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translator of works of philosophy

William Walsham How (always called Walsham; 13 December 1823 - 10 August 1897) was an English bishop.It was during his period at Whittington he wrote the bulk of his published works and founded the first public library in Oswestry. In 1863-1868 he brought out a Commentary on the Four Gospels and he also wrote a manual for the Holy Communion. Published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge during the 1890s under the title "Holy Communion, Preparation and Companion...together with the Collects, Epistles and Gospels" this book was widely distributed and many copies still survive today. In the movement for infusing new spiritual life into the church services, especially among the poor, How was a great force. He took a stand against what he regarded as immoral literature and Thomas Hardy claimed that he had burned a copy of his novel Jude the Obscure. How was much helped in his earlier work by his wife, Frances A. Douglas (died 1887).

The son of a Shrewsbury solicitor, How was educated at Shrewsbury School, Wadham College, Oxford and University College, Durham. He was ordained in 1846, and after a curacy at Kidderminster, began more than thirty years actively engaged in parish work in Shropshire, as curate at the Abbey Church in Shrewsbury in 1848. In 1851 he became Rector of Whittington and was at one point Rural Dean of Oswestry in 1860.

author (b. 23 December 1856 and died 25 May 1926.) Married 3 January 1895 Florence Helen Duckworth (18??-1933). Son of Rev Francis James Holland (1828-1907) and Mary Sibylla Lyall (1836-1891). Author of "A Reported Change in Religion" (1899) and "Imperium et Libertas: a study in history and politics" (1901).

Ellice Hopkins (30 October 1836 - 21 August 1904) was a Victorian social campaigner and author, who vigorously advocated moral purity while criticizing contemporary sexual double standards. In 1874 she established the Soldier's Institute at Portsmouth, and in 1876 toured several British towns, recruiting thousands of women to the Ladies' Association for the Care of Friendless Girls. Her biographer describes her as 'instrumental' in the passing of the Industrial Schools Amendment Act of 1880. Her works, such as A plea for the wider action of the Church of England in the prevention of the degradation of women, criticized the contemporary double standard by which women were disproportionately blamed for sexual immorality. In 1883 she co-founded the White Cross Army, and continued her political campaigning. The historian Frank Mort has described her as a "central figure in the feminist agitation for criminal law regulation in the 1880s".

Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS FLS (4 May 1825 - 29 June 1895) was an English biologist (comparative anatomist), known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.

Huxley's famous debate in 1860 with Samuel Wilberforce was a key moment in the wider acceptance of evolution, and in his own career. Huxley had been planning to leave Oxford on the previous day, but, after an encounter with Robert Chambers, the author of Vestiges, he changed his mind and decided to join the debate. Wilberforce was coached by Richard Owen, against whom Huxley also debated about whether humans were closely related to apes.

Huxley was slow to accept some of Darwin's ideas, such as gradualism, and was undecided about natural selection, but despite this he was wholehearted in his public support of Darwin. Instrumental in developing scientific education in Britain, he fought against the more extreme versions of religious tradition.

In 1869 Huxley coined the term 'agnostic' describing his own views on theology, a term whose use has continued to the present day (see Thomas Henry Huxley and agnosticism).

Huxley had little formal schooling and was virtually self-taught. He became perhaps the finest comparative anatomist of the latter 19th century. He worked on invertebrates, clarifying relationships between groups previously little understood. Later, he worked on vertebrates, especially on the relationship between apes and humans. After comparing Archaeopteryx with Compsognathus, he concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs, a theory widely accepted today.

The tendency has been for this fine anatomical work to be overshadowed by his energetic and controversial activity in favour of evolution, and by his extensive public work on scientific education, both of which had significant effects on society in Britain and elsewhere.

Margaret Lindsay, Lady Huggins (born in August 14, 1848 in Dublin; died in March 24, 1915 in London), born Margaret Lindsay Murray, was an Irish scientific investigator and astronomer. With her husband William Huggins she was a pioneer in the field of spectroscopy and co-authored the Atlas of Representative Stellar Spectra (1899).

When Huggins was young, her mother died and her father remarried, leaving her on her own much of the time. Obituaries written by her friends attribute her interest in astronomy to her grandfather, a wealthy bank officer named Robert Murray. According to these sources, Margaret's grandfather taught her the constellations, and as a result of this she began studying the heavens with home-made instruments. She constructed a spectroscope after finding inspiration in articles on astronomy in the periodical Good Words. Her interest and abilities in spectroscopy led to her introduction to the astronomer William Huggins, whom she married in 1875. Evidence suggests that Huggins was instrumental in instigating William Huggins' successful program in photographic research.

Leonard Huxley (11 December 1860 - 2 May 1933) was an English schoolteacher, writer and editor. His father was the zoologist Thomas Henry Huxley, commonly referred to as 'Darwin's bulldog'. Leonard was educated at University College School, London, St. Andrews University, and Balliol College, Oxford. He first married Julia Arnold, daughter of Tom Arnold. She was a sister of the novelist Mrs. Humphry Ward, niece of the poet Matthew Arnold, and granddaughter of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School (immortalised as a character in Tom Brown's Schooldays).

