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Rubin “Hurricane” Carter was an American middleweight boxer who, alongside New Jersey resident John Artis, was wrongly convicted and imprisoned for a triple homicide.

In the early morning of June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar & Grill in Paterson, New Jersey and opened fire, killing two and injuring two others, one of whom would later die of their injuries. All victims were white, and according to witness testimony, the shooters were Black.

The same night, Rubin “Hurricane” Carter and John Artis were driving home from a club when they were pulled over by police on two separate occasions. On the second, they were taken in by police and interrogated about the crime for 17 hours before being released. They were eventually indicted on three charges of first-degree murder, and their first joint trial began in April 1967.

While there was no physical evidence linking them to the crime, they were arrested based on the witness testimony of Alfred Bello, who claimed he saw Carter and Artis at the scene of the crime, and of Patricia Valentine, who lived above the Lafayette Bar, heard the shooting take place, and claimed that she saw two Black men jump into a white car which was said to match the description of Rubin Carter’s car. Carter and Artis were sentenced to life in prison for the deaths at the Lafayette Bar.

In 1974, Alfred Bello and Arthur Bradley would recant their testimony, which set in motion a series of events that led to a second trial in 1976. Bello would later retract this recantation. The second trial in 1976 brought forth the theory of racial revenge, where the prosecution argued that the crime committed by Carter and Artis was a form of a racial revenge — on the same day as the shooting at the Lafayette bar, a Black bartender was killed by a white gunman. The second trial also resulted in a life sentence for both Carter and Artis.

In the early 1980s, a young man named Lesra Martin, born in Brooklyn and living in a commune in Toronto to attend school, read Carter’s book The Sixteenth Round: from Number 1 Contender to #45472 (1974) and shared it with members of the commune he lived with. Sam Chaiton and Terry Swinton were among this group.

Inspired by Carter’s story, Chaiton, Swinton, and others in the commune moved to New Jersey to work on Carter’s case. They compiled material from the past two trials and assisted Carter’s attorneys with filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus (a report made to the court in the event of an unlawful detention or imprisonment with the goal being to determine whether a detention is lawful). In November 1985, it was determined by Judge Lee Sarokin that Carter was wrongfully convicted, and he was released. John Artis had already been released from prison, having served his sentences concurrently. His name was also cleared with the grant of the writ of habeas corpus.

Judge Sarokin would note that Carter’s verdict was based upon “racism rather than reason and concealment rather than disclosure.” The material collected by “the Canadians” (as they were referred to in Chaiton and Swinton's book, Lazarus and the Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter) forms the Rubin “Hurricane” Carter collection and includes their investigative and legal notes.

After his release, Carter moved to Toronto, Ontario with Chaiton and Swinton. Carter began work to prove the innocence of other wrongly convicted individuals in Canada. He co-founded (along with Chaiton, Swinton, and several lawyers) the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (now known as Innocence Canada), serving for over a decade as their Executive Director until 2005. His activism led to Carter receiving a honorary Doctor of Laws degree from York University in October 2005. Carter died of cancer in 2014; John Artis cared for him during the final weeks of his life.

'Cartographica' is considered to be the foremost journal in its field, publishing articles on latest developments of in cartography. It was formed by the union of 'Canadian cartographer,' and 'Cartographica,' and has long been associated with the Geography Department of York University.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Paul Carus, PhD (18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion and philosopher. Carus was born at Ilsenburg, Germany, and educated at the universities of Strassburg (then Germany, now France) and Tübingen, Germany. After obtaining his PhD from Tübingen in 1876
he served in the army and then taught school. He had been raised in a
pious and orthodox Protestant home, but gradually moved away from this
tradition.
He left Bismarck's Imperial Germany for the United States, "because of his liberal views". After he immigrated to the USA (in 1884) he lived in Chicago, and in LaSalle, Illinois. Paul Carus married Edward C. Hegeler's daughter Mary (Marie) and the couple later moved into the Hegeler Carus Mansion, built by her father. They had six children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carus .

