellectual debate to a genuine source of support for Schreiner.

She finally met him in 1884 when she went with him to a meeting of the Progressive Organisation, a group for freethinkers to discuss political and philosophical views. This was one of a number of radical discussion groups to which she was to belong and brought her into contact with many important socialists of the time. A friendship as influential as that with Ellis was with Edward Carpenter, the founder Socialist and gay rights activist, which, as Stephen Gray shows, remains hardly explored.[3] In addition to the Progressive Organisation, she also attended meetings of the Fellowship of the New Order and Karl Pearson’s Men and Women's Club, where she was insistent on the critical importance of woman’s equality and the need to consider men as well as women when looking at gender relationships.

However, her own relationships with men were anything but happy. She had refused a proposal from her doctor, Bryan Donkin, but he was irritatingly persistent in his suit of her. To make matters worse, despite her reservations about Karl Pearson and her intentions just to remain his friend, she soon conceived an attraction for him. He did not reciprocate her feelings, preferring Elizabeth Cobb. In 1886, she left England for the Continent under something of a cloud, traveling between Switzerland, France and Italy before returning to England. During this time, she was tremendously productive, working on From Man to Man and publishing numerous allegories. She also worked on an introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Given the situation in England, it is perhaps unsurprising that Schreiner chose to return to South Africa, sailing back to Cape Town in 1889. The return home was unsettling for her - she felt extremely alienated from the people around her, but at the same time experienced a great affinity for the land itself. In an attempt to reconnect with her surroundings, she became increasingly involved in local politics as well as produced a series of articles on the land and people around her, published posthumously as Thoughts on South Africa. Through her work with local politics she became intimate friends with Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno, influential women activists with similar opinions on civil and women's rights.

Her involvement with Cape politics led her into an association with Cecil John Rhodes, with whom she would soon become disillusioned and against whom she would write her bitterly satirical allegory Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland. This disillusionment began with his support of the “strop bill” that would allow black and coloured servants to be flogged for relatively small offenses.

Her opposition to the “strop bill” also brought her into contact with Samuel Cronwright, a politically active farmer. They were of the same mind on the “Native Question” and on Rhodes, and Schreiner soon fell in love with him. During a brief visit to England in 1893, she discussed with her friends the possibility of marrying him, although she was concerned that she would find marriage restrictive. She put aside these doubts, however, and they were married in 1894, after which they settled at Cronwright’s farm.

The next few years were difficult and unsettled ones for them. Schreiner’s worsening health forced the couple to move constantly, while her first and only child, a daughter, died within a day. This loss was only worsened by the fact that all her other pregnancies would end in miscarriages. However, she found solace in work, publishing a pamphlet with her husband on the political situation in 1896 and Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland the next year. Both of these isolated her from her family and the people around her, and she was given to long spells of loneliness during that period of her life. hen Woman and Labour was finally published in 1911, Schreiner was severely ill, her asthma worsened by attacks of angina. Two years later, she sailed alone to England for treatment, where she was trapped by the outbreak of World War I. During this time, her primary interest was in pacifism - she was in contact with Gandhi and other prominent activists like Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno - and she started a book on war, which was abbreviated and published as The Dawn of Civilisation. This was the last book she was to write. After the war, she returned home to the Cape, where she died in her sleep in a boarding house in 1920. She was buried later in Kimberley. After the death of her husband, Samuel Cronwright, her body was exhumed. Olive Schreiner, along with her baby, dog and husband were buried atop Buffelskop mountain, on the farm known as Buffelshoek, near Cradock, in the Eastern Cape.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Schreiner .

Kirsten Scholte is a Canadian folk, rock, country, bluegrass, and celtic singer from Ontario. "While attending Humber College for a Contemporary Music Performance Degree, she began piecing together her band, The Fancys, and has been performing live." Mariposa Festival Program, 2011, p. 50