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(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS (27 January 1856 - 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who was a lifelong advocate of natural selection through a period in which many scientists such as Reginald Punnett doubted its importance. He invented the term sympatric for evolution of species in the same place, and in his book The Colours of Animals (1890) was the first to recognize frequency-dependent selection.

Poulton is also remembered for his pioneering work on animal coloration. He is credited with inventing the term aposematism for warning coloration, as well as for his experiments on 'protective coloration' (camouflage).

Poulton became Hope Professor of Zoology at the University of Oxford in 1893. Between 1873 and 1876, he studied at Jesus College, Oxford under George Rolleston and the anti-Darwinian entomologist John Obadiah Westwood, graduating with a first-class degree in natural science. He maintained an unbroken connection with the college for seventy years as scholar, lecturer and Fellow (appointed to a fellowship in 1898) until his death. He was known as a generous benefactor to the college, providing silver for the high table and redecorating the Old Bursary amongst other donations.

Edward Poulton lived with his family at 56 Banbury Road in North Oxford, a large Victorian Gothic house designed by John Gibbs and built in 1866. He married Emily Palmer, daughter of George Palmer, M.P. for Reading and head of Huntley and Palmer's biscuit company and they had five children. Three of them were dead by 1919. Their eldest son Dr. Edward Palmer Poulton of Guy's Hospital died in 1939, meaning that Sir Edward was outlived only by his daughter Margaret Lucy (1887-1965), wife of Dr Maxwell Garnett. Poulton's son, Ronald Poulton-Palmer played international rugby for England and was killed in May 1915 World War I. His first daughter Hilda married Dr Ernest Ainsley-Walker and died in 1917. His youngest daughter, Janet Palmer, married Charles Symonds in 1915 and died in 1919. Poulton was throughout his career a Darwinist, believing in natural selection as the primary force in evolution. He not only admired Charles Darwin, but also defended the father of neo-Darwinism, August Weismann. Poulton was one of the group of biologists who first translated Weismann's work into English, and he defended Weismann's idea of the continuity of the germ-plasm. In the course of these translations, he noted that recent researches had reduced or perhaps entirely removed the role of acquired characters (Lamarckism, Neo-Lamarckism) in species formation.

His 1890 book, The Colours of Animals, introduced the concepts of frequency-dependent selection and aposematic coloration, as well as supporting Darwin's then unpopular theories of natural selection and sexual selection.

In his 1896 work on Darwin, Poulton described the Origin of Species as "incomparably the greatest work" the biological sciences had seen. Critics of natural selection, Poulton contended, had not taken the time to understand it. This is an evaluation which is much more widely held today than it was then. The contemporary ignorance of the mechanism of inheritance stood in the way of a full understanding of the mechanism of evolution.

In 1897 Poulton canvassed members during meetings of the Entomological Society of London. He discovered that many doubted a selectionist origin for mimicry. Of those he asked, only three fully supported Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry. The others doubted the inedibility/unpalatability of the models (some investigators even performed taste tests!) or were not convinced that birds were effective selective agents. External and internal forces remained popular alternatives to natural selection. The rediscovery of Mendel's work filled a critical gap in evolution theory, but at first this was not realised, and many thought it antithetical to selection. There was a long debate between Poulton and Reginald Punnett, one of Bateson's disciples and the first Professor of Genetics at Oxford. Punnett's Mimicry in butterflies (1915) rejected selection as the main cause of mimicry. He noted:

The absence of transitional forms and the frequent lack of mimicry in male butterflies were unexplained by selectionist theory.
The enigma of polymorphic mimicry. Some species of butterfly mimicked not merely one, but several models. In breeding experiments these polymorphs cleanly segregated according to Mendel’s law of segregation.
Evidence of birds as selective agents was slight and little was known of birds' discriminatory powers, and
The gradual accumulation of minute variations did not fit with the facts of heredity.
For Punnett, none of these observations were explained by gradual selectionism. Instead he thought mimicry had arisen from sudden mutational jumps (saltations). Once a mimic was formed by mutation, natural selection might play a conservative role.

However, one by one, each of these objections were shown to be without substance. Evidence from field observations and experiments showed that birds were often the agents of selection in insects. Evidence that small-scale mutations were common arrived as soon as breeding experiments were designed to detect them: it was a consequence of experimental methods that early mutations were so noteworthy. Explanations for polymorphism were advanced by E.B. Ford and Dobzhansky and colleagues, who developed experimental methods for populations in the wild.

The gradual coming-together of field observations and experimental genetics is part of the evolutionary synthesis which took place in the middle of the twentieth century. As is now obvious, mutations increase the amount of heritable variation in a population, and selection is how we describe the differential viability of those variants. Poulton's account is much closer to our present-day view of evolution; Punnett was right to ask his difficult questions, but perhaps unwise in reaching conclusions before the issues were properly investigated. This interesting field of research is still quite active.

Poulton's Presidential Address to the British Association in 1937 at the age of 81 reviewed the history of evolutionary thought. The work of J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher and Julian Huxley was vitally important for showing the relationships between Mendelism and natural selection. The observations and experiments of many biologists had "immensely strengthened and confirmed" the researches on mimicry and warning colours of pioneers like Bates, Wallace, Meldola, Trimen and Müller.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton

(from Wikipedia entry)

Alfred William Benn (1843–1915) was an agnostic and an honorary associate of the Rationalist Press Association. His book A History of Modern Philosophy was published in the Thinker's Library series in 1930.

He was the author of The Greek Philosophers (2 vols, 1882); The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols, 1906); and The History of Ancient and Modern Philosophy (2 vols, 1912).

Benn was also a member of the London Positivist Society and a friend of the lawyer and positivist Vernon Lushington. Lushington's daughter Susan recorded in her diary on 3 September 1889 that Benn and his wife visited the Lushington's Surrey home - Pyports, Cobham - and how Mrs Benn told her "how she came to be a positivist."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Benn .

See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratibha_Parmar

(from Wikipedia entry)
Frederick Howard Collins (1857-1910) was a British indexer and writer. Best known for his Authors' and Printers' Dictionary (1905), he also wrote on the philosophy of Herbert Spencer and on subject indexing.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Howard_Collins_%28indexer%29 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edwyn Robert Bevan OBE, FBA (15 February 1870, London – 18 October 1943, London) was a versatile English philosopher and historian of the Hellenistic world. He was the fourteenth of sixteen children of Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, a partner in Barclays Bank, and his second wife Frances Emma Shuttleworth, daughter of Philip Nicholas Shuttleworth, Bishop of Chichester.

He had an academic position at King's College London. The Arabist Anthony Ashley Bevan was his brother, the conspiracy theorist Nesta Helen Webster was his youngest sister and the artist Robert Polhill Bevan a cousin. He married Daisy Waldegrave, daughter of Granville Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock in 1896 and they had two daughters.

Bevan was awarded an honorary doctorate from St. Andrews in 1922 and an honorary D.Litt. from Oxford in 1923. In 1942 he became a Fellow of the British Academy.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Bevan .

Ellen C. Adams (1925-1982), was born in Germany and emigrated to Canada in 1948. Her original name was Cammnitzer, which she changed during an election campaign in 1963. Adams was a member of the administrative staff of the Canadian Co-operative Federation and later served for twenty years as assistant to Ontario New Democratic Party leaders Donald MacDonald and Stephen Lewis. She was twice unsuccessful in provincial elections (1963, 1973) running under the NDP banner. Adams was also influential in Toronto municipal politics as a leader in the Stop Spadina (Expressway) movement, executive of the Avenue-Bay Cottingham Ratepayers' Association, and as a founding executive member of the Confederation of Residents' and Ratepayers' Associations. In 1975 Adams took up a position in the Institutional Branch of the Ontario Ombudsman’s Office.

1848-1915. Anglican clergyman. His rectory at Longworth was the centre of the Lux Mundi group. Lux Mundi: A series of Studies in the Religion of the Incarnation is a collection of 12 essays from liberal Anglo-Catholic theologians and edited by the future Bishop of Oxford, Charles Gore, in 1889.

Gore's article ('The Holy Spirit and Inspiration'), which showed an ability to accept discoveries of contemporary science, was challenged in conservative Anglo- Catholic circles. He subsequently remedied Christological deficiency in his 1891 Bampton Lectures, 'The Incarnation of the Son of God'.

Many of the contributors included the word 'Incarnation, in the titles of their articles, i.e. R.C Moberley, E.R.Talbot, J.R. Illingworth ('Incarnation and Development'),R.L.Ottley ('Incarnation and Christian Ethics'), Francis Paget ('Incarnation and Sacraments'), Walter Lock ('Incarnation, union of human and divine'). Other contributors were Arthur Lyttelton, Aubrey Moore and W. J. H. Campion .

William Connor Magee (17 December 1821-5 May 1891) was an Irish clergyman of the Anglican church, Archbishop of York for a short period in 1891. He was born in Cork, Ireland. His father was a minor canon of St Fin Barre's cathedral, Cork and a curate of the parish attached to the Anglican cathedral; his grandfather was Archbishop of Dublin. Young Magee entered Trinity College, Dublin with a scholarship at thirteen.

He was ordained in 1844 to the curacy of St Thomas's, Dublin, but, being threatened with tuberculosis, went after two years to M

"Bonnie Bird, a Martha Graham dancer in the 1930's and an internationally known teacher, ...she studied with Graham, who invited her to join her company in New York. She performed from 1933 to 1937, appearing in works that included "Celebration," "American Provincial," "Panorama" and "Chronicle." ...Miss Bird played an important part in the founding and development of the American Dance Guild and the Congress on Research in Dance. In 1974, she began a long association with the Laban Center for Movement and Dance in London." (Source: http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/13/obituaries/bonnie-bird-graham-protegee-and-noted-dance-teacher-80.html)

The Childbirth by Choice Trust, founded in 1982, was the research arm of CARAL, the Canadian Abortion Rights Action League (founded in 1973 as the Canadian Association for the Repeal of the Abortion Law and renamed in 1980) and disbanded in 2005. The purpose of the organization was to educate the public on the issues of birth control, abortion and, family planning, and to advocate for legal and easily available abortion services in Canada.

(from Wikipedia entry)

The Rt Rev Harvey Goodwin, MA (9 October 1818 – 25 November 1891) was a Cambridge academic and clergyman, Bishop of Carlisle from 1869 until his death. Goodwin married on 13 August 1845 Ellen, eldest daughter of George King of Bebington Hall, Cheshire, and by her had three sons and four daughters. His son-in-law Henry Ware was Bishop of Barrow-in-Furness from 1891 until 1909.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Goodwin.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Mary Benson (née Sidgwick; 1842 - 1918) was an English hostess of the Victorian era. She was the wife of Revd. Edward Benson, who during their marriage became Archbishop of Canterbury, i.e. chief bishop of the Church of England and of the world-wide Anglican communion. Their children included several prolific authors and contributors to cultural life. When she was widowed, she became involved with Lucy Tait, daughter of the previous Archbishop of Canterbury. She was described by Gladstone, the British Prime Minister, as the 'cleverest woman in Europe'.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sidgwick_Benson .

Rachel Sydney Zolf, poet, editor and critic, was born in Toronto. She is the author of several collections of poetry and chapbooks. Her books include: Human resources (2007), winner of the 2008 Trillium Book Award for Poetry and finalist for a Lambda Literary Award; Masque (2004), which was shortlisted for the 2005 Trillium Book Award for Poetry; and Her absence, this wanderer (1999), the title poem of which was a finalist in the CBC Literary Competition. Her chapbooks include: Shoot and weep (2008), from human resources (2005) and the naked & the nude (2004). Her poetry has been published in numerous journals, including Tessera (1992), Fireweed (1994, 1996, 1998), Capilano review (2001) and West coast line (2005), and her essays and reviews have appeared in journals such as Xcp: Cross-cultural poetics (2008) and West coast line (2008). Zolf was the founding poetry editor of The walrus magazine, where she edited poetry from 2004 to 2006, and she has also edited several books by other poets. Between 1987 and 1992, Zolf pursued English and History majors at the University of Toronto. Zolf began writing poetry in 1991. She apprenticed as a documentary filmmaker with Gail Singer Films Inc. (1990-1992). During the 1990s, Zolf worked as a researcher, producer and director on several documentary and experimental videos and films. In 2001, Zolf began working as a copywriter and editor to supplement her artist's income.