"Rosanne Cash is an American singer-songwriter and author. She is the eldest daughter of country musician Johnny Cash and Vivian Liberto Cash Distin, Johnny Cash's first wife. Although she is often classified as a country artist, her music draws on many genres, including folk, pop, rock, blues, and most notably Americana. In the 1980s, she had a string of genre-crossing singles that entered both the country and pop charts, the most commercially successful being her 1981 breakthrough hit "Seven Year Ache", which topped the U.S. country singles chart and reached the Top 30 on the U.S. pop chart. Cash won a Grammy Award in 1985 for "I Don't Know Why You Don't Want Me" and has received 12 other Grammy nominations. She has had 11 No. 1 country hit singles, 21 Top 40 country singles, and two gold records. Cash was the 2014 recipient of Smithsonian magazine's American Ingenuity Award in the Performing Arts category. On February 8, 2015, Cash won three Grammy awards for Best Americana Album for The River & the Thread, Best American Roots Song with John Leventhal and Best American Roots Performance for A Feather's Not A Bird. Cash was honored further in October that year, when she was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosanne_Cash

Harvey Cashore, journalist and writer, grew up near Vancouver, British Columbia. He moved to Ottawa in 1982 to attend Carleton University, graduating with a Bachelor of Journalism in 1987. In 1986, Cashore began working for author John Sawatsky on a book on the Ottawa lobbying industry, where he first began investigating the Airbus affair. In 1987, Cashore continued working with Sawatsky as a research associate on his book, "Mulroney : the politics of ambition." During the "Mulroney" project Cashore cultivated sources in the Prime Minister's inner circle, some of whom would prove valuable in later years as the Airbus story gained momentum. Cashore was hired as a researcher in the Ottawa bureau of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 1989, later returning to work on the Mulroney biography published in 1991. That year, he joined CBC's "The Fifth Estate" as a researcher, becoming an associate producer in 1993 and a producer in 1995. He also worked as producer and senior editor for the CBC's "Disclosure," a television series devoted to investigative journalism. Cashore now serves as senior producer for CBC News' Special Investigations Unit. Cashore's investigative work has garnered nominations and awards from the Canadian Association of Journalists, Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE), the Canadian Bar Association, the Hillman Foundation, the Michener Awards Foundation, the Geminis and the Screen Awards. He is also the co-author (with Stevie Cameron) of "The Last amigo : Karlheinz Schreiber and the anatomy of a scandal" (2001), which received the Best Crime Non-Fiction Book of the Year Arthur Ellis Award (Crime Writers' of Canada), and author of "The Truth shows up : a reporter's fifteen-year odyssey tracking down the truth about Mulroney, Schreiber and the Airbus scandal" (2010).

Robert Clayton Casto (b. 31 May 1932, d. 5 April 1998), English professor and writer, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He received his B.A. from Yale University in 1954 and completed his M.A. and M.F.A. at the University of Iowa in 1965 and 1966 respectively before finishing his M.Litt. at Oxford in 1968. He was Assistant Professor of English at State University College, Oneonta, New York from 1968-1970. He held a similar position at York University from 1970 to 1974, and from 1974 until his death was Assistant Professor of English. In addition to his academic work, Casto also published several volumes of poetry including A Strange and Fitful Land (1959), The Arrivals (1980) and Human Gardens (ca. 1998) and had individual poems appear in numerous journals, reviews and magazines. He was editor of the literary journal Waves from 1972-1980 and was a member of the Association of Canadian University Teachers of English, the Modern Language Association of America, the Elizabethan Club of Yale University and the Poetry Society of America.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Lady Frederick Cavendish (Lucy Caroline; née Lyttelton; 5 September 1841 – 22 April 1925) was a pioneer of women's education.
A daughter of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, she married into another aristocratic family, the Cavendishes, in 1864. Eighteen years later her husband, Lord Frederick Cavendish, was murdered in Dublin by Irish nationalists. After his death she devoted much of her time to the cause of girls' and women's education, for which she was honoured in her lifetime with an honorary degree, and posthumously when, in 1965, Cambridge University named its first post-graduate college for women after her.

Fore more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cavendish .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Lord Adalbert Cecil (18 July 1841- 12 June 1889) was the son of the second Marquis of Exeter. He was born 18th July 1841. A member of the Plymouth Bretheren, Cecil was a missionary in Britain, before travelling to Canada. Here he was called to higher service in a tragic manner as this newspaper report indicates: "Lord Adalbert Cecil was drowned on the 12th of June near Adolphustown, Western Canada, through the upsetting of his boat as he was crossing the bay of Quinte to regain his camp. Buried in Napanee, Ontario. Little is related concerning his early boyhood but as a young man he seems to have come under the influence of the well-known missioner, Rev. William Haslam. The conversion story is in one of his books entitled "Lord A—" referring to Lord Adalbert. After his conversion to God he made rapid progress in divine things, becoming an earnest evangelistic worker and one able to minister the word to profit. In his position he was free to devote all his energies to the work nearest to his heart, and so was "always abounding in the work of the Lord".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Exeter as well as http://www.stempublishing.com/hymns/biographies/cecil.html .

