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Andrew Cecil Bradley (March 26, 1851 – September 2, 1935) was an English literary scholar, best remembered for his work on Shakespeare.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bradley.

Francis Herbert Bradley OM (30 January 1846 – 18 September 1924) was a British idealist philosopher. His most important work was Appearance and Reality (1893).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Herbert_Bradley.

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Granville Bradley (11 December 1821 – 13 March 1903) was an English divine, scholar, and schoolteacher, who was Dean of Westminster 1881-1902. He was educated at Rugby under Thomas Arnold, and at University College, Oxford, of which he became a Fellow in 1844. He was an assistant master at Rugby from 1846 to 1858, when he succeeded GEL Cotton as Headmaster at Marlborough College in Wiltshire. In 1870, he was elected Master of his old college at Oxford, and in August 1881 he was made Dean of Westminster in succession to AP Stanley. He took part in the coronation of King Edward VII and resigned the deanery in 1902. Bradley was an Acting Chaplain of the 13th Middlesex (Queen´s Westminsters) Volunteer Rifle Corps for 20 years, and received the Volunteer Officers' Decoration (VD) 21 February 1902. Besides his Recollections of A. P. Stanley (1883) and Life of Dean Stanley (1892), he published a revised version of Thomas Kerchever Arnold's Latin Prose Composition ("Bradley's Arnold"); Further works were Lectures on Job (1884) and Ecclesiastes (1885).

Bradley had two sons and five daughters; of these children one son, Arthur Granville Bradley (1850–1943), and four daughters were writers, including Margaret Louisa Woods, Emily Tennyson Bradley (married Alexander Murray Smith), Lady Mabel Birchenough (the wife of Sir Henry Birchenough, public servant and business man) and Rose Marion Bradley.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Granville_Bradley

(from Wikipedia entry)
Victor Branford (1863-1930) was a British sociologist. He was the founder of the Sociological Society and was made an Honorary member of the American Sociological Society, now the American Sociological Association.Victor Verasis Branford was born in Oundle, Northamptonshire, on 25 September 1863.[1] His father was William Catton Branford (1837-1891), who worked as a veterinary surgeon in Oundle. In addition to Victor, William Branford had one daughter and a further three sons: Mary Ann Kitchen (1861-1907), Lionel William Ernest Catton (1866-1947), Benchara Bertrand Patrick (1868-1944), and John Frederick Kitchen (1869-1946). Branford began his schooling at Oundle School, but transferred to Daniel Stewart’s College when the family moved to Edinburgh in 1869 on his father’s appointment as Professor of Anatomy at the veterinary college in that city.

While studying at Edinburgh University, Victor Branford came under the influence of the charismatic Patrick Geddes, who was working as a demonstrator in the science faculty at the University. This contact with Geddes changed the direction of his life and led to his life-long commitment to the development of sociology.

Working as a journalist in Dundee he met Matilda Elizabeth Stewart (1852-1915), widow of James Farquharson Stewart the editor of the “Dundee Advertiser”, and the two were married in 1897. The Branfords lived in Amersham while Victor was working as an accountant in London, but the marriage did not last and Branford secured a divorce under American law in Goldfield, Nevada, in 1910. Branford had already met Sybella Gurney, an activist in the cooperative movement and the Garden Cities movement, and they were married in Philadelphia that same year.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Branford .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Benchara Bertrand Patrick Branford (1868-1944) was a principal of the Sunderland Technical College (now the University of Sunderland) and later Divisional Inspector for Mathematics at the London County Council. His father was William Catton Branford (1837–1891), who worked as a veterinary surgeon in Oundle. His siblings included Mary Ann Kitchen (1861–1907), Lionel William Ernest Catton (1866–1947), John Frederick Kitchen (1869–1946), and Victor Verasis (1863-1930), the noted sociologist.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry for Victor Branford at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Branford.

(from Wikipedia entry)
Michel Jules Alfred Bréal (French: [bʁeal]; 26 March 1832 – 25 November 1915), French philologist, was born at Landau in Rhenish Bavaria. He is often identified as a founder of modern semantics. After studying at Weissenburg, Metz and Paris, he entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1852. In 1857 he went to Berlin, where he studied Sanskrit under Franz Bopp and Albrecht Weber. On his return to France he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Impériale. In 1864 he became professor of comparative grammar at the Collège de France, in 1875 member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, in 1879 inspecteur général for higher education until the abolition of the office in 1888. In 1890 he was made commander of the Legion of Honour. He died in Paris.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Br%C3%A9al .

Mentioned in Victoria Welby's published correspondence as attending Harrow School.

Rupert Ingham Brooke was a poet.
Possibly Joshua Rupert Ingham Brooke, a Royal Garrison Artillery Captain during WWI.
Joshua Rupert Ingham Brooke (1892-1934) born 14 January 1892 in Halifax. Educated in Harrow, Balliol College.
Child of William Ingham Brooke (1862-1923) and Beatrice Harriet Wallich (1859-1943). Married Margaret Hewett (1894-1994) on 13 February 1923. Died in 1934.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Phillips Brooks (December 13, 1835 – January 23, 1893) was an American Episcopal clergyman and author, long the Rector of Boston's Trinity Church and briefly Bishop of Massachusetts, and particularly remembered as the lyricist of the Christmas hymn, "O Little Town of Bethlehem".

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Brooks .

(From Wikipedia entry)
Sophie Willock Bryant (15 February 1850, Sandymount, Dublin – 29 August 1922, Chamonix, France) was an Anglo-Irish mathematician, educator, feminist and activist.

She was the daughter of Revd Dr William Willock DD, Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Dublin and was educated at home, largely by her father. As a teenager she moved to London, when her father was appointed Professor of Geometry at the University of London in 1863, and she attended Bedford College. At the age of nineteen she married Dr William Hicks Bryant, a surgeon ten years older than she was, who died of cirrhosis within a year.[1][2]

In 1875 she became a teacher and was invited by Frances Mary Buss to join the staff of North London Collegiate School. In 1885 she succeeded Miss Buss as headmistress of North London Collegiate, serving until 1918.[1][2]

When the University of London opened its degree courses to women in 1878, she became one of the first women to obtain First Class Honours, in Mental and Moral Sciences, together with a degree in mathematics in 1881, and three years later was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science. In 1882 she was the third woman to be elected to the London Mathematical Society, and was the first active female member, publishing her first paper with the Society in 1884.

Sophie Bryant was a pioneer in education for women. She was the first woman to receive a DSc in England; one of the first three women to be appointed to a Royal Commission, the Bryce commission on Secondary Education in 1894–1895; and one of the first three women to be appointed to the Senate of the University of London. When Trinity College Dublin opened its degrees to women, Bryant was one of the first to be awarded an honorary doctorate. She was also instrumental in setting up the Cambridge Training College for Women, now Hughes Hall, Cambridge. She is also said to have been one of the first women to own a bicycle.

She was interested in Irish politics, wrote books on Irish History and ancient Irish law, and was an ardent Protestant Irish nationalist. She supported women's suffrage but advocated postponement until women were better educated.

She enjoyed mountain climbing and climbed the Matterhorn twice. She died in a hiking accident in the Alps in 1922.

For more information see Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Bryant .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir PC GCMG GCVO CH (26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.

After a brief legal career Buchan simultaneously began both his writing career and his political and diplomatic career, serving as a private secretary to the colonial administrator of various colonies in Southern Africa. He eventually wrote propaganda for the British war effort in the First World War. Once he was back in civilian life Buchan was elected Member of Parliament for the Combined Scottish Universities, but he spent most of his time on his writing career, notably writing The Thirty-Nine Steps and other adventure fiction.

In 1935 he was appointed Governor General of Canada by King George V, on the recommendation of Prime Minister of Canada Richard Bennett, to replace the Earl of Bessborough. He occupied the post until his death in 1940. Buchan proved to be enthusiastic about literacy, as well as the evolution of Canadian culture, and he received a state funeral in Canada before his ashes were returned to the United Kingdom.

For more detail see wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan.

According to Victoria Welby's published correspondence: "As a young woman, Alice Mary was involved with Octavia Hills' Southwark Womens University. She also became a member of the Froebelian Society, visiting the Pestalozzi-Froebel Haus in Germany. The Sesame Club was opened in 1895 with the intention of reforming education, and showing upper and middle class parents new methods of educating and bringing up their children. Children had been educated in the home prior to this time."
Additional information can be found at: http://bucktonfamily.co.uk/interesting-bucktons/alice-mary-buckton .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Percy William Bunting (1 Februray 1836- 22 July 1911) was a British journalist.
He was born at Manchester, son of T. P. Bunting, and grandson of Wesleyan divine Jabez Bunting. He was educated at Owen's College, Manchester, and Pembroke College, Cambridge. In 1859 he was classed as 21st wrangler, and three years later was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn. In 1882 he became editor of The Contemporary Review, and henceforth devoted himself to journalism, becoming also editor of the Methodist Times from 1902 to 1907, in succession to Hugh Price Hughes. In 1908 he was knighted. Throughout his life, he was an active supporter of Wesleyan Methodism. He died in London.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_William_Bunting .

(From Wikipedia entry of son Arthur John Butler)

Rev. William John Butler (1818–1894), later Dean of Lincoln, married to Emma Barnett (1813–1894), a daughter of George Henry Barnett, a banker, of Glympton Park, Woodstock. Father was John La Forey Butler (1786–1848), a banker in the firm of H. & I. Johnstone. Brother Henry Barnett was also a banker, as well as being a Conservative member of parliament. William and Emma were supporters of the High Church Tractarian movement. In 1848, William John Butler founded the Community of St Mary the Virgin. Children included Arthur John (1844-1910), Grace Harriet (born 1847), Edith Emma (1851–1936), and Mary Avice (1855–1938), while his brother was William George (1849–1938).

For additional information, see Butler's memoirs and published correspondence at: https://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersof00butluoft .

Mario Calderoni (June 30 1879 - December 14 1914) was an Italian philosopher . He was a theorist of Italian law (analytical pragmatism).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Calderoni .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Hay Caldwell (1859–28 August 1941) was a Scottish zoologist. Attending Cambridge University, he was the first recipient of anstudentship founded in honour of his supervisor Francis Maitland Balfour, who died in a climbing accident in 1882. Two years after graduating from Cambridge in 1880, Caldwell was appointed Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy, working for Professor Alfred Newton. In 1884, Caldwell used his studentship, which consisted of "£200 studentship, a £500 grant, the prestige and backing of the Royal Society, and letters of introduction from Newton to travel to Australia" to investigate whether the platypus laid eggs. With the assistance of the local Aborigines, Caldwell set up camp on the banks of the Burnett River in northern Queensland, hunting for lungfish, echidna, and platypus eggs. After extensive searching assisted by a team of 150 Aborigines, he discovered a few eggs. Mindful of the high cost per word, Caldwell famously but tersely wired London, "Monotremes oviparous, ovum meroblastic." That is, monotremes lay eggs, and the eggs are similar to those of reptiles in that only part of the egg divides as it develops. Caldwell stayed away from the beginning stages of Darwinism and wanted to study evolutionary patterns himself. He believed that patterns of individual development could assist in developing and understanding the process of evolution.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hay_Caldwell .

Eleanor Calhoun (1862-1957) was an American heiress and actress. She was the second wife of Prince Stephan Lazar Eugene Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, a Serbian noble. She published her memoirs "Pleasures and Palaces: the memoirs of Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich (Eleanor Calhoun)" in 1915.

For more information, see memoirs available at: https://archive.org/details/cu31924027828957 .

(from WIkipedia entry)
Sir William Walter Carlile, 1st Baronet OBE, DL, JP (15 June 1862 – 3 January 1950) was a British Conservative Party politician from Gayhurst in Buckinghamshire who served from 1895 to 1906 as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Buckingham or (Northern) division of Buckinghamshire.

Carlile was the only son of James Walter Carlile of Ponsbourne Park in Hertfordshire and his wife Mar (née Whiteman) from Glengarr in Argyll.[3] He was educated at Harrow and at Clare College, Cambridge,[4] and later became a Lieutenant of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion of the Oxfordshire Light Infantry.