(from Oxford Dictionary of Biography entry by K.D. Reynolds)

Stanley [née Bruce], Lady Augusta Elizabeth Frederica (1822-1876), courtier, was born on 3 April 1822, the daughter of Thomas Bruce, seventh earl of Elgin and eleventh earl of Kincardine (1766-1841), diplomatist, and his second wife, Elizabeth Oswald (1790-1860). She had four brothers and two sisters as well as a half-brother and three half-sisters, and on the death of their father the large family was left impoverished. The earl and his family had been living for some time in Paris, and it was there that his widow continued to make a home for her family. Lady Elgin was a woman of culture and learning (especially in mathematics), and the intelligentsia gathered at her Paris salon in the rue de Lille. Lack of money and the need for a secure home led Lady Augusta to accept the offer of a place in the household of the duchess of Kent, Queen Victoria's mother, and in 1846 she served her first term as lady-in-waiting. The exuberant and sympathetic yet profoundly religious Lady Augusta swept through the elderly and rather staid household at Frogmore like a breath of fresh air: with her connections in France, and her large family of siblings seeking their fortunes in different spheres and parts of the globe, she brought the outside world into the enclosed court. She soon came to occupy the place of a daughter in the duchess's affections, especially after Lady Elgin died in 1860, and remained with the duchess until the latter's death in March 1861.

Service in the duchess of Kent's household had brought Lady Augusta into regular contact with the queen, and especially with the queen's children, and following the duchess's death Victoria invited her to join her own household .

Arthur Penrhyn Stanley (1815–1881), a leader of the broad church, was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford. He was well known to the Bruces and to the court, but it came as a surprise to Lady Augusta when their relations promoted a marriage between them: she had never ‘looked on [Stanley] in such a light, or dreamt of [him] as other than the most valued, trusted and admired friend’ (Letters, 292).

None the less, their mutual reticence was overcome and their engagement announced. The queen was furious. ‘My dear Lady Augusta, at 41, without a previous long attachment, has, most unnecessarily, decided to marry (!!)’ she wrote to her uncle, King Leopold of the Belgians (Gernsheim and Gernsheim, 143). She was eventually, if grudgingly, reconciled to the match, and on 22 December 1863 the wedding took place. Stanley took up his appointment as dean of Westminster shortly afterwards, and it was at the deanery that Lady Augusta was to make her home for the rest of her life.

At last settled in a home of her own, Lady Augusta Stanley revelled in her new duties. The deanery became something of a salon, where the church mixed with the intelligentsia and the politicians. Dean Stanley's politics were Liberal, but Lady Augusta's roots were tory, and politicians of all persuasions, British and continental, were to be met at the deanery, alongside scientists, artists, and writers. And Lady Augusta retained her connections with the court. On her marriage she was appointed extra woman of the bedchamber, and she was frequently in attendance on the queen. But now the most important service she provided for the queen was that of connecting her to the world, for Victoria was in the depths of her secluded widowhood. Lady Augusta, who travelled widely with her husband, constantly wrote to the queen about people and places, hoping always to draw her attention outward from her grief, and mindful always of the jeopardy in which the monarchy would stand if Victoria's popularity sunk too low. A particular project was to encourage the queen to visit Ireland; Lady Augusta was firmly of the belief that ‘if it had been Ireland she had visited and settled on, instead of Aberdeenshire—the ecstacies and interests that would have grown up would have been just as great—and fenianism would never have existed’ (Later Letters, 65). Only once did the queen invite herself to meet company at Lady Augusta's salon, on 4 March 1869, the guests being George and Harriet Grote, Sir Charles and Lady Lyell, Robert Browning, and Thomas Carlyle. The event was a mixed success, for although the queen found them ‘very agreeable’ (G. E. Buckle, ed., The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd ser., 3 vols., 1926, 1.587), she was never at ease in the company of the learned, and the experiment was not repeated.

In January 1874 the Stanleys travelled to Russia, where the dean was to perform the English ceremony at the marriage of Prince Alfred, duke of Edinburgh, with Grand Duchess Marie of Russia, at which Lady Augusta was one of the representatives of the queen. The journey marked the beginning of Lady Augusta's physical decline, for her health, long taxed by her devotion to her duties, never recovered. For some time she struggled to maintain her activities, attending the arrival of the new duchess of Edinburgh at Windsor, and keeping up her flow of cheerful letters. A trip to France in the autumn of 1874 led not to improved health but a case of ‘Roman fever’. Throughout 1875 she grew weaker, and on 1 March 1876 she died at the deanery, from ‘progressive muscular atrophy’ (d. cert.); her eventual physical weakness had been such that she was unable to sign her will on 19 February. She was buried on 9 March in Henry VII's chapel in Westminster Abbey. Her coffin bearers included an archbishop, a bishop, two dukes, and the poet Tennyson. The queen's usual encomium after the death of one of her household this time held real affection: ‘She was such a help in so many ways, so sympathising, loving and kind, so attached to me and mine, so clever and agreeable, known to so many. She used to write such interesting letters and knew so many interesting people. It was always a treat to me when she came’ (Later Letters, 274). If the loss of Lady Augusta to the queen was great, to Arthur Stanley, who had come late to marriage, it was immeasurable; his nephew commented, ‘The light had gone out of his life’ (ibid., 16).

Sources

Letters of Lady Augusta Stanley: a young lady at court, 1849–1863, ed. A. V. Baillie and H. Bolitho (1927) · Later letters of Lady Augusta Stanley, 1864–1876, ed. A. V. Baillie and H. Bolitho [1929] · W. A. Lindsay, The royal household (1898) · H. Gernsheim and A. Gernsheim, Queen Victoria (1959) · S. Weintraub, Victoria: biography of a queen (1987) · Darling child: private correspondence of Queen Victoria and the crown princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, ed. R. Fulford (1976) · K. D. Reynolds, Aristocratic women and political society in Victorian Britain (1998) · m. cert. · d. cert. · Burke, Peerage (1901) · will · CGPLA Eng. & Wales (1876)

For more information see Oxford Dictionary of National Biography at : http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/printable/41342 . Note: access requires Passport York).

H. Roy Merrens (1931- ) is a Professor of Geography at York University, where he has taught since 1968. He was educated at University College, London (BA (Hons.) 1954), University of Maryland (M.A.1957), and University of Wisconsin (Ph.D.1962). Merrens is the author of a number of articles and books, including Regions of the United States (1974) and Urban Waterfront Redevelopment in North America (1980). He served as a member of the Toronto Harbour Commission from 1973-1978 and was Chairman for one year. In addition, he is a founding member of both Forward 9, a citizen's association in Ward 9 and Citizens for a Better Waterfront and has been Chairman of the Waterfront Task Force. As a concerned citizen, he has a special interest in the use and development of Toronto's waterfront and as a geographer has directed students in field studies and tutorials on waterfront land use. As a member of Forward 9, he led a research team that produced and distributed copies of novel maps entitled People's Guide to the Toronto Waterfront and People's Guide to Ward 9. He is also involved in numerous waterfront issues and has distinguished himself in the role of watchdog and spokesperson on matters affecting the waterfront. In recognition of his achievements, Merrens was awarded a Medal of Service from the City of Toronto in 1980.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Herbert Augustus Strong (24 November 1841 - 13 January 1918) was an Australian scholar, professor of comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne. trong was born at Clyst St Mary near Exeter, England the third son of Rev. Edmond Strong and his wife Sarah, née Forbes-Coulson.

Strong was educated at Winchester School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1863 having taken a first-class in classical moderations the year before. From 1866-71 Strong was assistant to professor of humanity, George Ramsay, at the University of Glasgow, and was the first warden of University Hall, University of Glasgow. In 1872 Strong was appointed professor of classical and comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne, replacing Martin Howy Irving. Strong's opportunities were not great as the university was still young, there being then four other professors and fewer than 150 full-time students; ten years later the students still numbered under 300. Strong, however, identified himself with the life of the university, encouraged athletics and the formation of a university spirit. Strong also advocated the cultivation of French and German in addition to the classics. In 1884 Strong became professor of Latin at the newly founded University College in Liverpool and held the chair until his retirement in 1909. While at Liverpool he was president of the Liverpool Royal Institution and Liverpool guild of education, president of the French Society of Liverpool, and president of the University Athletic Club for 20 years. Strong was examiner of secondary schools for the Scottish education department for 20 years. In addition to minor educational works and editions of Latin poets Catullus and Juvenal, Strong wrote with Kuno Meyer an Outline of a History of the German Language (1886), and with W. S. Logeman and B. I. Wheeler an Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (1891). Strong died in England on 13 January 1918. He was given the honorary degree of LL.D. at Glasgow in 1890. Strong was married twice: to Helen Campbell Edmiston and Isobel, née White. Strong was survived by two sons, one of who was Sir Archibald Strong.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Strong .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Vincent Stuckey Stratton Coles (27 March 1845 – 9 June 1929) was an Anglican priest, who served as Principal of Pusey House, Oxford from 1897 to 1909. Coles was educated at Eton College before studying at the University of Oxford as a member of Balliol College, Oxford, where he obtained a third-class degree. He was ordained as a priest in the Church of England, and was assistant curate at Wantage (at that time in the county of Berkshire) from 1869 until his appointment as rector of Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset, in 1872. When Pusey House was founded in Oxford 1884, he left Somerset to become one of its three librarians, later serving as chaplain (1885 onwards) then Principal (1897 to 1909). He also served as curate at Shepton Beauchamp from 1886 to 1897. From 1920 to 1920,[clarification needed] he was Warden of the Sisterhood of the Epiphany in Truro, Cornwall. He was an honorary canon of Christ Church from 1913. His publications consisted of some sermons, meditations and lectures. He died on 9 June 1929.
He was the author of three hymns "O Shepherd of the sheep", "Ye who own the faith of Jesus", and "We pray thee, heavenly Father" (nos. 190, 218 & 334 in The English Hymnal).
His obituary in The Times said that he had a "kindly humorous understanding of young men" and "exercised a wide influence in the University", with many people across the world, both clergy and laity, owing much to his guidance.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Coles .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Ritchie Sorley (4 November 1855 - 28 July 1935) was a Scottish philosopher. A Gifford Lecturer, he was one of the British Idealist school of thinkers, with interests in ethics. William Ritchie Sorley was born in Selkirk, the son of Anna Ritchie and William Sorley, a Free Church of Scotland minister. He was educated at Edinburgh University and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was Knightbridge Professor of Philosophy in the University of Cambridge from 1900 until 1933. He died, aged 79, at Cambridge.

He is now remembered for his A History of British Philosophy to 1900, published in 1920, with its idiosyncratic slant, as a retrospective view from the point of view of British Idealism. Among his other published works are: The Ethics of Naturalism: a Criticism (second edition 1904), The Moral Life and Moral Worth (1911), and his Gifford Lectures Moral Values and the Idea of God (second edition 1921). The poet Charles Sorley was his son.

He is now remembered for his A History of British Philosophy to 1900, published in 1920, with its idiosyncratic slant, as a retrospective view from the point of view of British Idealism. Among his other published works are: The Ethics of Naturalism: a Criticism (second edition 1904), The Moral Life and Moral Worth (1911), and his Gifford Lectures Moral Values and the Idea of God (second edition 1921). The poet Charles Sorley was his son.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ritchie_Sorley .

Born Emelia Batten on 26 July 1823, she was the daughter of Rev. Ellis Batten, one of the masters of Harrow School in 1852. She was a member of the Kensington Society and her correspondence was published. Married to Russell Gurney (2 September 1804 - 31 May 1878), an English Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1878. She died in 1896.