David Celia is a Canadian "open alternative, roots-pop, and folk singer-songwriter and guitarist." He is also a producer, working with artists such as "More Please!" and his brother Mike Celia. He has amassed a following across canada and europe and tours often.  http://www.davidcelia.com/about/

Mike Celia is a Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist, his brother is Canadian singer-songwriter David Celia. "He was featured on the soundtrack of the motion picture, has toured Canada, performed live-to-air on the radio, and has appeared as a guest and featured artist on live television". http://mikecelia.com/ Mariposa Festival Program, 2011, p. 52

The Centre for Experimental Art and Communication (CEAC) was created in Toronto in 1975 by the Kensington Arts Association, an avant-garde artists collective. The Centre acted as a studio, resource centre, museum, gallery and performance space for the collective. It also acted as the host for visiting acts and artists in the areas of performance art, behaviour workshops, contextualism, visual arts (especially video art) and other post-modern art forms. The CEAC collective also produced events which were showcased in Europe, the United States, South America and, to a lesser extent, Canada. The Centre was the sight of 'Crash and burn,' a punk-rock musical venue in the mid-1970s. The Centre alienated funding bodies in the late 1970s when a copy of 'Strike', a journal associated with CEAC, was charged with promoting violent overthrow of authority, and CEAC was forced to close in 1980.

Band member of the East Pointers. “Their music draws on their own ancestry and that of Prince Edward Island on Canada’s east coast. Six generations of music-making Chaissons preceded them, and their shows are a compelling blend of Scottish, Irish, French and Celtic fiddle tunes infused with Acadian flavours and contemporary folk-pop, played with brilliance and verve. The trio take their name from a small island community called East Point, where Koady worked as a lobster fisherman for 11 years.” https://www.songlines.co.uk/news/obituary-koady-chaisson-1984-2022

"Timothy Chaisson (born September 6, 1986) is a Canadian singer/songwriter from Souris, Prince Edward Island. He is a member of Juno Award winning group, The East Pointers." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Chaisson

Daniel Champagne is a folk, blues, classical, jazz, and rock singer and guitarist.

David Orin Charles (1944- ) was born in Toronto and educated at Oakwood Collegiate Institute, where he was active member of the Masquers, a student drama group, as an actor and set designer. His interest in theatre and design continued through his university education at the University of Hawaii, Honolulu, and at the University of New Mexico in Las Cruces, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts in 1964 and participated in theatre productions. During this period, from 1962 until 1969, Charles was also an announcer and producer for radio. After returning to Toronto in the early 1970s, Charles was employed by CFTO-TV, becoming a prop master for a variety of in-house television programs. His long career in film and television began in earnest during this time, and after leaving CFTO-TV, he began to work as a freelance set decorator and prop master for television commercials and for film and television productions based in Toronto, also working with Schulz Productions and Talent Associates. He is a member of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE). During his career, David Charles has worked in set decoration and design for many film productions including "The paper chase" (1973), "Meatballs" (1979), "Porky's" (1982) "Millennium" (1988), "The long kiss goodnight" (1995), "Crash" (1995), "Universal soldier" (1997), "Good Will Hunting" (1997) and "Hairspray" (2006), as well as numerous television productions including "The Swiss family Robinson" (1974), "SCTV" (1982-1983), "Amerika" (1985), "Robocop: the series" (1994), and most recently "Covert affairs" (2010) and "Warehouse 13" (2010). In addition to his film and television production work, Charles received his Bachelor of Education in 1985 and a Master of Arts in 1986 from the University of Toronto and has worked as a secondary school teacher in the Toronto and York District School Boards.