He held several offices in the county: as a Justice of the Peace, a Deputy Lieutenant (having been appointed in 1897), and an Alderman of Buckinghamshire County Council.

Carlile first stood for Parliament at the 1892 general election, when he was defeated in Buckingham by the sitting Liberal Party MP Herbert Samuel Leon. He won the seat at the next election, in 1895, on a swing of 4.5%, and was re-elected in 1900. He stood down from the House of Commons at the 1906 general election, when Buckingham was won by the Liberal Frederick William Verney.

In 1886, Carlile married Blanche Anne Cadogan, daughter of the Rev, Edward Cadogan of Wicken, Northamptonshire.

His residence was listed in 1901 as Gayhurst House in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, a late-Elizabethan stone mansion house formerly owned by Everard Digby, one of the conspirators in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605. Set in well-wooded park of 250 acres (1.0 km2), it has been described as "one of the most charming examples of Elizabethan architecture in the county".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlile .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Louise Whitfield Carnegie (March 7, 1857 – June 24, 1946) was the wife of philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. After Carnegie's death Louise continued making charitable contributions to organizations including American Red Cross, the Y.W.C.A., the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, numerous World War II relief funds, and $100,000 to the Union Theological Seminary. She spent her summers at Skibo Castle.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Whitfield_Carnegie .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Lant Carpenter was born in 1841 in Bristol, Somerset, England. William married Annie Viret in 1868 in Bristol, England. Annie was born in 1841 in Middlesex, England. Parents: Louisa Powell and William Benjamin Carpenter MD CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Herbert Wildon Carr (16 January 1857 – 8 July 1931) was a British philosopher, Professor of Philosophy, King's College, London from 1918 until 1925 and Visiting Professor at the University of Southern California from 1925 until his death. Part of The Aristotelian Society.

For more information, see WIkipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Wildon_Carr .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Paul Carus, PhD (18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion and philosopher. Carus was born at Ilsenburg, Germany, and educated at the universities of Strassburg (then Germany, now France) and Tübingen, Germany. After obtaining his PhD from Tübingen in 1876
he served in the army and then taught school. He had been raised in a
pious and orthodox Protestant home, but gradually moved away from this
tradition.
He left Bismarck's Imperial Germany for the United States, "because of his liberal views". After he immigrated to the USA (in 1884) he lived in Chicago, and in LaSalle, Illinois. Paul Carus married Edward C. Hegeler's daughter Mary (Marie) and the couple later moved into the Hegeler Carus Mansion, built by her father. They had six children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carus .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Lady Frederick Cavendish (Lucy Caroline; née Lyttelton; 5 September 1841 – 22 April 1925) was a pioneer of women's education.
A daughter of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, she married into another aristocratic family, the Cavendishes, in 1864. Eighteen years later her husband, Lord Frederick Cavendish, was murdered in Dublin by Irish nationalists. After his death she devoted much of her time to the cause of girls' and women's education, for which she was honoured in her lifetime with an honorary degree, and posthumously when, in 1965, Cambridge University named its first post-graduate college for women after her.

Fore more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cavendish .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Lord Adalbert Cecil (18 July 1841- 12 June 1889) was the son of the second Marquis of Exeter. He was born 18th July 1841. A member of the Plymouth Bretheren, Cecil was a missionary in Britain, before travelling to Canada. Here he was called to higher service in a tragic manner as this newspaper report indicates: "Lord Adalbert Cecil was drowned on the 12th of June near Adolphustown, Western Canada, through the upsetting of his boat as he was crossing the bay of Quinte to regain his camp. Buried in Napanee, Ontario. Little is related concerning his early boyhood but as a young man he seems to have come under the influence of the well-known missioner, Rev. William Haslam. The conversion story is in one of his books entitled "Lord A—" referring to Lord Adalbert. After his conversion to God he made rapid progress in divine things, becoming an earnest evangelistic worker and one able to minister the word to profit. In his position he was free to devote all his energies to the work nearest to his heart, and so was "always abounding in the work of the Lord".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Exeter as well as http://www.stempublishing.com/hymns/biographies/cecil.html .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Richard William Church (25 April 1815 – 6 December 1890) was an English churchman and writer, known latterly as Dean Church. Richard William was the eldest of three sons of John Dearman Church, a
wine merchant, and his wife Bromley Caroline Metzener (d. 1845). His grandfather Matthew Church, a merchant of Cork, and his wife, were Quakers, and John had not been baptized into the Church of England
until the time of his marriage in 1814. His uncle, General Sir Richard Church (1784–1873), achieved fame as a liberator of Greece.
The family moved in 1818 to Florence. After his father's death in 1828 his mother settled in Bath, and he was sent to a strict evangelical school at Redland, Bristol. He was admitted in 1832 to Wadham College, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in 1836. His mother, meanwhile, was remarried to Thomas Crokat, a widowed Englishman of Leghorn.
In 1838, he was elected fellow of Oriel College. One of his contemporaries, Richard Mitchell, commenting on this election, said: "There is such a moral beauty about Church that they could not help taking him." He was appointed tutor of Oriel in 1839 and was ordained the same year. He was a close friend of John Henry Newman in this period and closely allied to the Tractarian movement. In 1841 Tract 90 of Tracts for the Times appeared and Church resigned his tutorship. From 1844 to 1845, Church was junior proctor and, in that capacity and in concert with his senior colleague, vetoed a proposal to censure Tracts publicly. In 1846, with others, he started The Guardian newspaper and he was an early contributor to The Saturday Review. In 1850 he became engaged to H.F. Bennett, of a Somersetshire family, a niece of George Moberly, Bishop of Salisbury. After again holding the tutorship of Oriel, he accepted in 1858 the small living of Whatley in Somerset near Frome and was married in the following year. He was a diligent parish priest and a serious student and contributed largely to current literatureIn 1888 his only son died; his own health declined, and he appeared for the last time in public at the funeral of Henry Parry Liddon on 9 September 1890, dying on 9 December in the same year, at Dover. He was buried at Whatley. The dean's chief published works are a Life of St Anselm (1870), the lives of Spenser (1879) and Bacon (1884) in Macmillan's "Men of Letters" series, an Essay on Dante (1878), The Oxford Movement (1891), together with many other volumes of essays and sermons. A collection of his journalistic articles was published in 1897 as Occasional Papers.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_William_Church .

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

Lucy Clifford (2 August 1846 – 21 April 1929) was born Lucy Lane in London, the daughter of John Lane and Louisa Ellen, née Gaspey (d. 1901) of Barbados. She married the mathematician and philosopher William Kingdon Clifford in 1875. After his death in 1879, she earned a prominent place in English literary life as a novelist, and later as a dramatist. Her best-known story, Mrs Keith's Crime (1885), was followed by several other volumes, such as Aunt Anne (1892). She also wrote The Last Touches and Other Stories (1892) and Mere Stories (1896); and a play, A Woman Alone (1898). She is perhaps most often remembered, however, as the author of The Anyhow Stories, Moral and Otherwise (1882), a collection of stories written for her children.

W. K. Clifford renounced his father's inheritance to the benefit of the latter's second, much younger family. He could not have foreseen that he was to fall ill and die quite soon after this gesture, leaving his wife and two small daughters almost penniless. Clifford's friends organized a testimonial fund which helped the young widow for a short while but she soon decided to take matters into her own hands, resuming her career as a writer and continuing the salon which had enjoyed such a distinctive reputation during her marriage. Regular visitors of Clifford's at-homes were Leslie Stephen, Frederick Pollock, John Collier, Frederick Macmillan, and, for a while, the controversial ‘Vernon Lee’ (Violet Paget). At this time Henry James became one of Lucy Clifford's most prized friends, and their correspondence was extensive.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Clifford and http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/57699 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edward Clodd (1 July 1840, Margate, Kent – 16 March 1930) was an English banker, writer and anthropologist. He was the only surviving child of 7. He cultivated a very wide circle of literary and scientific friends, who periodically met at Whitsun gatherings at his home at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Although born in Margate, where his father was captain of a trading brig, the family moved soon afterwards to Aldeburgh, his father's ancestors deriving from Parham and Framlingham in Suffolk. Born to a Baptist family, his parents wished him to become a minister, but he declined and instead went into accountancy and banking, moving to London in 1855.
He first worked for free for 6 months at an accountant's office in Cornhill in London when it was 14.
He worked for the London Joint Stock Bank from 1872 to 1915, and had residences both in London and Suffolk. He married his wife Eliza Garman, a doctor's daughter in 1862. He had 8 children with Eliza, though 2 died when they were young. Clodd was an early follower of the work of Charles Darwin and had personal acquaintance with Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer. He wrote biographies of all three men, and worked to popularise evolution through books like The Childhood of the World and The Story of Creation: A Plain Account of Evolution.
Clodd was an agnostic and wrote that the Genesis creation narrative of the Bible is similar to other religious myths and should not be read as a literal account. He wrote many popular books on evolutionary science. He wrote a biography of Thomas Henry Huxley and was a lecturer and popularizer of anthropology and evolution.
He was also a keen folklorist, joining the Folklore Society from 1878, and later becoming its president. He was chairman of the Rationalist Press Association from 1906 to 1913. He was a Suffolk Secretary of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia from 1914-1916. He was a prominent member and officer of
the Omar Khayyam Club or 'O.K. Club', and organized the planting of the rose from Omar Khayyam's tomb onto the grave of Edward Fitzgerald at Boulge, Suffolk, at the Centenary gathering. Clodd was a critic of the paranormal and psychical research which he wrote were the result of superstition and the outcome of ignorance. He criticised the spiritualist writings of Oliver Lodge as non-scientific. His book Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism (1917) exposed fraudulent mediumship and the irrational belief in spiritualism.
Clodd had a talent for friendship, and liked to entertain his friends at literary gatherings in Aldeburgh at his seafront home there, Strafford House, at Whitsuntide. Prominent among his literary friends
and correspondents were Grant Allen, George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, George Gissing, Edward Fitzgerald, Andrew Lang, Cotter Morison, Samuel Butler, Mary Kingsley and Mrs Lynn Linton: he also counted Sir Henry Thompson, Sir William Huggins, Sir Laurence Gomme, Sir John Rhys, Paul Du Chaillu, Edward Whymper, Alfred Comyn Lyall, York Powell, William Holman Hunt, Sir E. Ray Lankester, H.G. Wells
and many others in his immediate circle. His hospitality and friendship was an important cement in the development of their social connections.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clodd .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir John Alexander Cockburn, KCMG (23 August 1850 – 26 November 1929) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 until 18 August 1890.

Cockburn was born in Corsbie, Berwickshire, Scotland in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn, farmer, and his wife Isabella, née Wright. His father died in France in 1855, and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children. Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School, and King's College London, he obtained the degree of M.D. London, with first class honours and gold medal. In 1875 he married Sarah Holdway (the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown) and they had one son and one daughter.

In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North.
In 1878 Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of Jamestown. In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges.
Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884, serving as Minister of Education from 1885 - 1887 (under premier John Downer) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker, elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years.
In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax, and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament.

On 27 June 1889 Cockburn became the first doctor to become Premier, a role he held for fourteen months before losing a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford.

He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898.

He was active in the planning of Federation, including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 and in Sydney in 1891.
Cockburn supported the Women's Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke its meetings. He chaired the league's final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted. He continued to play a part in women's suffrage upon his return to London and along with his wife were active in the suffragette movement in England.
After resigning from parliament, he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia. He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded (due to federation), but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things.
He had a long career in Freemasonry, beginning with his initiation in 1876. He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia, and to serve in several high offices within it. After his return to England, he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club. As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects, and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals.

He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the New Year Honours list January 1900, and a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England (KGStJ) in August 1901.