Victor Feldbrill, conductor and violinist, was born on 4 April 1924 in Toronto, Ontario. He studied violin privately from 1936 to 1943 with Sigmund Steinberg, music theory with John Weinzweig in 1939 and conducting with Ettore Mazzoleni in 1942 to 1943. He was the conductor of the University of Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1942 to 1943 and first conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra in 1943 at the invitation of Sir Ernest MacMillan. Feldbrill served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War and was stationed in London, England, where he furthered his studies in harmony and composition at the Royal College of Music and conducting at the Royal Academy of Music. Upon his return to Canada, he held the positions of concertmaster and assistant conductor (1945-1949) of the Royal Conservatory Symphony Orchestra and Opera Company and studied violin from 1946 to 1949 with Kathleen Parlow and received an artist diploma from the University of Toronto in 1949. During these years he also continued his studies in conducting at Tanglewood in the summer of 1947, and with Pierre Monteux in Maine in the summers of 1949 and 1950. He was a first violin with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1949 to 1956 and with the CBC Symphony Orchestra from 1952 to 1956, which he also guest-conducted nineteen times. He founded the Canadian Chamber Players in 1952 and conducted them for several seasons in Hart House Sunday concerts and elsewhere. During the 1950s he also conducted for Ontario School Broadcasts and National School Broadcasts and freelanced as a violinist and conductor for many other CBC radio and TV programs. He was the founding conductor of the TSO's "Light Classics" series in 1972 and created the Toronto Symphony Youth Orchestra in 1974. Feldbrill has traveled widely as both a conductor and violinist. In 1979, he was invited to the Tokyo National University of Art and Music (GEIDAI), the first Canadian to be so honoured, and from 1982 to 1987, was the Principal Conductor of the Geidai Philhamronic. He also taught conducting at Geidai during this period and was made Professor Emeritus in 1987. In 1984, he became the first Canadian invited to conduct the Philippine Philharmonic in Manila. He has also visited China, the former Soviet Union and many other countries as guest conductor during his career. Feldbrill has won many awards for his work. In 1964, he became the first Canadian to receive the American Concert Guild Award for his encouragement of young performers and in 1967 became the first recipient of the Canadian Music Citation by the League of Canadian Composers. He was the recipient of the Roy Thomson Hall Award in 1985 and, in 1986, was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1990, he was appointed Musical Director and Principal Conductor of Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra. He received an honorary degree from Brock University in 1991. Feldbrill died on 17 June 2020 at the age of 96.

Victor Feldbrill, conductor and violinist, was born on 4 April 1924 in Toronto, Ontario. He studied violin privately from 1936 to 1943 with Sigmund Steinberg, music theory with John Weinzweig in 1939 and conducting with Ettore Mazzoleni in 1942 to 1943. He was the conductor of the University of Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1942 to 1943 and first conducted the Toronto Symphony Orchestra in 1943 at the invitation of Sir Ernest MacMillan. Feldbrill served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War and was stationed in London, England, where he furthered his studies in harmony and composition at the Royal College of Music and conducting at the Royal Academy of Music. Upon his return to Canada, he held the positions of concertmaster and assistant conductor (1945-1949) of the Royal Conservatory Symphony Orchestra and Opera Company and studied violin from 1946 to 1949 with Kathleen Parlow and received an artist diploma from the University of Toronto in 1949. During these years he also continued his studies in conducting at Tanglewood in the summer of 1947, and with Pierre Monteux in Maine in the summers of 1949 and 1950. He was a first violin with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra from 1949 to 1956 and with the CBC Symphony Orchestra from 1952 to 1956, which he also guest-conducted nineteen times. He founded the Canadian Chamber Players in 1952 and conducted them for several seasons in Hart House Sunday concerts and elsewhere. During the 1950s he also conducted for Ontario School Broadcasts and National School Broadcasts and freelanced as a violinist and conductor for many other CBC radio and TV programs. He was the founding conductor of the TSO's "Light Classics" series in 1972 and created the Toronto Symphony Youth Orchestra in 1974. Feldbrill has traveled widely as both a conductor and violinist. In 1979, he was invited to the Tokyo National University of Art and Music (GEIDAI), the first Canadian to be so honoured, and from 1982 to 1987, was the Principal Conductor of the Geidai Philhamronic. He also taught conducting at Geidai during this period and was made Professor Emeritus in 1987. In 1984, he became the first Canadian invited to conduct the Philippine Philharmonic in Manila. He has also visited China, the former Soviet Union and many other countries as guest conductor during his career. Feldbrill has won many awards for his work. In 1964, he became the first Canadian to receive the American Concert Guild Award for his encouragement of young performers and in 1967 became the first recipient of the Canadian Music Citation by the League of Canadian Composers. He was the recipient of the Roy Thomson Hall Award in 1985 and, in 1986, was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1990, he was appointed Musical Director and Principal Conductor of Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra. He received an honorary degree from Brock University in 1991. Feldbrill died on 17 June 2020.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Elizabeth Robins (August 6, 1862 - May 8, 1952) was an actress, playwright, novelist, and suffragette. Elizabeth Robins, the first child of Charles Robins and Hannah Crow, was born in Louisville, Kentucky. After financial difficulties, her father left for Colorado, leaving the children in the care of Hannah. When Hannah was committed to an insane asylum, Elizabeth and the other children were sent to live with her grandmother in Zanesville, Ohio, where she was educated. It would be her grandmother who armed her with The Complete Works of William Shakespeare and her unconditional support on her endeavor to act in New York City. Her father was a follower of Robert Owen and held progressive political views. Though her father was an insurance broker, he traveled a lot during her childhood and in the summer of 1880, Robins accompanied him to mining camps and was able to attend theatre in New York and Washington along the way. Because of her intelligence, Elizabeth was one of her father's favorites. He wanted her to attend Vassar College and study medicine. At the age of fourteen, Robins saw her first professional play (Hamlet) which ignited her desire to pursue an acting career. From 1880-1888, she would have an acting career in America. After arriving in New York, Robins soon met James O'Neill, who helped her join Edwin Booth's theatre and by 1882, she was touring. She soon grew bored and irritated playing "wretched, small character parts" and in 1883 joined the Boston Museum stock company. It would be here that she met her future husband, George Parks, who was also a member of the company. In 1885 Robins married Parks. Although her husband struggled to get acting parts, she was soon in great demand and would be on tour throughout their marriage. Her refusal to leave the stage may have caused Parks to kill himself in 1888 by jumping off a bridge into the Charles River, stating in his suicide note, "I will not stand in your light any longer." Later that year, on September 3, 1888, Robins moved to London. "Her move to London represented a rebirth after personal tragedy in America." Except for extended visits to the U.S. to visit family, she remained in England for the rest of her life. At a social gathering during her first week in England, she met Oscar Wilde. Throughout her career, he would come see her act and give her critiques, such as in one of her roles in Frances Hodgson Burnett’s The Real Little Lord Fauntleroy in 1889. Wilde’s comment was “you have definitely asserted your position as an actress of the first order. Your future on our stage is assured.”

Early in her time in London, she became enamoured of Ibsen's plays. In 1891 a London matinee revival of A Doll's House put Robins in contact with Marion Lea. Together they would form a joint management, making this the “first step toward the theatre that Robins had dreamed of… a theatre of independent management and artistic standards." Finding work in “ ‘women’s plays’ written by men like Ibsen,” Robins and Lea brought strong female characters to the stage. George Bernard Shaw noted “what is called the Woman Question has begun to agitate the stage." Together Elizabeth Robins and Marion Lea brought Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler to the stage, for the first time ever in England. A Doll’s House “marked an important step in the representation of women by dramatists” and Hedda marked an important step for Elizabeth Robins, becoming her defining role. “Sarah Bernhardt could not have done it better,” wrote William Archer in a publication of The World. From then on, Hedda became synonymous with Robins on the English stage. Robins and Lea would go on to produce a handful of Ibsen’s other ‘New Woman’ plays, before they split. “The experience of acting and producing Ibsen’s plays and the reactions to her work helped transform Elizabeth over time into a committed supporter of women’s rights." In 1898, she joined forces with her new lover, William Archer, to create the New Century Theatre and again, they produced non-profit Ibsen plays. She became known in Britain as "Ibsen's High Priestess."

In 1902 she was Lucrezia in Stephen Phillips's Paolo and Francesca at the St. James's Theatre, London. Ending her acting career at the age of forty, Robins had made her mark on the English stage as not only an actress but an actress-manageress. Robins realised her income from acting was not stable enough to carry her. While Robins was busy being a successful actress, she had to leave England to look for her brother in Alaska, who had gone missing. Her experiences searching for her brother led her to write her novels, Magnetic North (written in 1904) and Come and Find Me (1908). Before this, she had written novels such as George Mandeville’s Husband (1894), The New Moon (1895), Below the Salt and Other Stories (1896) and several others under the name of C. E. Raimond. She explained her use of a pseudonym as a means of keeping her acting and writing careers separate but gave it up when the media reported that Robins and Raimond were the same. She enjoyed a long career as a fiction and nonfiction writer.

In her biography of Elizabeth Robins, Staging a Life, Angela John says, “It is possible to trace in Elizabeth’s writing from 1890s onwards an emerging feminist critique, clearly, but only partly, influenced by the psychological realism of Ibsen, which would find most confident expression in 1907 in her justly celebrated novel The Convert”. Robins’ main character, Vida, speaks to “male politicians and social acquaintances”, something very different from what the women of Robins’ time did - something very reminiscent of one of Ibsen’s ‘new women.’ Adapted from this novel is, Elizabeth Robins’ most famous play, Votes for Women! The first play to bring the “street politics of women’s suffrage to the stage”, Votes for Women! led to a flourish of suffrage drama. Elizabeth Robins first attended “open-air meetings of the suffrage union” when the Women’s Social and Political Union moved its headquarters from Manchester to London in 1906. It was then that she “abandoned” the current play she was writing and worked to complete the very first suffrage drama. “The more Robins became immersed in the work, the more she became converted to the cause”. She became a member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, as well as the Women's Social and Political Union, although she broke with the WSPU over its increasing use of violent militancy. She remained a strong advocate of women's rights, however, and used her gifts as a public speaker and writer on behalf of the cause. In 1907 her book The Convert was published. It was later turned into a play that became synonymous with the suffrage movement. Robins remained an active feminist throughout her life. In the 1920s she was a regular contributor to the feminist magazine, Time and Tide. She also continued to write books such as Ancilla's Share: An Indictment of Sex Antagonism, which explored the issues of sexual inequality. She collected and edited speeches, lectures, and articles dealing with the women’s movement, some of which had never previously appeared in print (Way Stations, published by Dodd, Mead and Company, New York, 1913).

Robins was involved in the campaign to allow women to enter the House of Lords. Her friend, Margaret Haig, was the daughter of Viscount Rhondda. He was a supporter of women's rights and in his will made arrangements for Margaret to inherit his title. This was considered radical, as women did not normally inherit peerage titles. When Rhondda died in 1918 the House of Lords refused to allow Margaret, now the Viscountess Rhondda, to take her seat. Robins wrote numerous articles on the subject, but the House of Lords refused to change its decision. It was not until 1958 that women were first admitted to the House.

Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence credited Robins with explaining to him the difference between a suffragette and a suffragist. A beautiful woman, Robins was pursued by many men. She admitted to a deep attraction to her close friend, the highly respected literary critic and fellow Ibsen scholar, William Archer. As a married man Archer was unavailable, however. Except for her brief marriage to George Parks, she remained a fiercely independent single woman. Highly intelligent, she was welcomed into the cream of London's literary and artistic circles, enjoying friendships with George Bernard Shaw, Oscar Wilde, and Henry James, as well as a tempestuous romantic (but probably non-physical) relationship with the much younger future poet laureate John Masefield.

In 1900 she travelled alone to the gold rush camps of Alaska in search of her favorite brother Raymond Robins whom she feared was lost in the Yukon. After a long and arduous journey, she located Raymond in Nome. She shared his life in wild and lawless Alaska throughout the summer of 1900. Her adventures were not without cost - the typhoid fever she contracted at that time compromised her health for the rest of her life. Robins's tales about Alaska provided material for a number of articles she sent on to London for publication. Her best selling book, The Magnetic North, is an account of her experiences, as is The Alaska-Klondike Diary of Elizabeth Robins.

Although she rejected her father's plans for her to be educated as a doctor, she retained a strong interest in medicine. In 1909 she met Octavia Wilberforce, a young woman whose fervent desire to study medicine was thwarted by a family that felt intellectualism and professional careers were 'unsexing' for women. When Wilberforce's father not only refused to pay for her studies, but disinherited her for pursuing them, Robins and other friends provided financial and moral support until she became a physician. While some have conjectured that Robins and Wilberforce were romantically involved, such insinuation has never been supported by the considerable scholarly material available about both women, nor is it born out in their own copious written material. All evidence points to Robins and Wilberforce enjoying a relationship much like that of mother and daughter. In her declining years she developed a friendship with Virginia and Leonard Woolf. Dr Wilberforce, the great-granddaughter of William Wilberforce, the British emancipator of slaves, looked after Robins until her death in 1952, just months shy of her 90th birthday.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Robins .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry Duff Traill (14 August 1842 - 21 February 1900), was a British author and journalist.

Born at Blackheath, he belonged to an old Caithness family, the Traills of Rattar, and his father, James Traill, was the stipendiary magistrate of Greenwich and Woolwich Police Court. He was sent to the Merchant Taylors' School, where he rose to be head of the school and obtained a scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford. Initially destined for the profession of medicine, Traill took his degree in natural sciences in 1865 but then he read for the bar and was called in 1869. In 1871 he received an appointment as an Inspector of Returns for the Board of Education, a position which left him leisure to cultivate his gift for literature.