"Susan Charters is a storyteller, musician, retired editor and teacher from Orilla, Ontario. Susan leads storytelling workshops for adults and children. Susan is a co-founder of SO… (Storytelling Orillia) and its storytelling circle." http://www.storytellers-conteurs.ca/en/storytellers-directory/Susan-Charters.html

Jerome Ch'en (1919- ), teacher and author, was a professor at York University 1971-1987, serving in the Department of History, and later as the director of the University of Toronto/York University Joint Centre on Modern East Asia (1983-1985). He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (1980) and in 1984 was named Distinguished Research Professor at York. Professor Ch'en (PhD London, 1956) was a scholar in the field of Chinese history and his many publications in the area include 'The highlanders of Central China: a history 1895-1937,' (1992), 'Mao and the Chinese Revolution,' (1965) which was translated into several languages, 'The military-gentry coalition -- the warlords period in modern Chinese history,' (1980) as well as translations of others works, edited collections, and several articles in scholarly journals and conference proceedings. Professor Ch'en retired from York in 1987.

The Childbirth by Choice Trust, founded in 1982, was the research arm of CARAL, the Canadian Abortion Rights Action League (founded in 1973 as the Canadian Association for the Repeal of the Abortion Law and renamed in 1980) and disbanded in 2005. The purpose of the organization was to educate the public on the issues of birth control, abortion and, family planning, and to advocate for legal and easily available abortion services in Canada.

Jean Chretien, politician, lawyer and long-time parliamentarian, was Canada's 20th prime minister, and one of the longest-serving leaders in Canada's history.

Robert Christie was an actor, director and drama instructor. He was born in Toronto, Ontario on 20 September 1913 and received his B.A. from Victoria College, University of Toronto in 1934. He distinguished himself as an actor in the 1933 Dominion Drama Festival before joining the John Holden Players in 1934. In 1936, Christie moved to England where he appeared in both provincial repertory theatre and the West End. He appeared in a London production of 'The Zeal of Thy House' before spending the 1938-1939 season with the Old Vic Company. He served in the Canadian Army from 1940 to 1945, after which he returned to Toronto and worked in the CBC Radio Drama Department. He also became a prominent member of the New Play Society appearing in such plays as Morley Callaghan's 'Going Home' (1950), John Coulter's 'Riel' (1950) and Mavor Moore's 'Sunshine Town' (1955). Christie joined the Stratford Festival Company in 1953 and performed in its first four seasons. He later appeared on Broadway in Stratford's production of Christopher Marlowe's 'Tamburlaine' (1956) and in Robertson Davies' 'Love and Libel' (1960). In 1967 he starred as Norah Hatch in the CBC series 'Hatch's Mill'. In addition to appearing in numerous other television and radio programs, Christie was also a teacher of acting in the Theatre Department, Ryerson Polytechnic Institute and was a member of the Actors' Equity Association, the Association of Canadian Radio and TV Artists, and the Arts and Letters Club of Toronto. He won the John Drainie Award in 1984. He died in 1996 in Toronto.

Radio York was established in 1969 as a student-operated radio station that broadcast throughout York University. In 1987 the station received Canadian Radio and Television Commission approval to begin public broadcasting as radio station CHRY 105.5 FM. The station has limited revenues from advertising sales and receives the bulk of its operating monies from a levy on York University students. It has a Board of Directors made up of students, alumni, radio alumni and members of the external community. The Board is elected annually, and oversees the operations of the station. The daily decision-making power at the station rests with the Program Director.

Cindy Church is a Canadian country singer-songwriter. She is a part of the Canadian country-folk group "Quartette", as well as the Canadian group "Lunch at Allen's". http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartette_(band)

(from Wikipedia entry)