He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia. His wife, son and daughter survived him.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockburn_%28Australian_politician%29

(from Encyclopedia Brittanica entry)

R.H. Codrington, in full Robert Henry Codrington (born Sept. 15, 1830, Wroughton, Wiltshire, Eng.—died Sept. 11, 1922, Chichester, Sussex), Anglican priest and early anthropologist who made the first systematic study of Melanesian society and culture and whose reports of his observations remain ethnographic classics.
Codrington became a fellow of Wadham College, Oxford (1855), and took holy orders in 1857. He emigrated to Nelson, N.Z., in 1860 and joined the Melanesian Mission, which he headed from 1871 to 1877. He traveled throughout Melanesia, making his principal observations in the New Hebrides, the Solomons, and the smaller islands lying between them. He gathered a great body of data on all major aspects of Melanesian life and society, including kinship, marriage, property, secret societies, folklore, ritual, and especially religion.Returning to England, Codrington served as vicar of Wadhurst, Sussex (1888–93), and examining chaplain to the bishop of Chichester (1894–1901). During those years he devoted himself to the scholarly preparation of his writings and to enjoying the companionship of such figures as Lewis Carroll, William Ewart Gladstone, and Cardinal John Henry Newman. In his writings Codrington attempted to give a representative picture of island life before contact with European culture. Melanesian Languages (1885), which dealt with the phonology, grammar, and vocabulary of the languages of the New Hebrides and the Solomon, Torres Straits, Loyalty, and other islands, is still considered relevant for the study of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages. Codrington’s other linguistic work, A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Islands, Banks’ Islands (1896), was written jointly with J. Palmer. Codrington’s ethnographic work, The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and Folklore (1891), deals at length with the concepts of mana, magic, and related phenomena, and with social structure and secret societies.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124069/RH-Codrington.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Vincent Stuckey Stratton Coles (27 March 1845 – 9 June 1929) was an Anglican priest, who served as Principal of Pusey House, Oxford from 1897 to 1909. Coles was educated at Eton College before studying at the University of Oxford as a member of Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a third-class degree. He was ordained as a priest in the Church of England, and was assistant curate at Wantage (at that time in the county of Berkshire) from 1869 until his appointment as rector of Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset, in 1872. When Pusey House was founded in Oxford 1884, he left Somerset to become one of its three librarians, later serving as chaplain (1885 onwards) then Principal (1897 to 1909). He also served as curate at Shepton Beauchamp from 1886 to 1897. From 1920 to 1920,[clarification needed] he was Warden of the Sisterhood of the Epiphany in Truro, Cornwall. He was an honorary canon of Christ Church from 1913. His publications consisted of some sermons, meditations and lectures. He died on 9 June 1929.
He was the author of three hymns "O Shepherd of the sheep", "Ye who own the faith of Jesus", and "We pray thee, heavenly Father" (nos. 190, 218 & 334 in The English Hymnal).
His obituary in The Times said that he had a "kindly humorous understanding of young men" and "exercised a wide influence in the University", with many people across the world, both clergy and laity, owing much to his guidance.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Coles .

(from Wikipedia entry)

The Honourable John Maler Collier OBE RP ROI (27 January 1850 – 11 April 1934) was a leading English artist, and an author. He painted in the Pre-Raphaelite style, and was one of the most prominent portrait painters of his generation. Both his marriages were to daughters of Thomas Henry Huxley. He studied painting at the Munich Academy where he enrolled on 14 April 1875 (Register: 3145) at the age of 25.Collier was from a talented and successful family. His grandfather, John
Collier, was a Quaker merchant who became a Member of Parliament. His father (who was a Member of Parliament, Attorney General and, for many years, a full-time judge of the Privy Council) was created the first Lord Monkswell. He was also a member of the Royal Society of British Artists. John Collier's elder brother, the second Lord Monkswell, was Under-Secretary of State for War and Chairman of the London County Council. In due course, Collier became an integral part of the family of Thomas Henry Huxley PC, President of the Royal Society
from 1883 to 1885. Collier married two of Huxley's daughters and was
"on terms of intimate friendship" with his son, the writer Leonard Huxley. Collier's first wife, in 1879, was Marian (Mady) Huxley. She was a painter who studied, like her husband, at the Slade and exhibited at the Royal Academy and elsewhere. After the birth of their only child, a daughter, she suffered severe post-natal depression and was taken to Paris for treatment where, however, she contracted pneumonia and died in 1887.
In 1889 Collier married Mady's younger sister Ethel Huxley. Until the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907
such a marriage was not possible in England, so the ceremony took place
in Norway. Collier's daughter by his first marriage, Joyce, was a
portrait miniaturist, and a member of the Royal Society of Miniature
Painters. By his second wife he had a daughter and a son, Sir Laurence Collier, who was the British Ambassador to Norway 1941–51.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collier_%28artist%29 .

(from Wikipedia entry)
Frederick Howard Collins (1857-1910) was a British indexer and writer. Best known for his Authors' and Printers' Dictionary (1905), he also wrote on the philosophy of Herbert Spencer and on subject indexing.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Howard_Collins_%28indexer%29 .

According to Nina Cust, F.C. Contable was the author of "Personality and Telepathy," "The Divine Law of Human Being" amongst other works. Associated with the Society for Psychical Research.

Friedrich Max Müller (December 6, 1823 – October 28, 1900), generally known as Max Müller, was a German-born philologist and Orientalist, who lived and studied in Britain for most of his life. He was one of the founders of the western academic field of Indian studies and the discipline of comparative religion. Müller wrote both scholarly and popular works on the subject of Indology and the Sacred Books of the East, a 50-volume set of English translations, was prepared under his direction. He also put forward and promoted the idea of a Turanian family of languages and Turanian people.

Mary Emily Müller was the second daughter of the philologist Friedrich Max Müller and his wife Georgina Adelaide Grenfell. She married Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (1856-1924) on 12 December 1883. She accompanied him on his travels and assisted him in translating R. H. Lotze's Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion (1892). She was also a translator for the works of Wilhelm Scherer.

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (1856–1924), biblical and Armenian scholar, was born at Coulsdon, Surrey, on 14 September 1856, the third son of John Charles Conybeare (1818/19–1884), barrister, of Coulsdon, and his wife, Mary Catharine, née Vansittart. He was educated at Tonbridge School from 1868 to 1876 (his father having moved to Tonbridge), and in January 1876 he proceeded with a scholarship to University College, Oxford. He resigned from the college in 1887 to focus on his research and the Armenian language.

He was elected fellow of his college in 1880 and praelector in philosophy and history. ON 12 December 1883 he married Mary Emily (1882-1886), the second daughter of Friedrich Max Müller, the philologist; she accompanied him on his travels and assisted him in translating R. H. Lotze's Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion (1892). He married secondly, in Nice on 22 January 1888, Jane (1859/60–1934), daughter of Edward Macdowell of Belfast; they had one son and one daughter.

The frankness with which Conybeare expressed his opinions endeared him to his friends but involved him in controversies. Having obtained private information about the Dreyfus affair Conybeare published in 1898 his much noticed pro-Dreyfus book, The Dreyfus Case. In 1904 he joined the Rationalist Press Association, which published his Myth, Magic, and Morals, a Study of Christian Origins (1909); its somewhat cynical scepticism elicited a rejoinder from William Sanday in A New Marcion (1909). But Conybeare also attacked the rationalist school, which denied the historicity of Jesus Christ, in The Historical Christ, published by the same association in 1914.

Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 Conybeare, against the advice of friends, wrote a letter in reply to Professor Kuno Meyer in which he blamed the outbreak of war on Sir Edward Grey and H. H. Asquith.

He died at his home, 21 Trinity Gardens, Folkestone, Kent, on 9 January 1924.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis_Conybeare and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry here: http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/32537 .

Author of "Letters of a Mystic of the Present Day."

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

William Leonard Courtney (5 January 1850 – 1 November 1928) was an English philosopher and journalist, born at Poona, India on 5 January 1850, the youngest of three sons and three daughters of William Courtney, a member of the Indian Civil Service and his wife Ann Edwardes, the daughter of Captain Edward Scott of the Royal Navy.

Educated at Somerset College in Bath under Revd Hay Sweet Escott before attending Oxford from 1868 to 1872. In 1873 he became headmaster of Somersetshire College, Bath, and in 1894 editor of the Fortnightly Review. He married in 1874 Cordelia Blanche Place, daughter of Commander Lionel Place of the Royal Navy. The couple had three daughters and four sons. Cordelia died in 1907. In 1911 he married Janet Elizabeth Hogarth (Janet E. Courtney), a scholar, writer and feminist, born in Barton-on-Humber (27 November 1865 - 24 September 1954).

Courtney worked for thirty-eight years in Fleet Street writing general articles and later became the chief thetre critic and literary editor of the "Daily Telegraph" (a post he held until 1925), as well as writing a weekly "Book of the Day" column. In 1890-1891 he edited "Murray's Magazine" but later moved to become editor of the "Fortnightly Review" in 1894.

Published works include:

Studies on Philosophy (1882)
Constructive Ethics (1886)
Studies New and Old (1888)
Life of John Stuart Mill (1889)
The Idea of Tragedy (1900)
The Development of Maeterlinck (1904)
The Feminine Note in Fiction (1904)
Rosemary's Letter Book (1909)
In Search of Egeria (1911).

For more information, see entries in Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Leonard_Courtney and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography at: http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/32590.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir William Alexander Craigie (13 August 1867 – 2 September 1957) was a philologist and a lexicographer. A graduate of the University of St Andrews, he was the third editor of the Oxford English Dictionary and co-editor (with C. T. Onions) of the 1933 supplement. From 1916 to 1925 he was also Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. He married Jessie Kinmond Hutchen of Dundee, born 1864 or 65, died 1947, daughter of William. He lectured on lexicography at the University of Chicago while working on the Dictionary of American English and the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue,
a project he pioneered. Many twentieth-century American lexicographers studied under Craigie as a part of his lectureship, including Clarence Barnhart, Jess Stein, Woodford A. Heflin, Robert Ramsey, Louise Pound, and Allen Walker Read. Craigie was also fluent in Icelandic and an expert in the field of rímur. He made many valuable contributions in that field. His interest was awakened by a winter of study in Copenhagen, then the centre of Norse philology. He compiled the complete Oxford edition of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tales, with hitherto untranslated tales being supplied by his wife. He befriended many of the great Norse philologists of the time and came across séra Einar Guðmundsson's seventheenth-century Skotlands rímur, dealing with the Gowrie Conspiracy. Being a Scotsman himself, there was no way back, and he continued research in that field till the end of his life.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craigie .

(from Wikipedia entry)
Sir James Crichton-Browne MD FRS (29 November 1840 – 31 January 1938) was a leading British psychiatrist and medical psychologist. He is known for studies on the relationship of mental illness to brain injury and for the development of public health policies in relation to mental health. Crichton-Browne was the second son of the phrenologist Dr. William A.F. Browne.

Crichton-Browne was an author and orator, editor of the highly influential West Riding Lunatic Asylum Medical Reports (six volumes, 1871 to 1876), one of Charles Darwin's correspondents and collaborators - on The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) - and - like Duchenne de Boulogne and Hugh Welch Diamond - a pioneer of neuropsychiatric photography. Crichton-Browne was based at the West Riding Asylum in Wakefield from 1866 to 1875, and there he set up a unique asylum laboratory, establishing instruction in psychiatry for students from the nearby Leeds School of Medicine. In 1895, he delivered his celebrated Cavendish Lecture "On Dreamy Mental States" which attracted the disapproval of the American psychologist William James and in 1907 he summarized the conclusions of his neuropsychiatric research in his Royal Institution Lecture Dexterity and the Bend Sinister.