In 1873 he became a contributor to the Pall Mall Gazette, then under the editorship of Frederick Greenwood. He followed Greenwood to the St. James's Gazette when in 1880 the Pall Mall Gazette took for a time the Liberal side, and he continued to contribute to that paper up to 1895. In the meantime he had also joined the staff of the Saturday Review, to which he sent, among other writings, weekly verses upon subjects of the hour. Some of the best of these he republished in 1882 in a volume called Recaptured Rhymes, and others in a later collection of Saturday Songs (1890).

He was also a leader-writer for the Daily Telegraph and edited The Observer from 1889 until 1891, which experienced an increase in circulation during his time there. In 1897 he became first editor of Literature, when that weekly paper (afterwards sold and incorporated with the Academy) was established by the proprietors of The Times, and directed its fortunes until his death.

Traill's long connection with journalism must not obscure the fact that he was a man of letters rather than a journalist. He wrote best when he wrote with least sense of the burden of responsibility. His playful humour and his ready wit were only given full scope when he was writing to please himself. One of his most brilliant jeux d'esprit was a pamphlet which was published without his name soon after he had begun to write for the newspapers. It was called The Israelitish Question and the Comments of the Canaan Journals thereon (1876). This told the story of the Exodus in articles which parodied very cleverly the style of all the leading journals of the day, and was at once recognized as the work of a born humorist. Traill sustained this reputation with The New Lucian, which appeared in 1884 (2nd ed., with several new dialogues, 1900); but for the rest his labors were upon more serious lines. He directed the production of a vast work on Social England in 1893-1898; he wrote, for several series of biographies, studies of Coleridge (1884), Sterne (1882), William III (1888), Shaftesbury (1886), Strafford (1889), and Lord Salisbury (1891); he compiled a biography of Sir John Franklin, the Arctic explorer (1896); and after a visit to Egypt he published a volume on the country, and in 1897 appeared his book on Lord Cromer, the man who had done so much to bring it back to prosperity. Of these the literary studies are the best, for Traill possessed great critical insight. He published two collections of essays: Number Twenty (1892), and The New Fiction (1897). In 1865 his Glaucus, a tale of a Fish, was produced at the Olympic Theatre with Miss Nellie Farren in the part of Glaucus. In conjunction with Mr. Robert Hichens he wrote The Medicine Man, produced at the Lyceum in 1898. He died in London on the 21st of February 1900.

He also edited the Centenary edition of the Works of Thomas Carlyle (30 volumes, Chapman and Hall, 1896-1907), writing introductions to the various works.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Duff_Traill .

Author of Princetoniana. Charles and A.A. Hodge: with class and table tale of Hodge the Younger (1888), Eli, Samuel, & Saul a transition chapter in Ireaelitish history (1904), Exposition and defence of Prince Bismarck's anit-Ultramontane policy: showing the difference between the present state of the Romish question in Germany and Great Britain (1876), The religious question in France in the light of historic facts and of current events (1905), The parables of Our Lord (1880), A woman's work: memorials of Eliza Fletcher (1900), Our Christian passover: a guide for young people in the serious study of the Lord's Super (1830), Echoes of the war (1916).

Harry J. Boyle, journalist, broadcaster and playwright, was born on 7 October 1915 in St. Augustine, Ontario. His education included high school in Wingham and St. Jerome's College in Kitchener, Ontario. He married Marion McCaffrey in 1937, with whom he had two children. Mr. Boyle had a long career in journalism, having contributed articles to the London Free Press and the Toronto Globe and Mail, and a weekly column for the Toronto Telegram, 1957-1968. He joined the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as Farm Commentator in 1942 and became Director of the National Farm Radio Forum, 1942-1946. Other radio credits include: "CBC Wednesday Night," "Assignment," and "Project" series. Mr. Boyle also served on the Canadian Radio and Television Commission (CRTC) as the vice-chairman, 1968-1976, and chairman, 1976-1977. He won awards for his contribution to broadcasting, and to Canadian television and radio in particular. Besides journalism, Boyle has written a number of radio plays, a stage play, three books of essays, and several novels. He has been a faculty member at the Banff School of Fine Arts and a member of the Ontario Arts Council, 1979-1982. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1978. Harry Boyle died in Toronto on 22 January 2005.

Helen Lucas (artist) was born in 1931 in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, to Greek parents, Eftihia and William Geatros. She studied at the Ontario College of Art (Toronto) from 1950-1954, and was Drawing and Painting Master at Sheridan College (Oakville, Ont.) from 1973-1979. Her early works were figurative pieces in black and white, and later works were colourful floral paintings. She has exhibited her art works widely in Canada, the United States, and Italy, published drawings and text in several publications, and was an active participant in Canadian Women studies projects. In 1991 York University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters and she received the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Medal in 2012. Her life was featured in an award-winning, hour-long documentary produced by Donna Davey that was shown at the Chicago International Film Festival in 1996. Lucas died on 27 November 2023.

Edward King (29 December 1829 - 8 March 1910) was an Anglican bishop. He was the second son of the Reverend Walker King, Archdeacon of Rochester and rector of Stone, Kent, and grandson of the Reverend Walker King, Bishop of Rochester; his nephew was the Reverend Robert Stuart King, who played football for England in 1882.
King graduated from Oriel College, Oxford, was ordained in 1854, and four years later became chaplain and lecturer at Cuddesdon Theological College (now Ripon College Cuddesdon). He was principal at Cuddesdon from 1863 to 1873, when Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone appointed him Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology at Oxford and canon of Christ Church. King became the principal founder of the leading catholic theological college in the Church of England, St Stephen's House, Oxford, now a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford. To the world outside, King was known at this time as an Anglo-Catholic and one of Edward Pusey's
most intimate friends (even serving as a pall-bearer at his funeral in
1882), but in Oxford, and especially among the younger men, he exercised
influence by his charm and sincerity. King had also been devoted to his
mother, who assisted him at Cuddleston and Oxford by keeping his house
and entertaining guests as his position required. King never married and
his mother died in 1883.
A leading member of the English Church Union, Dr. King fought prosecutions in lay courts under the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 (which Archbishop of Canterbury Archibald Campbell Tait and Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli had secured over the Gladstone's opposition, in order to restrict the growing Oxford Movement). In 1879 King's writings concerning Holy Communion were criticized as Romish in a pamphlet by a local vicar.
In 1885, upon Gladstone's invitation when he again became Prime Minister, King accepted consecration as Bishop of Lincoln, which he noted had been the diocese of John Wesley. The consecrating bishops included Archbishop of Canterbury Edward White Benson, with presenting Bishops John Mackarness
of Oxford and Woodford of Ely. Other consecrating bishops were Bishop
Temple of London, Bishop Thorold of Rochester, Bishop Wilberforce of
Newcastle, Bishop Trollope of Nottingham, Bishop How of Bedford, Bishop
Carter of Ripon and Bishop Bousfield of Pretoria.
Although Tait had died in 1882, the Puritan faction continued,
including at Lincoln where J. Hanchard published a sketch of King's
life, criticizing his Romish tendencies. Beginning in 1888, based on a churchwarden's complaint concerning a service conducted at Cleethorps, funded by the Church Association, King was prosecuted before Archbisjop Benson for six ritualistic practices.
In his "Lincoln Judgment", Archbishop Benson found Bishop King guilty
on two counts and also required him to conduct the manual acts during
the prayer of consecration during the Holy Communion service in such a
way that the people could see them.
Archbishop Benson specifically allowed the use of lighted candles, and
mixing of elements, as well as the eastward position during the service.
The Church Association appealed the Bishop's process to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, but was denied in 1890.
Bishop King loyally conformed his practices to the archbishop's
judgment. Some considered the process a repudiation of the
anti-ritualism movement,
though it proved physically and emotionally taxing for King, whose
physique had never been particularly robust. Moreover, a decade later,
after Frederick Temple
succeeded Benson as Archbishop of Canterbury, he and the Bishop of York
prosecuted two priests for using incense and candles, and notified
Bishop King of Lincoln of their condemnation, which he abided.
Later, many of King's liturgical practices became commonplace,
including making the sign of the cross during the absolution and
blessing, and mixture of elements during the service, for which the
criticisms had been upheld as an innovation.
As Bishop, King devoted himself unsparingly to pastoral work in his
diocese, particularly among the poor, both farmers and industrial
workers, as well as condemned prisoners. He supported the Guild of
Railway men, as well as chaplains in the Boer War and missionaries. In 1909 he visited Oxford in his episcopal capacity for the 400th anniversary of Brasenose College. Irrespective of his High Church views, he won the affection and reverence of all classes by his real saintliness of character.

William Morley Kilbourn (1926-1995), educator, author, and politician, was born in Toronto, and educated there, in Great Britain (Oxford MA 1954), and in the United States (Harvard PhD 1957). He taught at Harvard (1953-1955) and McMaster University (1955-1962), prior to joining York University in 1962 as chair of the Division of Humanities and professor of history. In addition to his academic career, Kilbourn has served on the boards of several community organizations, including the Art Gallery of Ontario (1970-1976), the Young People's Theatre, and the Toronto International Festival. Kilbourn was an alderman in the City of Toronto (1970-1976), and sat on the Metropolitan Toronto Council (1973-1976). He is the author of several books including, "The firebrand: William Lyon Mackenzie and the rebellion in Upper Canada" (1956), "The elements combined: a history of the Steel Company of Canada" (1960), "The making of the nation" (1966), "Canada: a guide to the peaceable kingdom" (1970), "C.D. Howe: a biography" (with Robert Bothwell, 1979), "Toronto remembered" (1984), and "Intimate grandeur: 100 years at Massey Hall" (1993). He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (1980), and was named a Member of the Order of Canada (1993). He died on 4 January 1995.

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Lant Carpenter was born in 1841 in Bristol, Somerset, England. William married Annie Viret in 1868 in Bristol, England. Annie was born in 1841 in Middlesex, England. Parents: Louisa Powell and William Benjamin Carpenter MD CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter .

Norman Kenneth Campbell, composer, director and producer, was born in Los Angeles, California on 4 February 1924. He was raised in Vancouver, British Columbia where he attended the University of British Columbia, earning a degree in mathematics and physics. After graduation, Campbell was hired by Canada's meteorological service, but left in 1948 to join CBC Radio Vancouver where he was a director of variety programs. Campbell also composed music, including the signature song for the "Juliette show." In 1952, Campbell joined CBC Television as a director and producer and is credited with the CBC's first broadcast, a program entitled "Let's see." While Campbell worked in many genres, his specialty was comedy, musicals and the performing arts. He was responsible for the broadcast of ballets, operas, and other stage productions, including performances from the Stratford Festival. In addition, Campbell worked on projects for American television, such as performance specials for entertainers like Diana Ross and Frank Sinatra and sitcoms like "All in the family" and "The Mary Tyler Moore show." Campbell is, perhaps, best known for composing the music for "Anne of Green Gables : the musical," which is still performed at the Charlottetown Festival in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Campbell's work was recognized nationally and internationally, winning a Gemini for "The pirates of Penzance" (1986), two international Emmys for "Cinderella" [ballet] (1965) and "Sleeping Beauty" [ballet] (1972), and the Prix René Barthélemy (Monte Carlo International Television Festival) for "Romeo and Juliette" [ballet] (1966). His contributions to arts in Canada were also recognized where he was named a member of the Royal Canadian Academy in 1975 and he received the Order of Canada in 1979. Norman Campbell died of a stroke on 12 April 2004 in Toronto, Ontario.

Dance artist who emigrated to Canada in 1965.

Walter Pitman, teacher, journalist, administrator, author, and social activist, was born on 18 May 1929 in Toronto, Ontario and educated at the University of Toronto where he completed his B.A. and M.A. in 1952 and 1954, respectively. He has been a member of the House of Commons (1960-1962) and the Ontario Legislature (1967-1971); Dean of Arts and Science (1972-1975), Trent University; President of Ryerson Polytechnic University (1975-1980); Director of the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education (1987-1991); Director of the Ontario Arts Council (1980-1986) as well as a reporter for The Toronto Star (1971-1974). He is active in the voluntary sector and has been Board Chair on diverse Canadian associations including Energy Probe and Project Ploughshares. He is an Officer of the Order of Canada (1992) and Member of the Order of Ontario and has received honorary degrees from McGill, York, Trent and Brock universities as well as numerous awards for his work pertaining to the arts in Canada. He has written several books examining Canadian arts and culture including "Louis Applebaum : a passion for culture" (2002), "Elmer Iseler : choral visionary" (2008), and "Victor Feldbrill : Canadian conductor extraordinaire" (2010).