Richard William Church (25 April 1815 – 6 December 1890) was an English churchman and writer, known latterly as Dean Church. Richard William was the eldest of three sons of John Dearman Church, a
wine merchant, and his wife Bromley Caroline Metzener (d. 1845). His grandfather Matthew Church, a merchant of Cork, and his wife, were Quakers, and John had not been baptized into the Church of England
until the time of his marriage in 1814. His uncle, General Sir Richard Church (1784–1873), achieved fame as a liberator of Greece.
The family moved in 1818 to Florence. After his father's death in 1828 his mother settled in Bath, and he was sent to a strict evangelical school at Redland, Bristol. He was admitted in 1832 to Wadham College, Oxford, where he took first-class honours in 1836. His mother, meanwhile, was remarried to Thomas Crokat, a widowed Englishman of Leghorn.
In 1838, he was elected fellow of Oriel College. One of his contemporaries, Richard Mitchell, commenting on this election, said: "There is such a moral beauty about Church that they could not help taking him." He was appointed tutor of Oriel in 1839 and was ordained the same year. He was a close friend of John Henry Newman in this period and closely allied to the Tractarian movement. In 1841 Tract 90 of Tracts for the Times appeared and Church resigned his tutorship. From 1844 to 1845, Church was junior proctor and, in that capacity and in concert with his senior colleague, vetoed a proposal to censure Tracts publicly. In 1846, with others, he started The Guardian newspaper and he was an early contributor to The Saturday Review. In 1850 he became engaged to H.F. Bennett, of a Somersetshire family, a niece of George Moberly, Bishop of Salisbury. After again holding the tutorship of Oriel, he accepted in 1858 the small living of Whatley in Somerset near Frome and was married in the following year. He was a diligent parish priest and a serious student and contributed largely to current literatureIn 1888 his only son died; his own health declined, and he appeared for the last time in public at the funeral of Henry Parry Liddon on 9 September 1890, dying on 9 December in the same year, at Dover. He was buried at Whatley. The dean's chief published works are a Life of St Anselm (1870), the lives of Spenser (1879) and Bacon (1884) in Macmillan's "Men of Letters" series, an Essay on Dante (1878), The Oxford Movement (1891), together with many other volumes of essays and sermons. A collection of his journalistic articles was published in 1897 as Occasional Papers.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_William_Church .

Arthur Hunt Chute, writer, was born in Illinois and grew up in Halifax and Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and attended Acadia University. His respect for the sea, the people who worked on it, and his taste for travel and adventure were reflected in both his fiction and his journalism.

“Annabelle Chvostek is a Canadian singer-songwriter, composer and producer whose musical achievements range from folk to jazz to indie pop. Her latest album String of Pearls is a cross-cultural collaboration between Canadian and Uruguayan musicians that pushes the boundaries between the worlds of Folk and Swing, evoking the grittiness of 1930s tango, Berlin cabaret and Hot Club Jazz.” https://annabellechvostek.bandcamp.com/

Eliza Clark (1963- ), writer, was born in Toronto, Ont. and educated at York University (B.F.A., 1985) and the Banff School of Fine Arts (1988). She worked as a television producer and editor before writing fiction full time. She has taught creative writing at Ryerson Polytechnic University, the Humber School for Writers in Toronto and York University. Clark's major publications include "Miss you like crazy" (1991), which was short listed for the Trillium Award (1991) and the Stephen Leacock Medal (1992), "What you need" (1994), short listed for the Giller Prize (1994), "Butterflies and bottlecaps" (1996), "Seeing and believing" (1999, in collaboration with Vladyana Langer Krykorka) and "Bite the stars" (1999). Her work "Pride and joy" was adapted as a radio drama for CBC's Morningside.

William Warner Clark was a Wesleyan Methodist minister who preached on the Blenheim Circuit in Canada West, as well as in Toronto and New York.

Alan Clarke advisor, educator and public servant, was born in Stratford, Ontario on August 1, 1929. He received a B.A. from the University of Toronto in 1957 in addition to receiving an honorary doctorate from York University in 1992 in recognition for his role as secretary of its Planning Committee from 1956-1958. He also spent two summers while attending U. of T. with Frontier College as a labourer-teacher on a railway gang. From 1950 to 1960, he was Secretary of the YMCA in Toronto following which he was Executive Director of the Canadian Citizenship Council (1960-1966), the Canadian Centenary Council and the Company of Young Canadians (1966-1968), respectively. He was President of CRD Training Associates Ltd. (1969-1970), Director of the Demonstrative Project on Community Development at Algonquin College (1970-1971) and Director of its School of Continuing Education (1971-1985). In 1985 and 1986, Clarke acted as advisor to the Canadian Emergency Coordinator for African Famine and was later Communications Advisor for the International Joint Commission (1986-1996), a Member of the Canadian Delegation to the UNESCO General Conference in Paris (1987), Chair of the European Joint Study Meeting on the Impact of New Technologies on Culture in Rural Areas, Paris (1983), participant at the Experts Meeting of European Joint Studies in the Field of Education, Vienna (1982) and Founder and First Chair of the Board of Directors for the Movement for Canadian Literacy (1978). He has also been the director of the United Nations Association in Canada as well as the Millennium Council of Canada. Clarke was a contributing editor to Strong and Free : A Response to the War Measures Act, 1970 and is the author of several papers and reports in the fields of adult education, public participation, human rights, citizenship and education and community development.