For more information, consult Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Crichton-Browne .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry John "Harry" Cockayne-Cust (10 October 1861 – 2 March 1917) was an English politician and editor who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Unionist Party. Cust was born to Sara Jane Cookson and Henry Cockayne-Cust, and was educated at Eton (where he was captain of the Oppidans) and Trinity College, Cambridge. While at Trinity College, he was elected to the Apostles and graduated with second-class honours in the Classical Tripos. Initially pursuing a legal career, Cust was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1888 but was not called. Instead he decided to enter Parliament, and won a by-election in 1890 for Stamford, Lincolnshire. He left Parliament at the general election of 1895, but returned five years later when he won a seat in the constituency of Bermondsey, remaining until 1906.
Cust was one of The Souls and was attached to Pamela Wyndham, who later married Edward Tennant. Others in the same clique were Margot Asquith, Arthur Balfour, George Nathaniel Curzon, Alfred Lyttelton, Godfrey Webb, and George Wyndham. Considered a brilliant conversationalist by his contemporaries, he had a reputation as a womaniser and was the natural father of the socialite and philanthropist Lady Diana Cooper, by the Duchess of Rutland, although this was not acknowledged until much later. Cust was also rumoured to be the father of Beatrice Stephenson, who became the mother of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and although there was no solid proof of this connection, Lady Diana Cooper often jokingly referred to Mrs. Thatcher as her niece.
In 1892, Cust met William Waldorf Astor, who invited him to edit the Pall Mall Gazette. Despite lacking any background in journalism, Cust immediately accepted. He soon transformed the newspaper into the best evening journal of the period, thanks in part to his securing such contributors as Rudyard Kipling and H. G. Wells. Yet Cust rejected contributions submitted by Astor himself, who had literary aspirations; and this, coupled with political disagreements, led to Cust's dismissal in February 1896.
After leaving the Pall Mall Gazette, Cust continued his career as an author. He wrote several poems, most notably "Non nobis domine". During World War I Cust was active in propaganda on behalf of the British Government. In August 1914, he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations. He died in 1917 of a heart attack at his home in Hyde Park Gate, London. He was heir to the barony of Brownlow, a position which at his death fell to his brother, Adelbert Salusbury Cust (b. 1867). As the result of a purported pregnancy, he married in 1893 Emmeline Mary Elizabeth Welby-Gregory (1867–1955), known as Nina, who was the daughter of Victoria, Lady Welby. The pregnancy was either false or a misrepresentation, and the couple, whose marriage was thereafter contentious, did not have any children. Nina Cust was a translator and editor of her mother's papers. She and her husband are buried together in Belton, Lincolnshire, with a monument designed by her.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cust .

Emmeline (Nina) Cust (1867- I955), translator, editor, poet, and sculptor, was the daughter of Sir William Welby-Gregory fourth Baronet and Victoria Welby of Denton Manor, Grantham.

On 11 October 1893 she married Henry Cust (1861-1917), Unionist M.P. for the Stamford division of Lincolnshire (1890-5) and Bermondsey (1900-6) as well as editor of the Pall Mall Gazette in the 1890s.
The marriage was orchestrated by the family and Arthur Balfour, as Nina had become pregnant (some sources argue it was a hysterical pregnancy) after an affair with Cust, a notorious philanderer. Cust settled his wife in a home in Carlton House Terrace, but then appears to have abandoned her, for all intensive purposes. They did not have children.

Through her marriage, she became a member of 'The Souls,' the exclusive circle of young men and women, all prominent in public and social life, who formed the artistic avant-garde in English society in the 1880S and 90s.

Cust was the editor of two volumes of her mother's collected correspondence.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cust .

Emma Ion Goldsmith (1842-1910) was the daughter of David Goldsmith (1813–1860), an iron monger from Bury St. Edmunds. She married William Henry Dallinger on 18 December 1866. They had one child, son Percy Gough (1867-1930).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Rev. Dr. William Henry Dallinger F.R.S. (July 5, 1839 – November 7, 1909) was a British minister in the Wesleyan Methodist Church. He was also an accomplished scientist, being the first to study the complete lifecycle of unicellular organisms under the microscope and studying the adaptation of such organisms to temperature.
He made numerous contributions to microscopy, and was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1889 to 1892. Dallinger was awarded three honorary doctorates, the Ll.D. from Victoria College, Toronto in 1884, the D.Sc. from Dublin in 1892, and the D.L.C. from Durham in 1896.
Dallinger was married to Emma Ion Goldsmith (1842-1910). They had one child, son Percy Gough (1867-1930).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dallinger .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Francis "Frank" Darwin, FRS (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925), a son of the British naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, followed his father into botany. Francis Darwin was born in Down House, Downe, Kent in 1848. He was the third son and seventh child of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma.
Darwin went to Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then changing to natural sciences, graduating in 1870. He then went to study medicine at St George's Medical School, London, earning an MB in 1875, but did not practice medicine.
Darwin was married three times and widowed twice. First he married Amy Richenda Ruck in 1874, but she died in 1876 four days after the birth of their son Bernard Darwin, who was later to become a golf writer. In September 1883 he married Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (1856 - 1903) and they had a daughter Frances Crofts Darwin (1886–1960), a poet who married the poet Francis Cornford and became known under her married name. His third wife was Florence Henrietta Fisher, daughter of Herbert William Fisher and widow of Frederic William Maitland, whom he married in 1913, the year in which he was knighted. Her sister Adeline Fisher was the first wife of Darwin's second cousin once removed Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Francis Darwin worked with his father on experiments dealing with plant movements, specifically phototropism and they co-authored The Power of Movement in Plants (1880). Their experiments showed that the coleoptile of a young grass seedling directs its growth toward the light by comparing the responses of seedlings with covered and uncovered coleoptiles. These observations would later lead to the discovery of auxin.

Darwin was nominated by his father to the Linnean Society of London in 1875, and was elected as a Fellow of the Society on 2 December 1875. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 June 1882, the same year in which his father died. Darwin edited The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887), and produced some books of letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin; The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887) and More Letters of Charles Darwin (1905). He also edited Thomas Huxley's On the Reception of the Origin of Species (1887).

Cambridge University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DSc) in 1909. He also received honorary doctorates from Dublin, Liverpool, Sheffield, Brussels, St Andrews, Upsala, and Prague. He was knighted in 1913.

He is buried at in Cambridge. His daughter, Frances Cornford, was later buried with him.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Darwin .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids (1857–1942) was an English Pāli language scholar and translator, and from 1923-1942 president of the Pali Text Society which was founded by her husband T. W. Rhys Davids whom she married in 1894.
Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids was born on 27 September 1857 in Wadhurst, East Sussex, England to John Foley and Caroline Elizabeth Foley (maiden name Caroline Elizabeth Windham). Caroline was born into a family with a long ecclesiastic history—her father, John Foley, served as the vicar of Wadhurst from 1847–88; her grandfather and great grandfather had served as rector of Holt, Worcestershire and vicar of Mordiford, Herefordshire, respectively. She studied at University College, London studying mainly economics, philosophy, and psychology. While studying there, she also began studying Sanskrit under Reinhold Rost. As a student, she was already a prolific writer and a vocal campaigner in the movements for poverty relief, children's rights, and women's suffrage. She completed her BA in 1886 and her MA in 1889.

Her records are held at the Senate House Libraries, University of London and Cambridge University. See: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F59001 .
For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_Foley_Rhys_Davids .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Thomas William Rhys Davids (12 May 1843 – 27 December 1922) was a British scholar of the Pāli language and founder of the Pali Text Society. In 1894 Rhys Davids married Caroline Augusta Foley, a noted Pāli scholar. Unlike his wife, however, Rhys Davids was a critic and opponent of Theosophy. They had three children. The eldest, Vivien, was involved in the Girl Guide movement and was a friend of Robert Baden-Powell. Their only son, Arthur Rhys Davids, was a Royal Flying Corps 25-victory fighter ace who was killed in World War I.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids .

(from Wikipedia entry)

James Leigh Strachan-Davidson (born Strachan) (22 October 1843 – 28 March 1916) was an English classical scholar, born at Byfleet, Surrey, southern England.
Strachan-Davidson was educated at Leamington College and at Balliol College, Oxford, and from 1907 was Master of Balliol. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the universities of St Andrews and Glasgow. His publications include an edition of Selections from Polybius (1888); of Appian, Civil Wars, Book I (1902); Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic (1894); Problems of the Roman Criminal Law (two volumes, 1914, available online: Volume 1 and Volume 2.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Leigh_Strachan-Davidson

Author of "Some French Writers" (1893). Contributor to British magazines and periodicals such as "The Fortnightly Review," "The Scottish Review" and others.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Rudolph William Basil Feilding, 8th Earl of Denbigh, 7th Earl of Desmond (9 April 1823 – 10 March 1892) was a British peer, succeeding to his titles on the death in 1865 of his father, the 7th Earl of Denbigh. He was noted as a Roman Catholic convert, and founder of the Franciscan monastery at Pantasaph, North Wales. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was president of the University Pitt Club and took the degree of M.A. in 1844.

He was received into the Catholic Church in 1850, and took an active part in many Catholic works of charity under Cardinal Wiseman. As Viscount Feilding he was appointed honorary treasurer, jointly with Viscount Campden and Archibald J. Dunn, of the Peter's Pence Association. In 1850 he was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire.

He married Mary Berkeley and had, among others, a son and successor Rudolph Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh (1859-1939); his second son Everard Feilding (1867-1936), Hon. Sec. of the Society for Psychical Research; and a daughter Lady Winefride Mary Elizabeth (24 September 1868 - 24 February 1959), who married, on 11 May 1889, to Gervase Elwes.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Feilding,_8th_Earl_of_Denbigh .

Mary Berkeley was the daughter of Robert Berkeley and Henrietta Sophia Benfield.
Married 8th Earl of Denbigh, Rudolph William Basil Feilding on 29 September 1857. Assumed name of Countess of Denbigh and Desmond on 25 June 1865.
The couple had ten children:
Lady Clare Mary Henrietta Feilding (d. 26 May 1895); Lady Edith Mary Frances Feilding (d. 22 April 1918); Lady Hilda Feilding (d. 1866); :Lady Agnes Mary Feilding (d. 20 July 1921); Rudolph Robert Basil Aloysius Augustine Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh (26 May 1859-25 November 1939); Hon. Francis Henry Everard Joseph Feilding (6 March 1867 - 8 February 1936); Lady Winefride Mary Elizabeth Feilding (ca. 1869-24 February 1959); Very Rev. Monsignor Hon. Basil George Edward Vincent Feilding (13 July 1873 - 31 July 1906); Hon. Philip Feilding (5 December 1877 - 5 December 1877).
She died 3 June 1901.

Lady Mary Frances Catherine Feilding (1823–1896) was the eldest daughter of William Basil Percy Feilding, seventh earl of Denbigh (1796–1865), and of Mary Elizabeth Kitty, eldest daughter of Thomas Reynolds Moreton, first earl of Ducie. Her mother died in 1842, when Mary was nineteen years old, and she was left in charge of the substantial household and a large number of younger brothers and sisters.
It is not clear, but it appears that she was the twin sister of the eight earl of Denbigh, Rudolph William Basil, Viscount Feilding, later 8th Earl of Denbigh (1823–1892).
Lady Mary remained unmarried and is documented in the census throughout the nineteenth century as living with various siblings.
Her most important philanthropic initiative was the establishment of the Working Ladies' Guild in January 1877, of which she acted as president. Its patron was the bishop of London and the founding committee included Jessie Boucherett, Louisa Hubbard, and Louisa Wade of the Royal School of Art-Needlework, as well as stalwarts of any such enterprise, the marchioness of Ripon, Lady Knightley, and Lady Eden. The guild was dedicated to the welfare of unmarried and widowed gentlewomen in need of employment. Its aim was to provide links between people connected with such institutions as already existed for the benefit of ladies, so as to maximize the efficiency with which

For more information, see Wikipedia entries at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Feilding,_7th_Earl_of_Denbigh .

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Alexander Devine (often Lex.) (19 December 1865—26 December 1930) was a British educator and activist for Montenegrin independence.

He became involved in social work at an early point, founding the Lads' Club Movement in 1887. He was an advocate for public school reform, and, in 1895, founded Clayesmore School in Middlesex.

He was a special correspondent for the Daily Chronicle covering the 1906 Summer Olympics in Athens, and the First Balkan War.