Alison Pick, novelist and poet, was born in Toronto in 1975. She grew up in Kitchener, Ontario, and attended Kitchener Collegiate Institute and Lakefield College School before graduating from the University of Guelph in 1999 with a BA in psychology, and from Memorial University in St. John's, Newfoundland, with a Master's degree in Philosophy. Pick began her literary career while a student at the University of Guelph, where she started writing poetry. Her first published poems, "The First" and "History Class," appeared in Canadian poetry journal "The New Quarterly" in 1999. In the early 2000s, while living in Newfoundland, Pick published poetry in a number of other poetry journals, including "The Fiddlehead," "Arc," "Fireweed," and "Contemporary Verse 2." Her first book of poetry, "Question and Answer," was published in 2002. It received the 2002 Bronwen Wallace Memorial Award for Poetry and was shortlisted for the Gerald Lampert Award and the Newfoundland and Labrador Book Award in 2002. Pick also won the 2003 National Magazine Award and the 2005 CBC Literary Award for Poetry. Her second book of poetry, "The Dream World," was published in 2008. Its title poem was also appeared in "Best Canadian Poetry of 2008." In addition to her work as a poet, Pick writes non-fiction prose and novels. Her first novel, "The Sweet Edge," was published in 2005 and was a Globe and Mail Top 100 Book of 2005. Her second novel, "Far to Go," was published in 2010. It won the Canadian Jewish Book Award for Fiction, and was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize. Rights to this book were sold to commercial interests in Canada (including Quebec), the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and Brazil. Pick's memoir, "Between Gods," was published in 2014 and won the Canadian Jewish Book Award. It was also shortlisted for the BC National Award for Canadian Non-Fiction and the JQ Wingate Prize. Her third novel, "Strangers with the Same Dream," was published in September 2017. Her freelance writing has appeared in magazines and newspapers including "The Globe and Mail," "The Walrus," "National Post," "Mothering Magazine," and "Chatelaine." Pick served on the jury for the 2015 Giller Prize and has been a faculty member at the Banff Centre for the Arts Wired Writing Studio, the Humber School for Writers, and the Sage Hill Writing Experience.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Charles Voysey (1828–1912) was a priest of the Church of England who was condemned by the Privy Council for heterodoxy and went on to found a Theist Church.

Voysey was sacked from a curacy of St Mark's, Whitechapel, having denied the doctrine of eternal punishment. He later became vicar of Healaugh near Tadcaster, Yorkshire, but soon ran into difficulties there. He was prosecuted by William Thomson, Archbishop of York, starting in 1869. He was summoned before the Chancery Court of the diocese of York for heterodox teaching and deprived of his living. He appealed to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which gave its judgement in 1871:

The Appellant is charged with having offended against the Laws Ecclesiastical by writing and publishing within the diocese of London certain sermons or essays, collected together in parts and volumes, the whole being designated by the title of "The Sling and the Stone," in which he is alleged to have maintained and promulgated doctrines contrary and repugnant to or inconsistent with the Articles of Religion and Formularies of the Church of England.

His appeal dismissed, Voysey lost his benefice. Moving to London, Voysey began holding services in St George's Hall, Langham Place, and founded the Theistic Church in Swallow Street, Piccadilly. He continued to preach and teach up to his death. He befriended Guy Aldred, the "Boy Preacher" in Holloway, in 1903.
For more information, see Wikipedia entry at:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Voysey_%28theist%29 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Voysey_(architect)

(from Wikipedia entry)

Charles Sanders Peirce (/ˈpɜrs/, like "purse", September 10, 1839 - April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist, sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Laurence Oliphant (3 August 1829 – 23 December 1888) was a British author, traveller, diplomat and Christian mystic. He is best known for his satirical novel Piccadilly (1870). Oliphant was Member of Parliament for Stirling Burghs.

Laurence Oliphant was the only child of Sir Anthony Oliphant (1793–1859), a member of the Scottish landed gentry and his wife Maria. At the time of his son's birth Sir Anthony was Attorney General of the Cape Colony, but he was soon appointed Chief Justice in Ceylon. Laurence spent his early childhood in Colombo, where his father purchased a home called Alcove in Captains Gardens, subsequently known as Maha Nuge Gardens. Sir Anthony and his son have been credited with bringing tea to Ceylon and growing 30 tea plants brought over from China on the Oliphant Estate in Nuwara Eliya. In 1848 and 1849, he and his parents toured Europe. In 1851, he accompanied Jung Bahadur from Colombo to Nepal, which provided the material for his first book, A Journey to Katmandu (1852). Oliphant returned to Ceylon and from there went to England to study law. Oliphant left his legal studies to travel in Russia. The outcome of that tour was his book The Russian Shores of the Black Sea (1853).
Between 1853 and 1861 Oliphant was secretary to Lord Elgin during the negotiation of the Canada Reciprocity Treaty in Washington, and companion to the Duke of Newcastle on a visit to the Circassian coast during the Crimean War.
In 1861 Oliphant was appointed First Secretary of the British Legation in Japan under Minister Plenipotentiary (later Sir) Rutherford Alcock. He arrived in Edo at the end of June, but on the evening of 5 July a night-time attack was made on the legation by xenophobic ronin. His pistols having been locked in their travelling box, Oliphant rushed out with a hunting whip, and was attacked by a Japanese with a heavy two-handed sword. A beam, invisible in the darkness, interfered with the blows, but Oliphant was severely wounded and sent on board ship to recover.
Oliphant returned to England, resigned from the Diplomatic Service and was elected to Parliament in 1865 for Stirling Burghs. While he did not show any conspicuous parliamentary ability, he was made a great success by his novel Piccadilly (1870). He then fell under the influence of the spiritualist prophet Thomas Lake Harris, who in about 1861 had organised a small community, the Brotherhood of the New Life, which was settled in Brocton on Lake Erie, and subsequently moved to Santa Rosa, California.
After having been refused permission to join Harris in 1867, he was eventually allowed to join his community and Oliphant left Parliament in 1868 to follow Harris to Brocton. He lived there for several years engaged in what Harris termed the 'Use', manual labour aimed at forwarding his utopian vision. Members of the community were allowed to return to the outside world from time to time to earn money for the community. After three years Oliphant worked as correspondent for The Times during the Franco-German War, and afterwards spent several years in Paris in the service of the paper. There he met, through his mother, his future wife, Alice le Strange. They married at St George's, Hanover Square, London, on 8 June 1872.
Later he and his mother had a falling out with Harris and demanded their money (allegedly mainly derived from the sale of Lady Maris Oliphant's jewels) back. This forced Harris to sell the Brocton colony and his remaining disciples moved to their new colony in Santa Rosa, California.

In 1879, Oliphant left for Palestine, where he hoped to promote Jewish agricultural settlement. Later, he saw these settlements as a means of alleviating Jewish suffering in Eastern Europe.
He visited Constantinople in the hopes of obtaining a lease on the northern half of the Holy Land and settling large numbers of Jews there (this was prior to the first wave of Jewish settlement by Zionists in 1882). He did not see this as an impossible task in view of the large numbers of Christian believers in the United States and England who supported this plan. With financial support from Christadelphians and others in Britain, Oliphant amassed sufficient funding to purchase land and settle Jewish refugees in the Galilee.
Oliphant and his wife, Alice, settled in Palestine, dividing their time between a house in the German Colony in Haifa, and another in the Druze village of Daliyat al-Karmel on Mount Carmel.
Oliphant's secretary Naftali Herz Imber, author of the Israeli national anthem, Hatikva, lived with them.
In 1883, Oliphant wrote Altiora Peto. In 1884, he and his wife collaborated on Sympneumata: Evolutionary Forces Now Active in Man together. The following year, Oliphant wrote a novel, Masollam.
In December 1885, Oliphant's wife became ill and died on 2 January 1886. Oliphant, also stricken, was too weak to attend her funeral.
He was persuaded that after death he was in much closer contact with her than when she was still alive, and believed that she inspired him to write Scientific Religion. In November 1887, Oliphant went to England to publish the book.
In 1888, he traveled to the United States and married his second wife, Rosamond, a granddaughter of Robert Owen in Malvern. The couple planned to return to Haifa, but Oliphant took sick at York House, Twickenham, and died there on 23 December 1888.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Oliphant_%28author%29 .

Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain (16 October 1879 - 1 October 1919) was a British logician and follower of Bertrand Russell.
He was born in Ashbourne in Derbyshire one of a large family belonging to Emily Clay and his father Francis Jourdain (who was the vicar at Ashbourne). He was partly disabled by Friedreich's ataxia. He corresponded with Georg Cantor and Gottlob Frege, and took a close interest in the paradoxes related to Russell's paradox, formulating the card paradox version of the liar paradox. He corresponded with Ludwig Wittgenstein, meeting with him in Cambridge to discuss Frege's book Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, of parts of which Jourdain had prepared a translation. He also worked on algebraic logic, and the history of science with Isaac Newton as a particular study. He was London editor for The Monist.
His sister Eleanor Jourdain was an English academic and author.

Alfred Cort Haddon, Sc.D., FRS, FRGS (24 May 1855 - 20 April 1940, Cambridge) was an influential British anthropologist and ethnologist. Initially a biologist, who achieved his most notable fieldwork, with W.H.R. Rivers, C.G. Seligman, Sidney Ray, Anthony Wilkin on the Torres Strait Islands.

He returned to Christ's College, Cambridge, where he had been an undergraduate, and effectively founded the School of Anthropology. Haddon was a major influence on the work of the American ethnologist Caroline Furness Jayne.

In 2011, Haddon's 1898 The Recordings of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits were added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Sounds of Australia registry. The original recordings are housed at the British Library and many have been made available online. Alfred Cort Haddon was born on 24 May 1855, near London, the elder son of John Haddon, the head of a firm of typefounders and printers. He attended lectures at King's College London and taught zoology and geology at a girls' school in Dover, before entering Christ's College, Cambridge in 1875.

At Cambridge he studied zoology and became the friend of John Holland Rose (afterwards Harmsworth Professor of Naval History), whose sister he married in 1883. Shortly after achieving his Master of Arts degree, Haddon was appointed as Demonstrator in Zoology at Cambridge in 1882. For a time he studied marine biology in Naples. A.C. Haddon
NC: "Zoologist and Ethnologist. Author of "History of Anthropology" etc."
OD257-259

Don Rubin is a professor, theatre historian, writer and critic. He was born on November 25, 1942 and was educated at Hofstra University (B.A. 1964) and the University of Bridgeport (M.A. 1966). He is currently a professor of Theatre Studies at York University. He is the executive editor of the six-volume "World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre" and was the founding editor of the "Canadian Theatre Review" which he edited from 1974-1982. Under his aegis, an active theatre book publishing program grew from CTR. He is the author of "Canadian Theatre History: Selected Readings" (1996) and as a theatre critic, has written for major journals, magazines and newspapers worldwide. For several years he was a regular critic for the Toronto Star, CBC Radio and the New Haven (Connecticut) Register. He is a former president of the Canadian Centre of the UNESCO-affiliated International Theatre Institute (ITI) and served for six years as chair of the ITI's publications committee. He was a charter member of York's Faculty of Fine Arts in 1968 and was chair of the Theatre Department from 1979 to 1982.

Barbara, Lady Stephen (1872-1945) was an English educational writer and Florence Nightingale's cousin.

She was born Margaret Thyra Barbara Shore Smith (later Shore Nightingale). Margaret studied History at Girton College, Cambridge, 1891-1894. In 1904 she married Harry Lushington Stephen, later Sir Harry Stephen (1860-1945). In India with her husband 1904-1913, she founded the Women Graduates Union in Calcutta for the benefit of professional women coming to India. She was a member of Girton College Council 1913-1932, Governor of Girton College 1913-1938, and a generous benefactor of Girton Library.

Most likely Theodore Walrond, author of entries in the Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) and editor of "Letters and journals of James, eighth earl of Elgin, governor of Jamaica, governor-general of Canada, envoy to China, viceroy of India."