Their four children included the biologist Julian Huxley (1887-1975) and the writer Aldous Huxley (1894-1963). Their middle son, Noel Trevenen (born in 1889), committed suicide in 1914. Their daughter, Margaret Arnold Huxley, was born in 1899 and died on 11 October 1981. Julia Arnold died of cancer in 1908.

After the death of his first wife, Leonard married Rosalind Bruce, and had two further sons. The elder of these was David Bruce Huxley (1915-1992), whose daughter Angela married George Pember Darwin, son of the physicist Charles Galton Darwin. The younger was the 1963 Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Andrew Huxley (1917-2012). Huxley's major biographies were the three volumes of Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley and the two volumes of Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI. He also published Thomas Henry Huxley: a character sketch, and a short biography of Darwin. He was assistant master at Charterhouse School between 1884 and 1901. He was then the assistant editor of Cornhill Magazine between 1901 and 1916, becoming its editor in 1916.

1848-1915. Anglican clergyman. His rectory at Longworth was the centre of the Lux Mundi group. Lux Mundi: A series of Studies in the Religion of the Incarnation is a collection of 12 essays from liberal Anglo-Catholic theologians and edited by the future Bishop of Oxford, Charles Gore, in 1889.

Gore's article ('The Holy Spirit and Inspiration'), which showed an ability to accept discoveries of contemporary science, was challenged in conservative Anglo- Catholic circles. He subsequently remedied Christological deficiency in his 1891 Bampton Lectures, 'The Incarnation of the Son of God'.

Many of the contributors included the word 'Incarnation, in the titles of their articles, i.e. R.C Moberley, E.R.Talbot, J.R. Illingworth ('Incarnation and Development'),R.L.Ottley ('Incarnation and Christian Ethics'), Francis Paget ('Incarnation and Sacraments'), Walter Lock ('Incarnation, union of human and divine'). Other contributors were Arthur Lyttelton, Aubrey Moore and W. J. H. Campion .

Richard Holt Hutton (2 June 1826 - 9 September 1897) was an English journalist of literature and religion.The son of Joseph Hutton, a Unitarian minister, Richard Holt Hutton was born at Leeds. His family moved to London in 1835, and he was educated at University College School and University College, London, where he began a lifelong friendship with Walter Bagehot, whose works he later edited. He took his degree in 1845, and was awarded the gold medal for philosophy. Meanwhile he had also studied for short periods at Heidelberg and Berlin, and in 1847 he entered Manchester New College with the idea of becoming a minister like his father, and studied there under James Martineau. He was not, however, called on by any church, and for some time his future was unsettled. In 1851, he married his cousin, Anne Roscoe, and became joint-editor with J. L. Sanford of the Inquirer, the principal Unitarian organ. His innovations and unconventional views about stereotyped Unitarian doctrines caused alarm, and in 1853 he resigned. His health had broken down, and he visited the West Indies, where his wife died of yellow fever. In 1855 Hutton and Bagehot became joint editors of the National Review, a new monthly which lasted for ten years. During this time Hutton's theological views, influenced directly by Frederick William Robertson and John Frederick Denison Maurice, gradually came closer to those of the Church of England, which he ultimately joined. He brought to his study of theology a spirituality of outlook and an aptitude for metaphysical inquiry and exposition which made his writings more attractive. In 1861 he joined Meredith Townsend as joint editor and part proprietor of the Spectator, then a well-known liberal weekly, but it did not pay. Hutton took charge of the literary side of the paper, and gradually his own articles became one of the best-known features of serious and thoughtful English journalism. The Spectator, which gradually became a prosperous property, was an outlet for his views, particularly on literary, religious and philosophical subjects, in opposition to the agnostic and rationalistic opinions then current in intellectual circles, as popularized by T. H. Huxley.

Hutton had many friends, and became one of the most respected and influential journalists of the day. He was an original member of the Metaphysical Society (1869). He was an anti-vivisectionist, and a member of the Royal Commission (1875) on that subject, which led to the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876. In 1858 he married Eliza Roscoe, a cousin of his first wife; she died early in 1897, and Hutton's own death followed in the same year.

Among his other publications may be mentioned Essays, Theological and Literary (1871; revised 1888), and Criticisms on Contemporary Thought and Thinkers (1894); and his opinions may be studied compendiously in the selections from his Spectator articles published in 1899 under the title of Aspects of Religious and Scientific Thought.