During the First World War, he organised relief for Montenegro and for Montenegrin refugees, in 1920 serving as Chairman of the British Relief Committee to Montenegro. He had a strong interest in Montenegrin nationalism, and published a number of books on the subject; he was at one point Honorary Minister for Montenegro in London. He was the uncle of George Devine, the actor, theatre director, and founder of the English Stage Company.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Devine .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Anagarika Dharmapala (Sinhala: අනගාරික ධර්මපාල; 17 September 1864 - 29 April 1933) was a Sri Lankan Buddhist revivalist and writer. He was one of the founding contributors of non-violent Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalism and Buddhism. He was also a pioneer in the revival of Buddhism in India after it had been virtually extinct there for several centuries, and he was the first Buddhist in modern times to preach the Dharma in three continents: Asia, North America, and Europe. Along with Henry Steel Olcott and Helena Blavatsky, the creators of the Theosophical Society, he was a major reformer and revivalist of Ceylonese Buddhism and very crucial figure in its Western transmission. Dharmapala is one of the most revered Buddhists in the 20th century.

Born 17 September 1864 in Colombo, Ceylon to Don Carolis Hewavitharana and Mallika Dharmagunawardhana (the daughter of Andiris Perera Dharmagunawardhana), who were among the richest merchants of Ceylon at the time. He was named Don David Hewavitharane. His younger brothers were Dr Charles Alwis Hewavitharana and Edmund Hewavitarne.

Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was a British colony, so Hewavitarne's state education was an English one: he attended Christian College, Kotte; St Benedict's College, Kotahena; S. Thomas' College, Mutwal and the Colombo Academy (Royal College).

In 1875 in New York, Madame Blavatsky and Colonel Olcott had founded the Theosophical Society. They were both very sympathetic to what they understood of Buddhism, and in 1880 they arrived in Ceylon, declared themselves to be Buddhists, and publicly took the Refuges and Precepts from a prominent Sinhalese bhikkhu. Colonel Olcott kept coming back to Ceylon and devoted himself there to the cause of Buddhist education, eventually setting up more than 300 Buddhist schools, some of which are still in existence. It was in this period that Hewavitarne changed his name to Anagarika Dharmapala.

'Dharmapala' means 'protector of the dharma'. 'Anagarika' means "homeless one". It is a midway status between monk and layperson. As such, he took the eight precepts (refrain from killing, stealing, sexual activity, wrong speech, intoxicating drinks and drugs, eating after noon, entertainments and fashionable attire, and luxurious beds) for life. These eight precepts were commonly taken by Ceylonese laypeople on observance days. But for a person to take them for life was highly unusual. Dharmapala was the first anagarika - that is, a celibate, full-time worker for Buddhism - in modern times. It seems that he took a vow of celibacy at the age of eight and remained faithful to it all his life. Although he wore a yellow robe, it was not of the traditional bhikkhu pattern, and he did not shave his head. He felt that the observance of all the vinaya rules would get in the way of his work, especially as he flew around the world. Neither the title nor the office became popular, but in this role, he "was the model for lay activism in modernist Buddhism." He is considered a bodhisattva in Sri Lanka.

His trip to Bodh-Gaya was inspired by an 1885 visit there by Sir Edwin Arnold, author of The Light of Asia, who soon started advocating for the renovation of the site and its return to Buddhist care. Arnold was directed towards this endeavour by Weligama Sri Sumangala Thera.

At the invitation of Paul Carus, he returned to the U.S. in 1896, and again in 1902-04, where he traveled and taught widely.

Dharmapala eventually broke with Olcott and the Theosophists because of Olcott's stance on universal religion. "One of the important factors in his rejection of theosophy centered on this issue of universalism; the price of Buddhism being assimilated into a non-Buddhist model of truth was ultimately too high for him." Dharmapala stated that Theosophy was "only consolidating Krishna worship." "To say that all religions have a common foundation only shows the ignorance of the speaker; Dharma alone is supreme to the Buddhist."

At Sarnath in 1933 he was ordained a bhikkhu, and he died at Sarnath in December of the same year, aged 68.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (6 August 1862 – 3 August 1932), known as Goldie, was a British political scientist and philosopher. He led most of his life at Cambridge, where he wrote a dissertation on Neoplatonism before becoming a fellow. He was closely associated with the Bloomsbury Group.

Dickinson was deeply distressed by Britain's involvement in the First World War. Within a fortnight of the war's breaking out he drew up the idea of a League of Nations, and his subsequent writings helped to shape public opinion towards the creation of the League.

Dickinson was born in London, the son of Lowes Cato Dickinson (1819–1908), a portrait painter, by his marriage to Margaret Ellen Williams, a daughter of William Smith Williams who was literary advisor to Smith, Elder & Company and had discovered Charlotte Brontë. When the boy was about one year old his family moved to the Spring Cottage in Hanwell, then a country village. The family also included his brother, Arthur, three years older, an older sister, May, and two younger sisters, Hester and Janet.

His education included attendance at a day school in Somerset Street, Portman Square, when he was ten or eleven. At about the age of twelve he was sent to Beomonds, a boarding school in Chertsey, and his teenage years from 14 to 19 were spent at Charterhouse School in Godalming, where his brother Arthur had preceded him. He was unhappy at Charterhouse, although he enjoyed seeing plays put on by visiting actors, and he played the violin in the school orchestra. While he was there, his family moved from Hanwell to a house behind All Souls Church in Langham Place.

In 1881 Dickinson went up to King's College, Cambridge, as an exhibitioner, where his brother, Arthur, had again preceded him. Near the end of his first year he received a telegram informing him that his mother had died from asthma. During his college years, his tutor, Oscar Browning, was a strong influence on him, and Dickinson became a close friend of his fellow King's undergraduate C. R. Ashbee. Dickinson won the chancellor's English medal in 1884 for a poem on Savonarola, and in graduating that summer he was awarded a first-class degree in the Classical Tripos.

After travelling in the Netherlands and Germany, Dickinson returned to Cambridge late that year and was elected to the Cambridge Conversazione Society, better known as the Cambridge Apostles. In a year or two he was part of the circle that included Roger Fry, J. M. E. McTaggart, and Nathaniel Wedd.

In the summer of 1885 he worked at a co-operative farm, Craig Farm at Tilford near Farnham in Surrey. The farm had been started by Harold Cox as an experiment in simple living. Dickinson was proud of his hoeing, digging, and ploughing. That autumn, and continuing to the spring of 1886, Dickinson joined the University Extension Scheme to give public lectures that covered Carlyle, Emerson, Browning, and Tennyson. He toured the country, living for a term at Mansfield and for a second term at Chester and Southport. He spent a brief time in Wales afterwards.

With financial help from his father, Dickinson then began to study for a medical degree, beginning in October 1886 at Cambridge. Although he became dissatisfied with his new subject and nearly decided to drop out, he persevered and passed his M.B. examinations in 1887 and 1888. Yet he finally decided he was not interested in a career in medicine.

In March 1887 a dissertation on Plotinus helped his election to a fellowship at King's College. During Roger Fry's last year at Cambridge (1887–1888), Dickinson, a homosexual,[4] fell in love with him. After an initially intense relationship (which according to Dickinson's biography didn't include sex with Fry, a heterosexual), the two established a long friendship. Through Fry, Dickinson soon met Jack McTaggart and F. C. S. Schiller.

Dickinson then settled down at Cambridge, although he again lectured through the University Extension Scheme, travelling to Newcastle, Leicester, and Norwich. His fellowship at King's College (as an historian) was permanently renewed in 1896. That year his book The Greek View of Life was published. He later wrote a number of dialogues in the Socratic tradition.

Dickinson was a lecturer in political science from 1886 to his retirement in 1920, and the college librarian from 1893 to 1896. Dickinson helped establish the Economics and Politics Tripos and taught political science within the University. For 15 years he also lectured at the London School of Economics.

In 1897 he made his first trip to Greece, travelling with Nathaniel Wedd, Robin Mayor, and A. M. Daniel.

He joined the Society of Psychical Research in 1890, and served on its Council from 1904 to 1920.

In 1903 he helped to found the Independent Review. Edward Jenks was editor, and members of its editorial board included Dickinson, F. W. Hirst, C. F. G. Masterman, G. M. Trevelyan, and Nathaniel Wedd. Fry designed the front cover. Over the years Dickinson contributed a number of articles to it, some later reprinted in Religion: A Criticism and a Forecast (1905) and Religion and Immortality (1911).

E. M. Forster, by then a good friend, who had been influenced by Dickinson's books, accepted the appointment as Dickinson's literary executor. Dickinson's sisters then asked Forster to write their brother's biography, which was published as Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson in 1934. Forster has been criticised for refraining from publishing details of Dickinson's sexual proclivities, including his foot fetishism and unrequited love for young men.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsworthy_Lowes_Dickinson and http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F43635 .

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Sir Francis Bernard Dicksee PRA KCVO (London 27 November 1853 – 17 October 1928) was an English Victorian painter and illustrator, best known for his pictures of dramatic literary, historical, and legendary scenes. He also was a noted painter of portraits of fashionable women, which helped to bring him success in his own time.

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dicksee .

Most likely the pharmacologist, Walter Earnest Dixon .

Listed as the co-editor of a 1917 edition of Cicero's "Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino oratio ad iudices" along with Karl Helm. Also published "Suggestions on aesthetics" in "Mind" 6 (24):511-525 (1897) .
Described by Welby as a classicist?

Born 1848. Author of "Mind and Memory", "An Agnostic's Progress", "The Diary of a Modernist" and "Michael Fairless, her life and writings" (1913). Wrote under the pseudonym of William Scott Palmer.

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author Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle KStJ, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer who is most noted for his fictional stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, which are generally considered milestones in the field of crime fiction. He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of a second character he invented, Professor Challenger, and for popularising the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a prolific writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction, and historical novels.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle .

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Mary Drew (née Gladstone; 23 November 1847–1 January 1927), was a political secretary, writer and hostess. She was the daughter of the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, and achieved notability as his advisor, confidante and private secretary. She also attained a fair degree of political influence by controlling access to him. On 2 February 1886, at the age of 38, Mary Gladstone astounded her friends and family by marrying the Rev. Harry Drew, curate of Hawarden, who was ten years her junior. They initially lived in the home of her parents, Hawarden Castle. They had one surviving daughter, Dorothy Mary Catherine Drew, born 11 March 1890, known as "Dossie", who was a favourite of her grandfather.

After the Prime Minister's final retirement in 1894, her political influence waned. Although a great friend to his successor Lord Rosebery, she was never again able to wield influence. A keen diarist, Gladstone kept copious notes of her father's meetings and conversations, in addition to her own observations of late 19th-century political events. Her archives, "The Mary Gladstone Papers" (some of which were published by Lucy Masterman in 1930 under the title Mary Gladstone (Mrs. Drew), Her Diaries and Letters), are a much-used source of many 20th- and 21st-century biographies of leading figures of the day.

The diary, which served as an emotional outlet, diminished in its thoroughness after her marriage, when what she had previously committed to paper she found she could instead commit to her husband. She wrote nothing at all for the seven years between 1904 and 1911, but picked it up again almost immediately after her husband died. She had intended for a time to publish the diaries herself, but, according to Lucy Masterman, the proofs "were considerably 'edited' and much of the raciness and individuality taken from them. They have therefore been discarded, except as evidence of an intention to publish, wherever the original MS. exists."

Gladstone had an eccentric grammar, employing a sort of long dot as her generic period. Masterman (whom the diary describes at twenty-two as "rather a minx with forward priggy manners") took pains to edit out both this and the many banal lists of attendees at parties and dinners, along with the myriad accounts and analyses of symphony concerts, and evidence of her congenital dayums: "Anniversaries of births, christenings, confirmations, proposals, betrothals, deaths, and funerals were constantly noted, together, of course, with Saints' Days and Festivals of the Church."

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gladstone and http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69775 .