Lauretta Thistle (1917- ) journalist, was born in Nova Scotia and educated at Mount Allison University (BA). She moved to Ottawa and was employed in government departments during World War II prior to joining the 'Ottawa citizen' as assistant music and drama critic in 1947. Two years later she became music and drama editor, and chief critic for the paper. She took an interest in other art forms and by 1960 was concentrating solely on dance reviewing, both for the 'Citizen,' and as a regular contributor to 'Dance news'. In the 1970s she began writing for 'Dance in Canada,' covered dance events for the Southam newspaper chain, and contributed to 'Dance encyclopedia,' and a German annual on dance.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edward Bradford Titchener D.Sc., Ph.D., LL.D., Litt.D. (January 11, 1867 - August 3, 1927) was a British psychologist who studied under Wilhelm Wundt for several years. Titchener is best known for creating his version of psychology that described the structure of the mind; structuralism. He created the largest doctoral program in the United States (at the time) after becoming a professor at Cornell University, and his first graduate student, Margaret Floy Washburn, became the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology (1894). Titchener attended Malvern College and then went on to Oxford from 1885 to 1890. At Oxford, Titchener first began to read the works of Wilhelm Wundt. During his time at Oxford, Titchener translated the first volume of the third edition of Wundt’s book Principles of Physiological Psychology from German into English. After receiving his degree from Oxford in 1890, Titchener went on to Leipzig in Germany to study with Wundt. He completed his doctoral program and went on to take a position as a professor at Cornell University where he taught his view on the ideas of Wundt to his students in the form of structuralism. Titchener’s ideas on how the mind worked were heavily influenced by Wundt’s theory of voluntarism and his ideas of Association and Apperception (the passive and active combinations of elements of consciousness respectively). Titchener attempted to classify the structures of the mind in the way a chemist breaks down chemicals into their component parts—water into hydrogen and oxygen, for example. Thus, for Titchener, just as hydrogen and oxygen were structures, so were sensations and thoughts. He conceived of hydrogen and oxygen as structures of a chemical compound, and sensations and thoughts as structures of the mind. A sensation, according to Titchener, had four distinct properties: intensity, quality, duration, and extent. Each of these related to some corresponding quality of stimulus, although some stimuli were insufficient to provoke their relevant aspect of sensation. He further differentiated particular types of sensations: auditory sensation, for example, he divided into "tones" and "noises." Ideas and perceptions he considered to be formed from sensations; "ideational type" was related to the type of sensation on which an idea was based, e.g., sound or vision, a spoken conversation or words on a page.

Titchener believed that if the basic components of the mind could be defined and categorized that the structure of mental processes and higher thinking could be determined. What each element of the mind is, how those elements interact with each other and why they interact in the ways that they do was the basis of reasoning that Titchener used in trying to find structure to the mind. The main tool that Titchener used to try to determine the different components of consciousness was introspection. Unlike Wundt’s method of introspection, Titchener had very strict guidelines for the reporting of an introspective analysis. The subject would be presented with an object, such as a pencil. The subject would then report the characteristics of that pencil (color, length, etc.). The subject would be instructed not to report the name of the object (pencil) because that did not describe the raw data of what the subject was experiencing. Titchener referred to this as stimulus error.

In "Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice", Titchener detailed the procedures of his introspective methods precisely. As the title suggests, the manual was meant to encompass all of experimental psychology despite its focus on introspection. To Titchener, there could be no valid psychological experiments outside of introspection, and he opened the section "Directions to Students" with the following definition: "A psychological experiment consists of an introspection or a series of introspections made under standard conditions."

This manual of Titchener's provided students with in-depth outlines of procedure for experiments on optical illusions, Weber's Law, visual contrast, after-images, auditory and olfactory sensations, perception of space, ideas, and associations between ideas, as well as descriptions proper behavior during experiments and general discussion of psychological concepts. Titchener wrote another instructive manual for students and two more for instructors in the field (Hothersall 2004, p. 142). The level of detail Titchener put into these manuals reflected his devotion to a scientific approach to psychology. He argued that all measurements were simply agreed-upon "conventions" and subscribed to the belief that psychological phenomena, too, could be systematically measured and studied. Titchener put great stock in the systematic work of Gustav Fechner, whose psychophysics advanced the notion that it was indeed possible to measure mental phenomena (Titchener 1902, p. cviii- cix).

The majority of experiments were to be performed by two trained researchers working together, one functioning as the "observer" (O) and the other as the "experimenter" (E). The experimenter would set up the experiment and record the introspection made by his or her partner. After the first run of any experiment, the researchers were to then switch roles and repeat the experiment. Titchener placed a great deal of emphasis on the importance of harmony and communication between the two memberships in these partnerships. Communication, in particular, was necessary, because illness or agitation on the part of the observer could affect the outcome of any given experiment. Titchener was a charismatic and forceful speaker. However, although his idea of structuralism thrived while he was alive and championing for it, structuralism did not live on after his death. Some modern reflections on Titchener consider the narrow scope of his psychology and the strict, limited methodology he deemed acceptable as a prominent explanation for the fall of Titchener's structuralism after his death. So much of it was wrapped up in Titchener's precise, careful dictations that without him, the field floundered. Structuralism, along with Wundt’s voluntarism, were both effectively challenged and improved upon, though they did influence many schools of psychology today.

Titchener was known for bringing some part of Wundt's structuralism to America, but with a few modifications. For example, whereas Wilhelm Wundt emphasized the relationship between elements of consciousness, Titchener focused on identifying the basic elements themselves. In his textbook An Outline of Psychology (1896), Titchener put forward a list of more than 44,000 elemental qualities of conscious experience.

Titchener is also remembered for coining the English word "empathy" in 1909 as a translation of the German word "Einfühlungsvermögen", a new phenomenon explored at the end of 19th century mainly by Theodor Lipps. "Einfühlungsvermögen" was later re-translated as "Empathie", and is still in use that way in German.

Titchener's effect on the history of psychology, as it is taught in classrooms, was partially the work of his student Edwin Boring. Boring's experimental work was largely unremarkable, but his book History of Experimental Psychology was widely influential, as, consequentially, were his portrayals of various psychologists, including his own mentor Edward Titchener. The length at which Boring detailed Titchener's contributions—contemporary Hugo Münsterberg received roughly a tenth as much of Boring's attention—raise questions today as to whether or not the influence credited to Titchener on the history of psychology is inflated as a result.

Professor Titchener received honorary degrees from Harvard, Clark, and Wisconsin. He became a charter member of the American Psychological Association, translated Külpe's Outlines of Psychology and other works, became the American editor of Mind in 1894, and associate editor of the American Journal of Psychology in 1895, and wrote several books. In 1904, he founded the group "The Experimentalists," which continues today as the "Society of Experimental Psychologists". Titchener's brain was contributed to the Wilder Brain Collection at Cornell.

For more information, see Wikipedia at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_B._Titchener .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Ferdinand Tönnies (26 July 1855, near Oldenswort, Eiderstedt, North Frisia, Schleswig - 9 April 1936, Kiel, Germany) was a German sociologist and philosopher. He was a major contributor to sociological theory and field studies, best known for his distinction between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. He was also a prolific writer and co-founder of the German Society for Sociology (of which he was president from 1909 to 1933, when he was ousted by the Nazis). Ferdinand Tönnies was born into a wealthy farmer's family in North Frisia, Schleswig (today Nordfriesland, Schleswig-Holstein), then under Danish rule. He studied at the universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin, and Tübingen. He received a doctorate in Tübingen in 1877 (with a Latin thesis on the ancient Siwa Oasis). Four years later he became a private lecturer at the University of Kiel. Because he had sympathized with the Hamburg dockers' strike of 1896, the conservative Prussian government considered him to be a social democrat, and Tönnies was not called to a professorial chair until 1913. He held this post at the University of Kiel for only three years. He returned to the university as a professor emeritus in 1921 and taught until 1933 when he was ousted by the Nazis, due to his earlier publications that criticized them.

Tönnies, the first German sociologist proper, published over 900 works and contributed to many areas of sociology and philosophy. Many of his writings on sociological theories — including Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887) — furthered pure sociology. He coined the metaphysical term Voluntarism. Tönnies also contributed to the study of social change, particularly on public opinion, customs and technology, crime, and suicide. He also had a vivid interest in methodology, especially statistics, and sociological research, inventing his own technique of statistical association. Tönnies distinguished between two types of social groupings. Gemeinschaft — often translated as community (or left untranslated)— refers to groupings based on feelings of togetherness and on mutual bonds, which are felt as a goal to be kept up, their members being means for this goal. Gesellschaft — often translated as society — on the other hand, refers to groups that are sustained by it being instrumental for their members' individual aims and goals.

Gemeinschaft may be exemplified historically by a family or a neighborhood in a pre-modern (rural) society; Gesellschaft by a joint-stock company or a state in a modern society, i.e. the society when Tönnies lived. Gesellschaft relationships arose in an urban and capitalist setting, characterized by individualism and impersonal monetary connections between people. Social ties were often instrumental and superficial, with self-interest and exploitation increasingly the norm. Examples are corporations, states, or voluntary associations.

His distinction between social groupings is based on the assumption that there are only two basic forms of an actor's will, to approve of other men. (For Tönnies, such an approval is by no means self-evident, he is quite influenced by Thomas Hobbes). Following his "essential will" ("Wesenwille"), an actor will see himself as a means to serve the goals of social grouping; very often it is an underlying, subconscious force. Groupings formed around an essential will are called a Gemeinschaft. The other will is the "arbitrary will" ("Kürwille"): An actor sees a social grouping as a means to further his individual goals; so it is purposive and future-oriented. Groupings around the latter are called Gesellschaft. Whereas the membership in a Gemeinschaft is self-fulfilling, a Gesellschaft is instrumental for its members. In pure sociology — theoretically —, these two normal types of will are to be strictly separated; in applied sociology — empirically — they are always mixed.

Tönnies’ distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, like others between tradition and modernity, has been criticized for over-generalizing differences between societies, and implying that all societies were following a similar evolutionary path, an argument which he never proclaimed.

The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft is achieved through morals, conformism, and exclusion - social control - while Gesellschaft keeps its equilibrium through police, laws, tribunals and prisons. Amish, Hassidic communities are examples of Gemeinschaft, while states are types of Gesellschaft. Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules (written laws).

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies .

Douglas George How (1919- ), journalist and author, was born and educated in Canada. He worked as a reporter with the Moncton 'Times' before joining the Canadian Press bureau in Halifax (1940). Following service as a war correspondent for CP, How joined then in the- Parliamentary Press Gallery as a CP reporter (1945-1953). He served as executive assistant to Robert Winters, minister of Public Works (1955-1957), then with 'Time' magazine in Canada and United States. How was managing editor in Canada for 'Reader's digest' (1959-1969). How is author of a regimental history, 'Canada's mystery man of high finance,' (Izaak Killam), and of other works.

Ray Ellenwood, professor, translator and academic, was born in Edmonton and educated at the University of Alberta where he received his B.A. and M.A. in English, and at Rutgers University where he received his PhD in Comparative Literature in 1972. He became Assistant Professor in English at York University following his graduation from Rutgers and has been a Professor of English with the School of Arts and Letters at Atkinson College (renamed the Atkinson Faculty of Liberal and Professional Studies) since 1991. Ellenwood is the author of "Egregore: A History of the Montréal Automatist Movement" and has translated ten works by Quebecois authors including work by Jacques Ferron, Claude Gauvreau and Marie-Claire Blais. He was awarded the Canada Council Translation Prize in 1982 and has served on the jury of the Governor General's Award for Translation on three occasions.

Lawrence Gradus, choreographer (born 30 October 1936 in the Bronx, New York; died 7 January 2014 in Ottawa, ON). Trained in New York City, he first performed with the American Ballet Theatre in 1951, rising from corps member to soloist. He joined Les Grands Ballets Canadiens in 1968 and cofounded with Ludmilla Chiriaeff Les Compagnons de la danse, an educational touring group. Gradus formed his own company, Entre-six (1974), and the following year received the Jean A. Chalmers Choreographic Award. In 1980, Gradus moved to Ottawa to become founding artistic director of Theatre Ballet of Canada. He resigned in 1989 and has since worked as a ballet master, teacher and occasional choreographer. (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/m/article/lawrence-gradus/)

Ellie E. Prepas, Professor Emeritus of Natural Resource Management at Lakehead University, author and activist was born in Hamilton, Ontario and received her Bachelor of Mathematics degree from the University of Waterloo, her Master of Environmental Studies from York University in 1974 and her Doctorate from the University of Toronto in 1980. She was a prominent member of the Waffle movement in Canada.
Prepas joined the Waffle movement within the New Democratic Party (NDP) as a graduate student in 1971. The Waffle was a Canadian national socialist party that opposed American and foreign ownership of Canadian resources and industries. As a Waffler, Prepas participated in protests that included the Mackenzie Valley pipeline project and the Canada-US Auto Pact. Prepas was also a prominent member of the women’s group within the Waffle, advocating for women in the workforce and changes to the Criminal Code on the issue of abortion. During the 1972 Canadian Federal Election, Prepas was successfully nominated as the NDP candidate for the riding of Trinity-Spadina but resigned her candidacy prior to the election date due to the expulsion of the Waffle from the NDP.
Prepas’ early research centred on limnology, the study of fresh or saline waters within continental boundaries, which later expanded to studies of watershed disturbance and climate factors and their impact on surface water quality and biota. She taught at McGill University, the University of Alberta and Lakehead University. During her tenure at Lakehead University, she was awarded the Canada Research Chair by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada in 2001 and received it again in 2008. Prepas was involved with the Forest Watershed and Riparian Disturbance Project (FORWARD I to III) from 2001 to 2016.