“A magician who puts on a show and wanders around with fantastic and amazing surprises.” https://mariposafolk.com/tag/the-amazing-frank-clarkson/

Margaret Clarkson is a friend of Margaret Avison whom she met at Knox Presbyterian Church in 1969 and with whom she corresponded regularly in the early 1970's. Margaret Avison (1918- ) is an outstanding Canadian poet, with a special focus on Christian poetry, who has won many awards and honours for her work.

"The influence of Johnny Clegg transcends his joyful fusion of Western pop and African Zulu rhythms. Musical activism has made him one of South Africa’s most celebrated sons, and an inspiration around the world."  http://sonicmoremusic.wordpress.com/2012/03/26/billy-bragg-and-johnny-clegg-added-to-the-2012-mariposa-folk-festival-line-up/

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

Lucy Clifford (2 August 1846 – 21 April 1929) was born Lucy Lane in London, the daughter of John Lane and Louisa Ellen, née Gaspey (d. 1901) of Barbados. She married the mathematician and philosopher William Kingdon Clifford in 1875. After his death in 1879, she earned a prominent place in English literary life as a novelist, and later as a dramatist. Her best-known story, Mrs Keith's Crime (1885), was followed by several other volumes, such as Aunt Anne (1892). She also wrote The Last Touches and Other Stories (1892) and Mere Stories (1896); and a play, A Woman Alone (1898). She is perhaps most often remembered, however, as the author of The Anyhow Stories, Moral and Otherwise (1882), a collection of stories written for her children.

W. K. Clifford renounced his father's inheritance to the benefit of the latter's second, much younger family. He could not have foreseen that he was to fall ill and die quite soon after this gesture, leaving his wife and two small daughters almost penniless. Clifford's friends organized a testimonial fund which helped the young widow for a short while but she soon decided to take matters into her own hands, resuming her career as a writer and continuing the salon which had enjoyed such a distinctive reputation during her marriage. Regular visitors of Clifford's at-homes were Leslie Stephen, Frederick Pollock, John Collier, Frederick Macmillan, and, for a while, the controversial ‘Vernon Lee’ (Violet Paget). At this time Henry James became one of Lucy Clifford's most prized friends, and their correspondence was extensive.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Clifford and http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/57699 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edward Clodd (1 July 1840, Margate, Kent – 16 March 1930) was an English banker, writer and anthropologist. He was the only surviving child of 7. He cultivated a very wide circle of literary and scientific friends, who periodically met at Whitsun gatherings at his home at Aldeburgh, Suffolk. Although born in Margate, where his father was captain of a trading brig, the family moved soon afterwards to Aldeburgh, his father's ancestors deriving from Parham and Framlingham in Suffolk. Born to a Baptist family, his parents wished him to become a minister, but he declined and instead went into accountancy and banking, moving to London in 1855.
He first worked for free for 6 months at an accountant's office in Cornhill in London when it was 14.
He worked for the London Joint Stock Bank from 1872 to 1915, and had residences both in London and Suffolk. He married his wife Eliza Garman, a doctor's daughter in 1862. He had 8 children with Eliza, though 2 died when they were young. Clodd was an early follower of the work of Charles Darwin and had personal acquaintance with Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer. He wrote biographies of all three men, and worked to popularise evolution through books like The Childhood of the World and The Story of Creation: A Plain Account of Evolution.
Clodd was an agnostic and wrote that the Genesis creation narrative of the Bible is similar to other religious myths and should not be read as a literal account. He wrote many popular books on evolutionary science. He wrote a biography of Thomas Henry Huxley and was a lecturer and popularizer of anthropology and evolution.
He was also a keen folklorist, joining the Folklore Society from 1878, and later becoming its president. He was chairman of the Rationalist Press Association from 1906 to 1913. He was a Suffolk Secretary of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia from 1914-1916. He was a prominent member and officer of
the Omar Khayyam Club or 'O.K. Club', and organized the planting of the rose from Omar Khayyam's tomb onto the grave of Edward Fitzgerald at Boulge, Suffolk, at the Centenary gathering. Clodd was a critic of the paranormal and psychical research which he wrote were the result of superstition and the outcome of ignorance. He criticised the spiritualist writings of Oliver Lodge as non-scientific. His book Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism (1917) exposed fraudulent mediumship and the irrational belief in spiritualism.
Clodd had a talent for friendship, and liked to entertain his friends at literary gatherings in Aldeburgh at his seafront home there, Strafford House, at Whitsuntide. Prominent among his literary friends
and correspondents were Grant Allen, George Meredith, Thomas Hardy, George Gissing, Edward Fitzgerald, Andrew Lang, Cotter Morison, Samuel Butler, Mary Kingsley and Mrs Lynn Linton: he also counted Sir Henry Thompson, Sir William Huggins, Sir Laurence Gomme, Sir John Rhys, Paul Du Chaillu, Edward Whymper, Alfred Comyn Lyall, York Powell, William Holman Hunt, Sir E. Ray Lankester, H.G. Wells
and many others in his immediate circle. His hospitality and friendship was an important cement in the development of their social connections.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Clodd .