[probable identity]
Lady Elizabeth Hay-Drummond (1835–1902). Daughter of Thomas Robert Hay-Drummond, 11th Earl of Kinnoull (5 April 1785 – 18 February 1866) and his wife Louisa Burton Rowley.

She married Frederick Leopold Arthur(20 December 1816 – 1 June 1878), a British soldier, on 24 April 1856. They had three children:
Frederica Louisa Juliana Arthur (d. 23 March 1946), who married Alfred Darby;
Sir George Compton Archibald Arthur, 3rd Bt (1860–1946); and Captain Leonard Robert Sunkersett Arthur, CMG (23 December 1864 – 13 December 1903). Frederick died in 1878 and on 22 November 1883 Elizabeth married Rev. Canon Ernest Edward Dugmore (16 January 1843-10 March 1925), the vicar at Parkstone, Dorset, who also held the office of Succentor of Salisbury Cathedral. She died 24 February 1902.

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Henry Drummond (17 August 1851 – 11 March 1897) was a Scottish evangelist, writer and lecturer. Drummond was born in Stirling. He was educated at Edinburgh University, where he displayed a strong inclination for physical and mathematical science. The religious element was an even more powerful factor in his nature, and disposed him to enter the Free Church of Scotland. While preparing for the ministry, he became for a time deeply interested in the evangelizing mission of Moody and Sankey, in which he actively co-operated for two years.

In 1877 he became lecturer on natural science in the Free Church College, which enabled him to combine all the pursuits for which he felt a vocation. His studies resulted in his writing Natural Law in the Spiritual World, the argument of which is that the scientific principle of continuity extends from the physical world to the spiritual. Before the book was published in 1883, an invitation from the African Lakes Company drew Drummond away to Central Africa.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(evangelist) .

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Frederik Willem van Eeden (3 April 1860, Haarlem – 16 June 1932, Bussum) was a late 19th-century and early 20th-century Dutch writer and psychiatrist. He was a leading member of the Tachtigers, and had top billing among the editors of De Nieuwe Gids (The New Guide) during its celebrated first few years of publication, starting in 1885. Van Eeden was the son of the director of the Royal Tropical Institute in Haarlem. In 1880 he studied English at Leiden University where he pursued a bohemian lifestyle and wrote poetry. Whilst living in the city, he coined the term Lucid dream in the sense of mental clarity, a term that nowadays is a classic term in Dream literature and study. In his early writings, he was strongly influenced by Hindu ideas of selfhood, by Boehme's mysticism, and by Fechner's panpsychism.

He went on to become a prolific writer, producing many critically acclaimed novels, poetry, plays, and essays. He was widely admired in the Netherlands in his own time for his writings, as well as his status as the first internationally prominent Dutch psychiatrist.

Van Eeden's psychiatrist practice included treating his fellow Tachtiger Willem Kloos as a patient starting in 1888. His treatment of Kloos was of limited benefit, as Kloos deteriorated into alcoholism and increasing symptoms of mental illness. Van Eeden also incorporated his psychiatric insights into his later writings, such as in a deeply psychological novel called "Van de koele meren des doods" (translated in English as "The Deeps of Deliverance"). Published in 1900, the novel intimately traced the struggle of a woman addicted to morphine as she deteriorated physically and mentally.

His best known written work, "De Kleine Johannes" ("Little Johannes"), which first appeared in the premiere issue of De Nieuwe Gids, was a fantastical adventure of an everyman who grows up to face the harsh realities of the world around him and the emptiness of hopes for a better afterlife, but ultimately finding meaning in serving the good of those around him. This ethic is memorialized in the line "Waar de mensheid is, en haar weedom, daar is mijn weg." ("Where mankind is, and her woe, there is my path.")

Van Eeden sought not only to write about, but also to practice, such an ethic. He established a commune named Walden, taking inspiration from Thoreau's book Walden, in Bussum, North Holland, where the residents tried to produce as much of their needs as they could themselves and to share everything in common, and where he took up a standard of living far below what he was used to. This reflected a trend toward socialism among the Tachtigers; another Tachtiger, Herman Gorter, was a founding member of the world's first Communist political party, the Dutch Social-Democratic Party, in 1909.

Van Eeden visited the U.S. He had contacts with William James and other psychologists. He met Freud in Vienna, whom he practically introduced in the Netherlands. He corresponded with Hermann Hesse and was a friend of the in London (UK) living Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin.

Van Eeden also had a keen interest in Indian philosophy. He translated Tagore’s Gitanjali.

In late years of his life, Van Eeden became a Roman Catholic.

Victoria Welby in a letter to Prof. Patrick Geddes describes him as "A poet, a scholar, a philosopher, a psychologist: but above all a practical socialist, in a good, even if in somewhat utopian sense. He has turned his Dutch estate into a Labour Colony...His new book is to be called "Happy Humanity", and I said that it was a mean word."

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_van_Eeden .

Gerertuida Woutrina Everts (Truida) was a classical singer who went to live on the utopian colony Walden in 1900.
She began a relationship with the colony's founder psychiatrist Dr. Frederick Van Eeden in 1901 but the couple did not marry until 21 August 1907, after he had divorced his first wife Martha Van Volten. The couple had a son Hugo in 1909 and another son Evert in 1910. Truida died in 1952.

Born 18 February 1856 in Deventer, Netherlands., Martha van Vloten was the daughter of polymath, theologian, scientist, philosopher and free thinker Johannes von Vloten (18 January 1818 - 21 September 1883) and his wife Elisabeth van Gennep.
She had two sisters Betsy and Kitty. and four brothers: William, Frank, Odo and Gerlof.
Betsy married painter Willem Witsen and later ethnomusiologist Johann Sebastian Brandts Buys. Kitty married the poet Albert Verwey.
The Van Vloten daughers were brought up in a free thinking household where women's education was encouraged. All three daughters attended the School for Girls in Haarlem.
Martha was a translator of Hans Christian Andersen's work.
She married the psychiatrist and utopian Frederick van Eeden on 15 April 1886. Together they had two sons, Hans and Paul.
The couple divorced 29 July 1907.
Martha Van Vloten died 10 June 1943.

For more information, see: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_Vloten and https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_van_Eeden_(schrijver).

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Henry Havelock Ellis, known as Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939), was a British physician, writer, and social reformer who studied human sexuality. He was co-author of the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, including transgender psychology. He is credited with introducing the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis. He served as president of the Galton Institute and, like many intellectuals of his era, supported eugenics.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis .

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Rudolf Christoph Eucken (German: [ˈɔʏkn̩]; 5 January 1846 – 15 September 1926) was a German philosopher, and the winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature. Eucken was born in Aurich, Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother. He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter (1803–1881). He studied at Göttingen University and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him. He married in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of neoliberal thought in economics.

Rudolf Eucken died in Jena at the age of 80.

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken .

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Dr Andrew Martin Fairbairn (4 November 1838 – 1912) was a Scottish theological scholar, born near Edinburgh. From 1877 to 1886 he was principal of Airedale College, Bradford, England, a post which he gave up to become the first principal of Mansfield College, Oxford. In the transference to the University of Oxford of the existing Spring Hill College, Birmingham, he took a considerable part, and he exercised influence not only over generations of his own students (most famous of which is probably Peter Taylor Forsyth), but also over a large number of undergraduates in the university generally. He was granted the degree of M.A. by a decree of Convocation, and in 1903 received an honorary Doctor of Literature degree. He was also awarded Doctor of Divinity degrees from Edinburgh and Yale universities, and a Doctor of Laws from the University of Aberdeen. His activities were not, however, limited to his college work. He delivered the Muir lectures at Edinburgh University (1878–1882), the Gifford lectures at Aberdeen (1892–1894), the Lyman Beecher lecture at Yale (1891–1892), and the Haskell lectures in India (1898–1899). He was a member of the Royal Commission of Secondary Education in 1894–1895, and of the Royal Commission on the Endowments of the Welsh Church in 1906. In 1883 he was chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. He resigned his position at Mansfield College in the spring of 1909. He was a prolific writer on theological subjects.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Martin_Fairbairn .

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Frederic William Farrar (Mumbai, 7 August 1831 – Canterbury, 22 March 1903) was a cleric of the Church of England (Anglican), schoolteacher and author. Farrar was born in Bombay, India, and educated at King William's College on the Isle of Man, King's College London and Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he won the Chancellor's Gold Medal for poetry in 1852. He was for some years a master at Harrow School and, from 1871 to 1876, the headmaster of Marlborough College.

Farrar became successively a canon of Westminster and rector of St Margaret's, Westminster (the church near Big Ben), archdeacon of Westminster Abbey and the Dean of Canterbury. He was an eloquent preacher and a voluminous author, his writings including stories of school life, such as Eric, or, Little by Little and St. Winifred's about life in a boys' boarding school in late Victorian England, and two historical romances.

Farrar's religious writings included Life of Christ (1874), which had great popularity, and Life of St. Paul (1879). His works were translated into many languages, especially Life of Christ.

Farrar was a believer in universal reconciliation and thought that all people would eventually be saved, a view he promoted in a series of 1877 sermons. He originated the term "abominable fancy" for the longstanding Christian idea that the eternal punishment of the damned would entertain the saved. Farrar published Eternal Hope in 1878 and Mercy and Judgment in 1881, both of which defend Christian universalism at length.

Farrar's daughter, Maud, was the mother of World War II British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery.

For more information, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Farrar .

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Jane Helen Findlater (4 November 1866, Edinburgh - 20 May 1946 Comrie) was a Scottish novelist whose first book, The Green Graves of Balgowrie, started a successful literary career: for her sister Mary as well as for herself. They are known for their collaborative works of fiction as well as their own individual writing. Sometimes they are referred to as the Findlater sisters.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Findlater.

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Sir Patrick Geddes FRSE (2 October 1854 – 17 April 1932) was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner (see List of urban theorists). He is known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology.

He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning and coined the term "conurbation".

An energetic Francophile, Geddes was the founder of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College) an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France.

His papers are held at the National Library of Scotland, the University of Strathclyde and others. For more information, see:http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F46261

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes .

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Sir William Henry Flower KCB FRCS FRS (30 November 1831 – 1 July 1899) was an English comparative anatomist and surgeon. Flower became a leading authority on mammals, and especially on the primate brain. He supported Thomas Henry Huxley in an important controversy with Richard Owen about the human brain, and eventually succeeded Owen as Director of the Natural History Museum. lower was born at his father's house in Glade Valley "The Hill", Stratford-upon-Avon. His father, Edward Fordham Flower, had lived in America and was an opponent of the slave trade; the family's antecedents were Puritan. When Edward Flower returned to England, he founded a brewery in Stratford-on-Avon and married Celina Greaves. William was at first taught by his mother, and went to a boarding school in Edgbaston at 11.

In 1844 at 13 William was sent to a school in Worksop run by a German headmaster, Dr. Heldenmaier. There were ten hours daily schooling, and this included science (rare at that time). Flower was made Curator of the school museum, and for almost the rest of his life he was a museum curator of one kind or another.

William's interest in natural history appears to have been further fostered in early life by interactions with Rev. P.B. Brodie, an enthusiastic zoologist and geologist. William wrote later in life in his book, Essays on Museums, that he was pleased to create a museum as a boy with a miscellaneous collection of natural history objects, kept at first in a cardboard box, but subsequently housed in a cupboard. In 1854 Flower joined the Army Medical Service, and went out to serve in the Crimean War. He was gazetted as Assistant-Surgeon to the 63rd Regiment of Foot; and in July 1854 embarked with his regiment at Cork for Constantinople. In four months Flower's Regiment was reduced in strength by almost one half, from cold and exposure, infectious diseases and enemy action.