Dr. Wenona Giles is a professor of Anthropology and Faculty Research Associate at the Centre for Refugee Studies at York University. She received a diploma from L'université d'Aix-Marseille in 1970 and a bachelors degree from the University of Santa Clara in 1971. She earned a degree in education from the University of British Columbia and completed her academic studies in anthropology, achieving a master’s degree in 1980 and a doctorate from the University of Toronto in 1987.
Giles is an author and contributing editor of several books on gender, migration, and refugees. Her titles include: Maid in the Market: Women’s Paid Domestic Labour (Halifax: Fernwood Press, 1994); Portuguese Women in Toronto: Gender, Immigration, and Nationalism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002); and Refugees in Extended Exile: Living on the Edge (Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge, 2016). Giles’ research in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the experiences of Portuguese migrant women working in London, England, and Toronto, Canada. Since the late 1990s and 2000s, Giles’ research projects focused on the impact of conflict in regions such as Sri Lanka and the Balkans, the intersection between gender and forced migration, and the issue of higher education opportunities for long-term refugees and displaced people.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Augustus Desiré Waller FRS (18 July 1856 - 11 March 1922) was a British physiologist and the son of Augustus Volney Waller. He was born in Paris, France.

He created the first practical ECG machine with surface electrodes.

He died in London.

Fore more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Desir%C3%A9_Waller .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Anthony Wilson Thorold (1826-1895) was an Anglican Bishop of Winchester in the Victorian era. The son of a Church of England priest, he also served as Bishop of Rochester. It was in that role that he travelled throughout North America and met with important leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While he wrote a number of devotional books, he is best remembered for having recruited Isabella Gilmore to revive the female diaconate in the Anglican Communion. Thorold was the second son of the Reverend Edward Thorold and his wife Mary (nee Wilson), and grandson of Sir John Thorold, 9th Baronet (1734-1815). He married Henrietta Greene and followed his father into a career in the Church of England. He served as vicar of St Giles in the Fields, Curzon Chapel, and St Pancras. His wife died in 1859 and he married secondly to Emily Labouchere, sister of the MP Henry Labouchere. They had three children: Algar Labouchere Thorold (1866-1936), Dorothy, and Sybil (later Countess de la Bédoyère). His descendants through Sybil include his grandson Michael de la Bédoyère and his great-great-grandson, the historian Guy de la Bédoyère.

In 1870 he was elected a member of the first London School Board, representing the Marylebone Division.

His second wife died in 1877, the same year he was made Bishop of Rochester. Thorold's cousin, Edward Trollope, was made suffragan bishop for Nottingham also that same year. Thorold had extensive travels, preaching in the United States in the late 19th century. During that time he visited The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at Salt Lake City. He recalled that on 1 September 1884, "We went round the new Mormon Tabernacle, of solid granite, very massively built out of the tithes of the people. It is only one-third finished. Then into the tabernacle now in use, tortoise shape, and capable of holding 7000 people ... we passed the great co-operative store ... and Brigham Young's houses', near which was pointed out Mr. Taylor [presumably John Taylor], a very important and able ruler in the body". Thorold went on to the Great Salt Lake and noted "There is a bathing station here, and almost all the company, gentlemen and ladies, bathed in the sea, which, from the quantity of salt, it is quite impossible to sink". He travelled on and even reached Alaska before returning home.

In 1886, he recruited Isabella Gilmore, to revive the female diaconate in his diocese. Her initial reluctance, based on her lack of theological training and her lack of knowledge of the Deaconess Order, was worn down by Thorold. At the end of October 1886, she felt she received a calling during Morning Prayer. She later wrote, "it was just as if God’s voice had called me, and the intense rest and joy were beyond words." Gilmore and Bishop Thorold proceeded to plan for an Order of Deaconesses for the Church of England where the women were to be “a curiously effective combination of nurse, social worker and amateur policemen”. In 1887, Gilmore was ordained a deaconess and a training house for other woman was put in place, later to be named Gilmore House in her honor. In her nearly 20 years of service, she reestablished the female deaconate in the Anglican Communion. Unlike his cousin, Bishop Edward Trollope, Thorold performed little serious scholarship. He did write a number of devotional books, among them The Yoke of Christ (Isbister, London 1884), The Gospel of Christ (Isbister 1884), and The Claim of Christ on the Young (Isbister, London 1891. Shortly after his death in 1895, C. H. Simpkinson wrote The Life and Work of Bishop Thorold, published by Isbister in 1896. It contained many quotes from Thorold's correspondence and also accounts of his travels.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Thorold .

Edward Arthur Beder (1895-1978), political activist and author, was born in London, England in 1895 and subsequently emigrated to Canada where he established himself in business. In 1932, he became involved with the founders of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), at a time when he was writing for the 'Canadian forum'. He served as chairman of the Organization Committee for Ontario, organized the CCF Club in Toronto and other parts of the province and served as Vice-President of the first Ontario Provincial Council of the CCF. Beder also served as Secretary of the Canadian League Against War and Fascism and was Secretary of the Socialist Party of Canada (Ontario Section). Beder also lectured for the Workers' Education Alliance.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (August 16, 1864 - August 6, 1937) was a German-British philosopher. Born in Altona, Holstein (at that time member of the German Confederation, but under Danish administration), Schiller studied at the University of Oxford, and later was a professor there, after being invited back after a brief time at Cornell University. Later in his life he taught at the University of Southern California. In his lifetime he was well known as a philosopher; after his death his work was largely forgotten.

Schiller's philosophy was very similar to and often aligned with the pragmatism of William James, although Schiller referred to it as "humanism". He argued vigorously against both logical positivism and associated philosophers (for example, Bertrand Russell) as well as absolute idealism (such as F.H. Bradley).

Schiller was an early supporter of evolution and a founding member of the English Eugenics Society. Born in 1864, one of three brothers and the son of Ferdinand Schiller (a Calcutta merchant), Schiller's family home was in Switzerland. Schiller was educated at Rugby and Balliol, and graduated in the first class of Literae Humaniores, winning later the Taylorian scholarship for German in 1887. Schiller's first book, Riddles of the Sphinx (1891), was an immediate success despite his use of a pseudonym because of his fears concerning how the book would be received. Between the years 1893 and 1897 he was an instructor in philosophy at Cornell University. In 1897 he returned to Oxford and became fellow and tutor of Corpus for more than thirty years. Schiller was president of the Aristotelian Society in 1921, and was for many years treasurer of the Mind Association. In 1926 he was elected a fellow of the British Academy. In 1929 he was appointed visiting professor in the University of Southern California, and spent half of each year in the United States and half in England. Schiller died in Los Angeles either August 6, 7, or 9th of 1937 after a long and lingering illness.

Schiller was a founding member of the English Eugenics Society and published three books on the subject; Tantalus or the Future of Man (1924), Eugenics and Politics (1926), and Social Decay and Eugenic Reform (1932). In 1891, F.C.S. Schiller made his first contribution to philosophy anonymously. Schiller feared that in his time of high naturalism, the metaphysical speculations of his Riddles of the Sphinx were likely to hurt his professional prospects (p. xi, Riddles). However, Schiller's fear of reprisal from his anti-metaphysical colleagues should not suggest that Schiller was a friend of metaphysics. Like his fellow pragmatists across the ocean, Schiller was attempting to stake out an intermediate position between both the spartan landscape of naturalism and the speculative excesses of the metaphysics of his time. In Riddles Schiller both,

(1) accuses naturalism (which he also sometimes calls "pseudometaphysics" or "positivism") of ignoring the fact that metaphysics is required to justify our natural description of the world, and
(2) accuses "abstract metaphysics" of losing sight of the world we actually live in and constructing grand, disconnected imaginary worlds.
The result, Schiller contends, is that naturalism cannot make sense of the "higher" aspects of our world (freewill, consciousness, God, purpose, universals), while abstract metaphysics cannot make sense of the "lower" aspects of our world (the imperfect, change, physicality). In each case we are unable to guide our moral and epistemological "lower" lives to the achievement of life's "higher" ends, ultimately leading to skepticism on both fronts. For knowledge and morality to be possible, both the world's lower and higher elements must be real; e.g. we need universals (a higher) to make knowledge of particulars (a lower) possible. This would lead Schiller to argue for what he at the time called a "concrete metaphysics", but would later call "humanism".

Shortly after publishing Riddles of the Sphinx, Schiller became acquainted with the work of pragmatist philosopher William James and this changed the course of his career. For a time, Schiller's work became focused on extending and developing James' pragmatism (under Schiller's preferred title, "humanism"). Schiller even revised his earlier work Riddles of the Sphinx to make the nascent pragmatism implicit in that work more explicit. In one of Schiller's most prominent works during this phase of his career, “Axioms as Postulates” (1903), Schiller extended James' will to believe doctrine to show how it could be used to justify not only an acceptance of God, but also our acceptance of causality, of the uniformity of nature, of our concept of identity, of contradiction, of the law of excluded middle, of space and time, of the goodness of God, and more. In Riddles, Schiller gives historical examples of the dangers of abstract metaphysics in the philosophies of Plato, Zeno, and Hegel, portraying Hegel as the worst offender: "Hegelianism never anywhere gets within sight of a fact, or within touch of reality. And the reason is simple: you cannot, without paying the penalty, substitute abstractions for realities; the thought-symbol cannot do duty for the thing symbolized".

Schiller argued that both abstract metaphysics and naturalism portray man as holding an intolerable position in the world. He proposed a method that not only recognizes the lower world we interact with, but takes into account the higher world of purposes, ideals and abstractions. Schiller also developed a method of philosophy intended to mix elements of both naturalism and abstract metaphysics in a way that allows us to avoid the twin scepticisms each method collapses into when followed on its own. However, Schiller does not assume that this is enough to justify his humanism over the other two methods. He accepts the possibility that both scepticism and pessimism are true.

As early as 1891 Schiller had independently reached a doctrine very similar to William James’ Will to Believe. As early as 1892 Schiller had independently developed his own pragmatist theory of truth. However, Schiller's concern with meaning was one he entirely imports from the pragmatisms of James and Peirce. Later in life Schiller musters all of these elements of his pragmatism to make a concerted attack on formal logic. Concerned with bringing down the timeless, perfect worlds of abstract metaphysics early in life, the central target of Schiller’s developed pragmatism is the abstract rules of formal logic. Statements, Schiller contends, cannot possess meaning or truth abstracted away from their actual use. Therefore examining their formal features instead of their function in an actual situation is to make the same mistake the abstract metaphysician makes. Symbols are meaningless scratches on paper unless they are given a life in a situation, and meant by someone to accomplish some task. They are tools for dealing with concrete situations, and not the proper subjects of study themselves.

Both Schiller’s theory of truth and meaning (i.e. Schiller’s pragmatism) derive their justification from an examination of thought from what he calls his humanist viewpoint (his new name for concrete metaphysics). He informs us that to answer “what precisely is meant by having a meaning” will require us to “raise the prior question of why we think at all.”. A question Schiller of course looks to evolution to provide.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._C._S._Schiller .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Couch Adams FRS (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, near Launceston, Cornwall, and died in Cambridge. The Cornish name Couch is pronounced "cooch".

His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton. At the same time, but unknown to each other, the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier. Le Verrier would assist Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle in locating the planet on 23 September 1846, which was found within 1° of its predicted location, a point in Aquarius. (There was, and to some extent still is, some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery; see Discovery of Neptune.)

He was Lowndean Professor at the University of Cambridge for thirty-three years from 1859 to his death. He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866. In 1884, he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Couch_Adams .

Author of "Scientific fact and metaphysical reality" (1904).

Samuel Reynolds Hole (5 December 1819 - 27 August 1904) was an Anglican priest, author and horticulturalist in the late 19th century and the early part of the 20th.