Francis Close (July 11, 1797 – December 18,1882) was the Anglican Rector of Cheltenham (1826–1856), and Dean of Carlisle from 1856–1881. He received his Bachelor of Arts from St. John's College, Cambridge in 1820, and was elevated to MA in 1825. During the same time period, he was ordained a deacon in 1820, and as a priest the following year. In 1822 he was assigned as curate of Willesden and Kingsbury in the London area. In 1824, he was assigned to Cheltenham and the parish church of St Mary's, and when the rector died in 1826, he was elevated to that office.

Canadian singer-songwriter who's song styles range from folk to jazz-inspired rock; writing more than 350 songs on 34 albums over a 50 year career, with 22 albums receiving a Canadian gold or platinum certification as of 2018.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir John Alexander Cockburn, KCMG (23 August 1850 – 26 November 1929) was Premier of South Australia from 27 June 1889 until 18 August 1890.

Cockburn was born in Corsbie, Berwickshire, Scotland in 1850 to Thomas Cockburn, farmer, and his wife Isabella, née Wright. His father died in France in 1855, and his mother migrated to South Australia in 1867 with three of the four children. Cockburn remained in the UK and was educated at Highgate School, and King's College London, he obtained the degree of M.D. London, with first class honours and gold medal. In 1875 he married Sarah Holdway (the daughter of Forbes Scott Brown) and they had one son and one daughter.

In 1879 he emigrated to South Australia and set up practice at Jamestown in the mid North.
In 1878 Cockburn was elected as the first mayor of Jamestown. In that role he lobbied the Government of South Australia to construct a railway line to the New South Wales border to tap the newly developed silver mining fields of the Barrier Ranges.
Cockburn stood for Burra in the South Australian House of Assembly in 1884, serving as Minister of Education from 1885 - 1887 (under premier John Downer) before losing that seat and returning as member for Mount Barker, elected in April 1887 and holding that seat for 11 years.
In 1884 Cockburn was able to pass progressive legislation including succession duties and land tax, and in 1886 was involved in introducing payment for members of the South Australian parliament.

On 27 June 1889 Cockburn became the first doctor to become Premier, a role he held for fourteen months before losing a no-confidence motion and handing back to Thomas Playford.

He was Minister for Education again and Minister for Agriculture in the Kingston ministry from 1893 until April 1898.

He was active in the planning of Federation, including representing South Australia at the Melbourne conference in 1890 and in Sydney in 1891.
Cockburn supported the Women's Suffrage League throughout their campaign and frequently spoke its meetings. He chaired the league's final meeting as well as its celebration event when suffrage was granted. He continued to play a part in women's suffrage upon his return to London and along with his wife were active in the suffragette movement in England.
After resigning from parliament, he went to England to serve as Agent-General for South Australia. He resigned in 1901 when the position was downgraded (due to federation), but remained in London and unofficially represented South Australia and Australia in many things.
He had a long career in Freemasonry, beginning with his initiation in 1876. He would go on to help establish the Grand Lodge of South Australia, and to serve in several high offices within it. After his return to England, he founded a new lodge in London and served as president of the International Masonic Club. As a Masonic Rosicrucian he was attracted to esoteric and philosophical subjects, and published several dozen articles exploring such themes in various Masonic periodicals.

He was created Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the New Year Honours list January 1900, and a Knight of Grace of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England (KGStJ) in August 1901.

He died in London in 1929 without ever returning to Australia. His wife, son and daughter survived him.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockburn_%28Australian_politician%29

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