Flower resigned from the army in 1855 due to ill-health. In recognition of his services, he received from the hands of Queen Victoria the Crimea Medal with clasps for Alma, Inkerman, Balaclava, and Sebastopol; he received the Turkish medal later. In the spring of 1857 Flower took the diploma for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS); and joined the staff of the Middlesex Hospital as Demonstrator in Anatomy. In 1859 he was made Assistant-Surgeon at the Middlesex, Curator of the Anatomical Museum and also Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy. His 1859 lecture to the Royal United Services Institute on practical surgery for naval and military officers was the direct result of his Crimean experience. It summarised the first aid knowledge needed by all soldiers to help the wounded before a surgeon was available (see also field hospital; military medicine).

He married Georgina Rosetta, the youngest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth, an astronomer, and sometime Hydrographer to the Admiralty and Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society. The wedding took place on 15 April 1858 at the church of Stone, in Buckinghamshire. In 1860 London intellectual life was alive with talk of evolution. Flower had long been interested in natural history, and now he decided to move his career in that direction, probably under the influence of Thomas Henry Huxley, who was also a comparative anatomist, and Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution at the time. Flower's first contact with Huxley came about from his early friendship with George Busk, Surgeon to the Seamen's Hospital of HMS Dreadnought (a land base near Portsmouth). Busk was an FRS, became PRCS, and a member of the X Club. Flower succeeded John Thomas Quekett as Conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on the recommendation of Huxley and others. He started work in January 1862 and held the post for 22 years.

Flower became associated with Huxley's controversy with Richard Owen concerning the human brain. Owen had erroneously said that the human brain had structures that were not present in other mammals, and separated man off into a Sub-Class of its own instead of a genus in the primates. Huxley contradicted this in a debate at the BA meeting in 1860, and promised a demonstration in due course.

Back in London, Huxley consulted with every expert on the brain that he knew, and that included Flower. His conclusions were made public in 1860 in lectures and publications, but most of the demonstrations were done by Flower using monkey brains rather than the scarce ape brains. Over the years, Flower published papers on the brains of four species of monkey, and acted as Huxley's partner in demonstrations at subsequent BA meetings. At the 1862 meeting in Cambridge when Owen read a paper maintaining his claims, Flower stood up and said "I happen to have in my pocket a monkey's brain" — and produced the object in question! (report in the Times). Few doubted that the small object had Huxley's finger-prints on it...

Another interesting angle on Flower was his combination of religious belief with complete and unequivocal acceptance of evolution. His point of view was close to that of Asa Gray, the American botanist, who wrote a pamphlet entitled Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology. As the years passed this co-existence of ideas became ever more common with those Christians who were not wedded to literal belief in all aspects of the Bible. In 1883 Flower gave an address to the Church Congress in Reading on evolution: "The bearing of science on religion" (reprinted in his Essays on Museums).

In 1870 he became Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy in succession to Huxley and commenced a series of lectures that ran for fourteen years, all on aspects of the Mammalia. The essence was published in his books of 1870 and 1891. He was President of the Zoological Society of London from 1879 to 1899. In 1882 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Flower .

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Lionel George Bridges Justice Ford (3 September 1865 – 27 March 1932) was an Anglican priest who served as Dean of York after two headmasterships at eminent English public schools.

Ford was born in Paddington, London, the son of William Augustus Ford and Katherine Mary Justice. His father had played cricket for the MCC and his brother Francis Ford played cricket for England. Ford was educated at Repton School and King's College, Cambridge where he won the Chancellor's Classical Medal and was a member of the Pitt Club. He became a school master at Eton, and was ordained a curate in the Anglican church in 1893. In 1898 and 1899 he played cricket for minor county Buckinghamshire.

Ford became headmaster of Repton School in 1901 and in 1910 moved to Harrow, where he was headmaster until 1925. in 1925 he became the Dean at York, a post he was to hold until his death on Easter Sunday seven years later. His memorial is in the restored Zouche Chapel.

He was a renowned preacher.

Ford's grandfather was George Samuel Ford, a well known bill discounter. Ford married in 1904 Mary Catherine Talbot, daughter of Edward Stuart Talbot, who was successively Bishop of Rochester, Southwark and Winchester. Their son Neville Ford became a notable cricketer for Derbyshire and another son Edward Ford was a courtier in the Royal Household of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Ford .

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Sir Michael Foster, KCB, DCL, MD (8 March 1836 – 29 January 1907) was an English physiologist.

He was born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, and educated at University College School, London. After graduating in medicine in 1859, he began to practise in his native town, but in 1867 he returned to London as teacher of practical physiology at University College London, where two years afterwards he became professor. In 1870 he was appointed by Trinity College, Cambridge, to its praelectorship in physiology, and thirteen years later he became the first occupant of the newly created chair of physiology in the university, holding it till 1903. One of his most famous students at Cambridge was Charles Scott Sherrington who went on to win the Nobel Prize in 1932.

He excelled as a teacher and administrator, and had a very large share in the organization and development of the Cambridge biological school. From 1881 to 1903 he was one of the secretaries of the Royal Society, and in that capacity exercised a wide influence on the study of biology in Britain. In 1899 he was created K.C.B., and served as president of the British Association at its meeting at Dover.

In the 1900 General Election, he was elected to represent the University of London in parliament. Though returned as a Unionist, his political action was not to be dictated by party considerations, and he gravitated towards Liberalism; but he played no prominent part in parliament and at the election of 1906 was defeated.

He was joint editor with E. Ray Lankester of The Scientific Memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. His chief writings were a Textbook of Physiology (1876), which became a standard work, and Lectures on the History of Physiology during the 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries (1901), which consisted of lectures delivered at the Cooper Medical College, San Francisco, in 1900. He died suddenly in London.

Foster was also the binomial author of at least one plant species, Iris lineata Foster ex Regel (or A.Regel), which was originally described and published in Gartenflora (1887), and later cited in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1888).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist) .

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George Herbert Fowler (4 September 1861, Lincoln – 15 August 1940, Aspley Guise) was an English zoologist, historian and archivist.

Fowler was educated at Marlborough College, Eton College and Keble College, Oxford. From 1887 to 1889 he was assistant to E. Ray Lankester at University College, London. In 1890 he was interim director of the recently founded Plymouth laboratory of the Marine Biological Association. In 1891 he returned to teaching zoology at UCL. Fowler and R. Norris Wolfenden founded the Challenger Society for Marine Science in 1903. Fowler retired from UCL in 1909.

In retirement Fowler lived at Aspley Guise, Bedfordshire, and his interests turned to local history. He established the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society in 1912 and the Bedfordshire Record Office in 1913, continuing to serve as chairman of the county records committee until 1940. During World War I he worked in hydrographic and naval intelligence, preparing charts for use by submarines. In 1923 he published The Care of County Muniments, which remained for many years the only manual in English relating to the care of local archives. He was also active in the establishment of the British Records Association in 1932.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Fowler .

Anna Morton (19 November 1857–1917), was the daughter of a Frazer Morton,an Ulster Scott and weathy merchant, and his wife from Liverpool. Anna was the fourth of six children. Raised in a strict Prebyterian houshold, she was sent to finishing school in Dresden to study singing and piano. She later became a music teacher.

Anna developed a strong interest in the pioneer work of Octavia Hill, Josephine Butler and others involved in the reform movement focused on social and housing conditions of the poor in England. In 1883 she visited her younger sister Edith and her husband James Oliphant, then the head of a private school in Edinburgh. There she was introduced to Oliphant's friend and colleague Patrick Geddes. The friendship developed and the two married in 1886.

The couple settled in a flat in Edinburgh's Princes Street, later moving to James' Court, a tenament in the Lawnmarket where the two set about "impoving the social environment by example." Anna had three children: Norah, Alasdair and Arthur.
During her second visit to India in 1917 (the couple travelled extensively due to Sir Patrick's work as a town planner) Anna fell ill with typhoid fever and died, not knowing that their son Alasdair had been killed in action in France.

She was cremated in India.

The Geddes papers are held at the National Library of Scotland, MSS 10503, 10504. For more information, see: http://www.nls.uk/learning-zone/politics-and-society/patrick-geddes .

Born Emelia Batten on 26 July 1823, she was the daughter of Rev. Ellis Batten, one of the masters of Harrow School in 1852. She was a member of the Kensington Society and her correspondence was published. Married to Russell Gurney (2 September 1804 - 31 May 1878), an English Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1878. She died in 1896.

(from Wikipedia entry)
Charles Kay Ogden (1 June 1889 - 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, and writer. Described as a polymath but also an eccentric and outsider, he took part in many ventures related to literature, politics, the arts and philosophy, having a broad impact particularly as an editor, translator, and activist on behalf of a reformed version of the English language. He is typically defined as a linguistic psychologist, and is now mostly remembered as the inventor and propagator of Basic English. He was born at Rossall School in Fleetwood, Lancashire on 1 June 1889, where his father Charles Burdett Ogden was a housemaster. He was educated at Buxton and Rossall, winning a scholarship to Magdalene College, Cambridge and coming up to read Classics in 1908. He founded the weekly Cambridge Magazine in 1912 while still an undergraduate, editing it until it ceased publication in 1922. The initial period was troubled. Ogden was studying for Part II of the Classical Tripos when offered the chance to start the magazine by Charles Granville, who ran a small but significant London publishing house, Stephen Swift & Co. Thinking that the editorship would mean giving up first class honours, Ogden consulted Henry Jackson, who advised him not to miss the opportunity. Shortly after, Stephen Swift & Co. went bankrupt. Ogden continued to edit the magazine during World War I, when its nature changed, because rheumatic fever as a teenager had left him unfit for military service.

Ogden often used the pseudonym Adelyne More (add-a-line more) in his journalism. The magazine included literary contributions by Siegfried Sassoon, John Masefield, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, and Arnold Bennett. In 1919 Claude McKay was in London, and Ogden published his poetry in the Magazine. Ogden also co-founded the Heretics Society in Cambridge in 1909, which questioned traditional authorities in general and religious dogmas in particular, in the wake of the paper Prove All Things, read by William Chawner, Master of Emmanuel College, a past Vice-Chancellor. The Heretics began as a group of 12 undergraduates interested in Chawner's agnostic approach.

The Society was nonconformist and open to women, and Jane Harrison found an audience there, publishing her inaugural talk for the Society of 7 December 1909 as the essay Heresy and Humanity (1911), an argument against individualism. The talk of the following day was from J. M. E. McTaggart, and was also published, as Dare to Be Wise (1910). Another early member with anthropological interests was John Layard; Herbert Felix Jolowicz, Frank Plumpton Ramsey and Philip Sargant Florence were among the members. Alix Sargant Florence, sister of Philip, was active both as a Heretic and on the editorial board of the Cambridge Magazine.

Ogden was President of the Heretics from 1911, for more than a decade; he invited a variety of prominent speakers and linked the Society to his role as editor. In November 1911 G. K. Chesterton used a well-publicised talk to the Heretics to reply to George Bernard Shaw who had recently talked on The Future of Religion. He authored three books in this period. One was The Problem of the Continuation School (1914), with Robert Hall Best of the Best & Lloyd lighting company of Handsworth, and concerned industrial training; he made also a translation of a related work of Georg Kerchensteiner (who had introduced him to Best),[30][31] appearing as The Schools and the Nation (1914).[32] Militarism versus Feminism (1915, anonymous) was with Mary Sargant Florence (mother of Alix); and Uncontrolled Breeding: Fecundity versus Civilization (1916),[33] was a tract in favour of birth control, under the Adelyne More pseudonym.