Hole was born in Newark and educated at Brasenose College, Oxford. He was ordained in 1844 and spent 43 years at his father

Ellice Hopkins (30 October 1836 - 21 August 1904) was a Victorian social campaigner and author, who vigorously advocated moral purity while criticizing contemporary sexual double standards. In 1874 she established the Soldier's Institute at Portsmouth, and in 1876 toured several British towns, recruiting thousands of women to the Ladies' Association for the Care of Friendless Girls. Her biographer describes her as 'instrumental' in the passing of the Industrial Schools Amendment Act of 1880. Her works, such as A plea for the wider action of the Church of England in the prevention of the degradation of women, criticized the contemporary double standard by which women were disproportionately blamed for sexual immorality. In 1883 she co-founded the White Cross Army, and continued her political campaigning. The historian Frank Mort has described her as a "central figure in the feminist agitation for criminal law regulation in the 1880s".

(from Wikipedia entry)

Carl Abel (25 November 1837 – 26 November 1906) was a German comparative philologist from Berlin who wrote Linguistic Essays in 1880. Abel also acted as Ilchester lecturer on comparative lexicography at the University of Oxford and as the Berlin correspondent of the Times and the Standard. His 400-page dictionary of Egyptian-Semitic-Indo-European roots appeared in 1884. His essay "On the antithetical meanings of primal words" (Ueber die Gegensinn der Urwoerte) was discussed by Sigmund Freud in an identically titled piece, which, in turn, was discussed by Jacques Derrida as a precursor to deconstruction's semantic insights.

He was a son of a successful banker Gerson Abel. Of Jewish descent, he converted to Christianity.

Abel died in Wiesbaden. His son Curt Abel-Musgrave (1860-?) was a writer and translator. His grandson was noted economist Richard Musgrave.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Abel .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Thomas Barclay LL.D., Ph.D. (20 February 1853 – 20 January 1941) was a distinguished authority on International Law, a writer on economic subjects and a British Liberal politician.

Barclay was born at Dunfermline in 1853, the eldest son of George Barclay, LL.D. of Cupar. he was educated at Cupar Academy, the College of Dunkirk, the Johanneum Classical School, Hamburg, University College, London, and the Universities of Paris and Jena. Initially he followed his father's footsteps in being a journalist for The Times having written articles for various newspapers from 1876 and he was posted to their Paris office. When he was called to the bar in 1881, he then devoted himself to a legal practice.

A former Liberal Unionist, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency) between the two general elections of 1910. He was also a deputy Chairman of the International Law Association. From 1899 to 1900 he headed the British Chamber of commerce and economic work in France involving that helped lead to the Entente cordiale. For these works he would be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1923, 1925, and 1928.

Barclay was knighted in the birthday honours of 1904. He was married to Marie Thérèse Teuscher, the translator of Villiers de l'Isle Adam's "La Révolte", with whom he had three children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(economic_writer) .

James Hall Nasmyth (sometimes spelled Naesmyth, Nasmith, or Nesmyth) (19 August 1808 - 7 May 1890) was a Scottish engineer and inventor famous for his development of the steam hammer. He was the co-founder of Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company manufacturers of machine tools. He retired at the age of 48, and moved to Penshurst, Kent where he developed his hobbies of astronomy and photography. His father Alexander Nasmyth was a landscape and portrait painter in Edinburgh, where James was born. One of Alexander's hobbies was mechanics and he employed nearly all his spare time in his workshop where he encouraged his youngest son to work with him in all sorts of materials. James was sent to the Royal High School where he had as a friend, Jimmy Patterson, the son of a local iron founder. Being already interested in mechanics he spent much of his time at the foundry and there he gradually learned to work and turn in wood, brass, iron, and steel. In 1820 he left the High School and again made great use of his father's workshop where at the age of 17, he made his first steam engine.

From 1821 to 1826, Nasmyth regularly attended the Edinburgh School of Arts (today Heriot-Watt University, making him one of the first students of the institution). In 1828 he made a complete steam carriage that was capable of running a mile carrying 8 passengers. This accomplishment increased his desire to become a mechanical engineer. He had heard of the fame of Henry Maudslay's workshop and resolved to get employment there; unfortunately his father could not afford to place him as an apprentice at Maudslay's works. Nasmyth therefore decided instead to show Maudslay examples of his skills and produced a complete working model of a high-pressure steam engine, creating the working drawings and constructing the components himself. In May 1829 Nasmyth visited Maudslay in London, and after showing him his work was engaged as an assistant workman at 10 shillings a week. Unfortunately, Maudslay died two years later, whereupon Nasmyth was taken on by Maudslay's partner as a draughtsman.

When Nasmyth was 23 years old, having saved the sum of ?69, he decided to set up in business on his own. He rented a factory flat 130 feet long by 27 feet wide at an old Cotton Mill on Dale Street, Manchester. The combination of massive castings and a wooden floor was not an ideal one, and after an accident involving one end of an engine beam crashing through the floor into a glass cutters flat below he soon relocated. He moved to Patricroft, an area of the town of Eccles, Lancashire, where in August 1836, he and his business partner Holbrook Gaskell opened the Bridgewater Foundry, where they traded as Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company. The premises were constructed adjacent to the (then new) Liverpool and Manchester Railway and the Bridgewater Canal.

In March 1838 James was making a journey by coach from Sheffield to York in a snowstorm, when he spied some ironwork furnaces in the distance. The coachman informed him that they were managed by a Mr. Hartop who was one of his customers. He immediately got off the coach and headed for the furnaces through the deep snow. He found Mr. Hartop at his house, and was invited to stay the night and visit the works the next day. That evening he met Hartop's family and was immediately smitten by his 21-year-old daughter, Anne. A decisive man, the next day he told her of his feelings and intentions, which was received "in the best spirit that I could desire." He then communicated the same to her parents, and told them his prospects, and so became betrothed in the same day. They were married two years later, on 16 June 1840 in Wentworth.

Up to 1843, Nasmyth, Gaskell & Co. concentrated on producing a wide range of machine tools in large numbers. By 1856, Nasmyth had built 236 shaping machines.

In 1840 he began to receive orders from the newly opened railways which were beginning to cover the country, for locomotives. His connection with the Great Western Railway whose famous steamship SS Great Western had been so successful in voyages between Bristol and New York, led to him being asked to make some machine tools of unusual size and power which were required for the construction of the engines of their next and bigger ship SS Great Britain. Nasmyth retired from business in 1856 when he was 48 years old, as he said "I have now enough of this world's goods: let younger men have their chance". He settled down near Penshurst, Kent, where he renamed his retirement home "Hammerfield" and happily pursued his various hobbies including astronomy. He built his own 20-inch reflecting telescope, in the process inventing the Nasmyth focus, and made detailed observations of the Moon. He co-wrote The Moon : Considered as a Planet, a World, and a Satellite with James Carpenter (1840-1899). This book contains an interesting series of "lunar" photographs: because photography was not yet advanced enough to take actual pictures of the Moon, Nasmyth built plaster models based on his visual observations of the Moon and then photographed the models. A crater on the Moon is named after him.

He was happily married for 50 years, until his death. They had no children.

In memory of his renowned contribution to the discipline of mechanical engineering, the Department of Mechanical Engineering building at Heriot-Watt University, in his birthplace of Edinburgh, is called the James Nasmyth Building.

An American dancer, choreographer, and teacher (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Horton)

(from Wikipedia entry)

Alfred Sidgwick (1850 in Skipton - December 22 1943 in Orchard Trewoofe ) was an English logician and philosopher.

Sidgwick studied at Lincoln College in Oxford. He became known for his analysis of fallacies . His logic is a theory of argumentation. He opposes the formal logic and emphasized the practical benefits that the study of the logic must have. In addition to some own books he published mainly in the philosophical journal Mind. For Sidgwick, the logic is a science in which it comes to distinguishing good from bad arguments, and these arguments in both the communication between several people as well as in the analysis of thinking of an individual play a role.

Sidwick's publications include:

Fallacies. A View of Logic from the Practical Side. 1883; 2. Aufl.: London 1890
Distinction and Criticism of Beliefs. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1892
The Process of Argument: A Contribution to Logic. 1893
The Use of Words in Reasoning. 1901
The Application of Logic.Macmillan, London 1910
Elementary Logic. 1914

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sidgwick .

Cass Canfield (publisher, editor, and author) was born in New York on April 26, 1897. Canfield was president of the publishing house Harper & Row (formerly Harper & Brothers) from 1931 to 1945, chairman of the board from 1945 to 1955, and chairman of the executive committee from 1955 to 1967. He was responsible for publishing books by several notable and prize-winning authors including James Thurber, Thornton Wilder, John F. Kennedy, and Adlai E. Stevenson. Canfield is the author of Up and Down and Around (1971) and The Iron Will of Jefferson Davis (1978), among other titles.

J. David Wood, geography professor at York University, was born in Galt, Ontario, on 23 February 1934. He received a B.A. and M.A. from the University of Toronto in 1955 and 1958 respectively, and a PhD from Edinburgh University in 1962. Wood began his career as a Teaching Fellow at the University of Toronto. Other major academic positions include: Assistant Lecturer, Edinburgh University; Assistant Professor, University of Alberta; and since 1965 at Atkinson College, York University as Associate Professor (and founding Chairman), Geography Department; Professor, Department of Geography; Director, Graduate Program in Geography; Co-ordinator, Canadian Studies Program; Professor and Chair, Department of Geography and Co-ordinator, Urban Studies Program and Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Studies Program. Wood is the author of "Making Ontario: Agricultural Colonization and Landscape Re-Creation Before the Railway" and numerous articles in prominent journals relating to the study of geography. He organized, delivered numerous papers and chaired many sessions at geographical conferences and symposia. He was inducted into the York University Founders' Society on March 1, 2000 in recognition of his achievements at York University and in the field of geography. Wood died on 15 October 2022.

Ralph Thicknesse (1856-19230 was most likely a legal scholar who wrote "A digest of the law of husband and wife" (1884).

Ernesto Vinci (1898-1983), teacher and singer, was born in Gnesen, Prussia (now a part of Poland) as Ernst Wreszynski. Raised as a Reform Jew by father Adolf Wreszynski and mother, Anna Kalinski, he used the surname Wygram professionally during his time in Germany and in Milan, Italy. The evidence is that the surname Vinci was adopted as a professional name in Italy and was used to distinguish his singing persona from his medical career in North America. It is doubtful that he used the names Vinci or Wygram to disguise a Jewish background, since all early correspondence and documents, including immigration records, bear his given name. However, his son was unaware of his Jewish heritage until 1999. Vinci was educated in Berlin (medical degree, 1924) and in Milan (second medical degree, 1933). He began voice training as a medical student and by 1936 was employed as a professional baritone in Italy and Switzerland. In 1939 he emigrated to Canada and took a position with the Halifax Ladies College and Conservatory of Music. In 1945 he joined the Faculty of Music, University of Toronto, and the Royal Conservatory of Music, later adding the Banff School of Fine Arts to his teaching schedule. In his capacity as a voice teacher, Vinci trained some of the best-known singers in Canadian opera (Portia White, Joan Maxwell, Andrew MacMillan, Patricia Rideout). He introduced opera to Alberta and Nova Scotia and he was responsible for programming opera for servicemen during World War II. He retired from the University of Toronto and the Royal Conservatory in 1979 and moved to Shediac, New Brunswick. He died in Moncton in November, 1983.

Pamela Grundy was a professional Canadian modern dancer and is currently the Development Coordinator for Dance Collection Danse. She graduated in Kinesiology from the University of Waterloo in 1974 and accepted a position teaching modern dance and track and field at the University of Calgary in 1977. She trained under Judy Jarvis, Danny Grossman, Eric Hyrst, and Don Farnworth before her thirty-year association with Danny Grossman Dance Company as a featured performer, teacher, rehearsal director, assistant to Mr. Grossman, and Associate Director and from 2000-2008, Co-Artistic Director. She was also involved with the Judy Jarvis Dance and Theatre Company and Randy Glynn Dance Project. Grundy has performed with the Randy Glynn Dance Project and has also appeared in works by Claudia Mooire, Judith Miller, and Anna Blewschamp. She has also served on the Board of Directors of the Dance in Canada Association, the Dance Committee of the Toronto Arts Council, co-authored the Canadian Dancer's Survival Manual and is currently Chair of the Judy Jarvis Dance Foundation.

Marc Egnal (1943- ), a member of the History Department at York University, began teaching in 1960 following the completion of his doctoral work at the University of Wisconsin. He is the author "A mighty empire: the origins of the American Revolution," (1988), and articles on revolutionary-era politics.