Ogden ran a network of bookshops in Cambridge, selling also art by the Bloomsbury Group. One such bookshop was looted on the day World War I ended.[34] e built up a position as editor for Kegan Paul, publishers in London. In 1920, he was one of the founders of the psychological journal Psyche, and later took over the editorship; Psyche was initially the Psychic Research Quarterly set up by Walter Whately Smith,[35] but changed its name and editorial policy in 1921. It appeared until 1952, and was a vehicle for some of Ogden's interests.[36]

Also for Kegan Paul he founded and edited what became five separate series of books, comprising hundreds of titles. Two were major series of monographs, "The History of Civilisation" and "The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method"; the latter series included about 100 volumes after one decade. The "To-day and To-morrow" series was another extensive series running to about 150 volumes, of popular books in essay form with provocative titles; he edited it from its launch in 1924. The first of the series (after an intervention by Fredric Warburg)[37] was Daedalus; or, Science and the Future by J. B. S. Haldane, an extended version of a talk to the Heretics Society. Other series were "Science for You" and "Psyche Miniatures".[38]

Ogden helped with the English translation of Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In fact the translation itself was the work of F. P. Ramsey; Ogden as a commissioning editor assigned the task of translation to Ramsey, supposedly on earlier experience of Ramsey's insight into another German text, of Ernst Mach. The Latinate title now given to the work in English, with its nod to Baruch Spinoza's Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, is attributed to G. E. Moore, and was adopted by Ogden. In 1973 Georg Henrik von Wright edited Wittgenstein's Letters to C.K. Ogden with Comments on the English Translation of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, including correspondence with Ramsey.[39]

His most durable work is his monograph (with I. A. Richards) titled The Meaning of Meaning (1923), which went into many editions. This book, which straddled the boundaries among linguistics, literary analysis, and philosophy, drew attention to the significs of Victoria Lady Welby (whose disciple Ogden was) and the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce. A major step in the "linguistic turn" of 20th century British philosophy, The Meaning of Meaning set out principles for understanding the function of language and described the so-called semantic triangle. It included the inimitable phrase "The gostak distims the doshes."

Although neither a trained philosopher nor an academic, Ogden had a material effect on British academic philosophy. The Meaning of Meaning enunciated a theory of emotivism.[40] Ogden went on to edit as Bentham's Theory of Fictions (1932) a work of Jeremy Bentham, and had already translated in 1911 as The Philosophy of ‘As If’ a work of Hans Vaihinger, both of which are regarded as precursors of the modern theory of fictionalism.[41] The advocacy of Basic English became his primary activity from 1925 until his death. Basic English is an auxiliary international language of 850 words comprising a system that covers everything necessary for day-to-day purposes. To promote Basic English, Ogden in 1927 founded the Orthological Institute, from orthology, the abstract term he proposed for its work (see orthoepeia). Its headquarters were on King's Parade in Cambridge. From 1928 to 1930 Ogden set out his developing ideas on Basic English and Jeremy Bentham in Psyche.[42]

In 1929 the Institute published a recording by James Joyce of a passage from a draft of Finnegans Wake. In summer of that year Tales Told of Shem and Shaun had been published, an extract from the work as it then stood, and Ogden had been asked to supply an introduction. When Joyce was in London in August, Ogden approached him to do a reading for a recording.[43][44] In 1932 Ogden published a translation of the Finnegans Wake passage into Basic English.[45][46]

By 1943 the Institute had moved to Gordon Square in London.[47]

Ogden was also a consultant with the International Auxiliary Language Association, which presented Interlingua in 1951.[48] Ogden collected a large number of books. His incunabula, manuscripts, papers of the Brougham family, and Jeremy Bentham collection were purchased by University College London. The balance of his enormous personal library was purchased after his death by the University of California - Los Angeles. He died on 21 March 1957 in London.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kay_Ogden .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 – 23 December 1888) was a British author, traveller, diplomat and Christian mystic. He is best known for his satirical novel Piccadilly (1870). Oliphant was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs.

Laurence Oliphant was the only child of Sir Anthony Oliphant (1793–1859), a member of the Scottish landed gentry and his wife Maria. At the time of his son's birth Sir Anthony was Attorney General of the Cape Colony, but he was soon appointed Chief Justice in Ceylon. Laurence spent his early childhood in Colombo, where his father purchased a home called Alcove in Captains Gardens, subsequently known as Maha Nuge Gardens. Sir Anthony and his son have been credited with bringing tea to Ceylon and growing 30 tea plants brought over from China on the Oliphant Estate in Nuwara Eliya. In 1848 and 1849, he and his parents toured Europe. In 1851, he accompanied Jung Bahadur from Colombo to Nepal, which provided the material for his first book, A Journey to Katmandu (1852). Oliphant returned to Ceylon and from there went to England to study law. Oliphant left his legal studies to travel in Russia. The outcome of that tour was his book The Russian Shores of the Black Sea (1853).
Between 1853 and 1861 Oliphant was secretary to Lord Elgin during the negotiation of the Canada Reciprocity Treaty in Washington, and companion to the Duke of Newcastle on a visit to the Circassian coast during the Crimean War.
In 1861 Oliphant was appointed First Secretary of the British Legation in Japan under Minister Plenipotentiary (later Sir) Rutherford Alcock. He arrived in Edo at the end of June, but on the evening of 5 July a night-time attack was made on the legation by xenophobic ronin. His pistols having been locked in their travelling box, Oliphant rushed out with a hunting whip, and was attacked by a Japanese with a heavy two-handed sword. A beam, invisible in the darkness, interfered with the blows, but Oliphant was severely wounded and sent on board ship to recover.
Oliphant returned to England, resigned from the Diplomatic Service and was elected to Parliament in 1865 for Stirling Burghs. While he did not show any conspicuous parliamentary ability, he was made a great success by his novel Piccadilly (1870). He then fell under the influence of the spiritualist prophet Thomas Lake Harris, who in about 1861 had organised a small community, the Brotherhood of the New Life, which was settled in Brocton on Lake Erie, and subsequently moved to Santa Rosa, California.
After having been refused permission to join Harris in 1867, he was eventually allowed to join his community and Oliphant left Parliament in 1868 to follow Harris to Brocton. He lived there for several years engaged in what Harris termed the 'Use', manual labour aimed at forwarding his utopian vision. Members of the community were allowed to return to the outside world from time to time to earn money for the community. After three years Oliphant worked as correspondent for The Times during the Franco-German War, and afterwards spent several years in Paris in the service of the paper. There he met, through his mother, his future wife, Alice le Strange. They married at St George's, Hanover Square, London, on 8 June 1872.
Later he and his mother had a falling out with Harris and demanded their money (allegedly mainly derived from the sale of Lady Maris Oliphant's jewels) back. This forced Harris to sell the Brocton colony and his remaining disciples moved to their new colony in Santa Rosa, California.

In 1879, Oliphant left for Palestine, where he hoped to promote Jewish agricultural settlement. Later, he saw these settlements as a means of alleviating Jewish suffering in Eastern Europe.
He visited Constantinople in the hopes of obtaining a lease on the northern half of the Holy Land and settling large numbers of Jews there (this was prior to the first wave of Jewish settlement by Zionists in 1882). He did not see this as an impossible task in view of the large numbers of Christian believers in the United States and England who supported this plan. With financial support from Christadelphians and others in Britain, Oliphant amassed sufficient funding to purchase land and settle Jewish refugees in the Galilee.
Oliphant and his wife, Alice, settled in Palestine, dividing their time between a house in the German Colony in Haifa, and another in the Druze village of Daliyat al-Karmel on Mount Carmel.
Oliphant's secretary Naftali Herz Imber, author of the Israeli national anthem, Hatikva, lived with them.
In 1883, Oliphant wrote Altiora Peto. In 1884, he and his wife collaborated on Sympneumata: Evolutionary Forces Now Active in Man together. The following year, Oliphant wrote a novel, Masollam.
In December 1885, Oliphant's wife became ill and died on 2 January 1886. Oliphant, also stricken, was too weak to attend her funeral.
He was persuaded that after death he was in much closer contact with her than when she was still alive, and believed that she inspired him to write Scientific Religion. In November 1887, Oliphant went to England to publish the book.
In 1888, he traveled to the United States and married his second wife, Rosamond, a granddaughter of Robert Owen in Malvern. The couple planned to return to Haifa, but Oliphant took sick at York House, Twickenham, and died there on 23 December 1888.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_%28author%29 .

Died 1885. Married husband Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 - 23 December 1888) on 8 June 1872. Oliphant was a British author, traveller, diplomat and Christian mystic. He is best known for his satirical novel Piccadilly (1870). Oliphant was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs) in Paris where he was working as a correspondent for The Times. The couple eventually settled in Palestine. They collaborated on the 1884 work "Sympneumata: Evolutionary Forces Now Active in Man". Margaret Oliphant, Laurence's cousin, wrote a biography about Laurence and Alice. Also known as Alice Le Strange.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Second wife of Laurence Oliphant. They married in 1888. Granddaughter of Robert Owen of Malvern (14 May 1771 - 17 November 1858) a Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
Rosamond later married James Murray Templeton.
A biography, "In search of arcadia : the life of Rosamond Dale Owen Oliphant Templeton (1846-1937)" published in 1998 by Silke Tornede.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_(author) ,

(from Wikipedia entry)

Margaret Oliphant Wilson Oliphant (née Margaret Oliphant Wilson) (4 April 1828 - 25 June 1897), was a Scottish novelist and historical writer, who usually wrote as Mrs. Oliphant. Her fictional works encompass "domestic realism, the historical novel and tales of the supernatural". Cousin to Laurence Oliphant.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Harry Allen Overstreet (October 25, 1875 - August 17, 1970) was an American writer and lecturer, and a popular author on modern psychology and sociology. His 1949 book, The Mature Mind, was a substantial best-seller that sold over 500,000 copies by 1952. From 1911 to 1936, he was chair of Department of Philosophy and Psychology at City College of New York. He lectured and worked frequently with his second wife, Bonaro Overstreet. Nina Cust describes him as "Professor of Philosophy and Head of Department Coll. of the City of New York. Author of "Influencing Human Behaviour", "About Ourselves", "The Enduring Quest" etc."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Allen_Overstreet .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Henry Overton, VD, DD (hon) (1835-1903) was an English cleric, known as a church historian. Born at Louth, Lincolnshire, on 4 January 1835, he was the only son of Francis Overton, a surgeon of Louth, by his wife Helen Martha, daughter of Major John Booth, of Louth. Educated first (1842-5) at Louth grammar school, and then at a private school at Laleham, Middlesex under the Rev. John Buckland, Overton went to Rugby School in February 1849. He obtained an open scholarship at Lincoln College, Oxford. A sportsman, he was placed in the first class in classical moderations in 1855 and in the third class in the final classical school in 1857. He graduated B.A. in 1858, and proceeded M.A. in 1860.

In 1858 Overton was ordained to the curacy of Quedgeley, Gloucestershire, and in 1860 was presented by J. L. Fytche, a friend of his father, to the vicarage of Legbourne, Lincolnshire. He took pupils, and studied English church history. Overton was collated to a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral by Bishop Christopher Wordsworth in 1879, and in 1883, on William Gladstone's recommendation, was presented by the crown to the rectory of Epworth, Lincolnshire. While at Epworth he was rural dean of Axholme.

In 1889 Overton was made hon. D.D. of Edinburgh University. From 1892 to 1898 he was proctor for the clergy in Convocation. In 1898 he was presented by the dean and chapter of Lincoln to the rectory of Gumley, near Market Harborough, and represented the chapter in convocation. He was a frequent speaker at church congresses. In 1901 he was a select preacher at Oxford, and from 1902 Birkbeck lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. Early in 1903 Carr Glyn, the bishop of Peterborough, made him a residentiary canon of his cathedral; he was installed on 12 February.

Overton was for more than 20 years an Honorary Chaplain to the 1st Lincolnshire (Western Division) Artillery, for which he received the Volunteer Officers' Decoration (VD) 3 April 1894. Overton kept one period of residence at Peterborough, but did not live to inhabit his prebendal house. He died at Gumley rectory on 17 September 1903. He was buried in the churchyard of the parish church of Skidbrook near Louth. He was a high churchman and a member of the English Church Union.

As memorials of Overton a brass tablet was placed in Epworth parish church by the parishioners, a stained glass window and a reredos in Skidbrook church, and a two-light window in the chapter-house of Lincoln Cathedral. On 17 July 1862 Overton married Marianne Ludlam, daughter of John Allott of Hague Hall, Yorkshire, and rector of Maltby, Lincolnshire; she survived him with one daughter.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Overton .

Most likely Arnold Whittaker Oxford. Born 1854. Author of "English cookery books to the year 1850".