John Hughlings Jackson, FRS (4 April 1835 - 7 October 1911), was an English neurologist.He was born at Providence Green, Green Hammerton, near Harrogate, Yorkshire, the youngest son of Samuel Jackson, a brewer and yeoman who owned and farmed his land, and Sarah Jackson (n

William James (January 11, 1842 - August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist who was also trained as a physician. The first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States,
James was one of the leading thinkers of the late nineteenth century
and is believed by many to be one of the most influential philosophers
the United States has ever produced, while others have labelled him the
"Father of American psychology". Along with Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, he is considered to be one of the greatest figures associated with the philosophical school known as pragmatism, and is also cited as one of the founders of functional psychology. He also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as

Reverend Henry Gladwin Jebb was born on 6 May 1826. He was the son of Samuel Henry Jebb and Frances Straw. He married Emma Louisa Ramsden, daughter of Robert Ramsden and Frances Matilda Plumptre, on 29 September 1853. He died on 19 April 1898 at age 71.
He graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, in 1851 with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.). He graduated from St. John's College, Cambridge University, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, in 1872 with a Master of Arts (M.A.). He was the Rector at Chetwynd, Shropshire, England. He was invested as a Fellow, Society of Antiquaries (F.S.A.). He held the office of Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for the West Riding, Yorkshire. He was the Rector at Fontmell, Dorset, England. He lived at Firbeck Hall, Yorkshire, England.

editor of "Hibbert Journal". Lawrence Pearsall Jacks (9 October 1860 - 17 February 1955), abbreviated L. P. Jacks was an English educator, philosopher, and Unitarian minister who rose to prominence in the period from World War I to World War II.Jacks was born on 9 October 1860 in Nottingham,
to Anne Steere and Jabez Jacks. When his father died in 1874, George
Herbert, at the University School in Nottingham, allowed the 14 year old
Jacks to continue his education without fee. At about the same time,
his family took in a Unitarian lodger, Sam Collinson, who discussed
religion with Jacks and lent him books such as Matthew Arnold's Literature and Dogma.
Jacks left school at the age of 17 and spent the next five years
teaching at private schools, while earning a degree as an External
Student at the University of London.
In 1882, Jacks enrolled in Manchester New College, London, to train for the clergy, and became a Unitarian while at the College, under the influence of James Estlin Carpenter and James Martineau. After graduating, he spent a year on scholarship at Harvard University, where he studied with the philosopher Josiah Royce and the literary scholar Charles Eliot Norton. In 1887, after returning from the United States of America,
he received an unexpected invitation (due to Carpenter's
recommendation) to take the prestigious position of assistant minister
to Stopford Brooke
in his chapel in London; he later wrote that "Had I received an
invitation to become demigod to Apollo my surprise would hardly have
been greater." He served as assistant minister for a year, and then
accepted a position as Unitarian minister for Renshaw Street Chapel in Liverpool in 1888.
In 1889, Jacks married Olive Brooke (the fourth daughter of Stopford
Brooke), whom he had fallen in love with on the ship returning from
America. They had six children together.
In 1894, Jacks was appointed minister for the Church of the Messiah, Birmingham, England, where he developed his democratic
political and religious views, holding that "the Common Man is the
appointed saviour of the world," and developed his idea of a natural
religion accessible to everyone, regardless of denomination or creed. In 1903 he accepted a Professorship at Manchester College, Oxford, where he taught philosophy and theology. He taught the work of Henri Bergson and Baruch Spinoza, and published The Alchemy of Thought
in 1910. He served as Principal of the College from 1915 until his
retirement in 1931, where he opened the theology program to lay students
and tried to introduce the study of Asian religious thought, in an
effort to relieve what he saw as the "insufficient ventilation" in the
theology program.
Jacks served as the editor of the Hibbert Journal from its founding in 1902 until 1948. Under his editorship the Journal
became one of the leading forums in England for work in philosophy and
religion. He gained international notoriety as a public intellectual
with the outbreak of World War I,
when he wrote in support of the war effort, citing the need to defeat
German militarism and defend "the liberties of our race." In September
1915, he published "The Peacefulness of Being at War" in The New Republic,
arguing that the war had "brought to England a peace of mind such as
she had not possessed for decades," claiming that the sense of common
purpose brought on by the war had overcome social fragmentation and
improved English life.
After the war, Jacks wrote prolifically and gained popularity as a
lecturer in Britain and America. He frequently returned to the theme of
militarism and the "mechanical" mindset, which he regarded as one of the
greatest threats in modern life. In his Revolt Against Mechanism
(1933), he wrote that "The mechanical mind has a passion for control

Henry James, OM (15 April 1843 - 28 February 1916)
was an Anglo-American writer who spent the bulk of his career in
Britain. He is regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. He was the son of Henry James, Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.
James alternated between America and Europe for the first 20 years of his life; eventually he settled in England, becoming a British subject
in 1915, one year before his death. He is best known for a number of
novels showing Americans encountering Europe and Europeans. His method
of writing from the point of view of a character within a tale allows
him to explore issues related to consciousness and perception, and his style in later works has been compared to impressionist painting.
James contributed significantly to literary criticism,
particularly in his insistence that writers be allowed the greatest
possible freedom in presenting their view of the world. James claimed
that a text must first and foremost be realistic and contain a
representation of life that is recognisable to its readers. Good novels,
to James, show life in action and are, most importantly, interesting.
His imaginative use of point of view, interior monologue and possibly unreliable narrators in his own novels and tales brought a new depth and interest to narrative
fiction. An extraordinarily productive writer, in addition to his
voluminous works of fiction he published articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism,
and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime,
though with limited success. His theatrical work is thought to have
profoundly influenced his later novels and tales.James was born at 2 Washington Place in New York City on 15 April 1843. His parents were Mary Walsh and Henry James, Sr..
His father was intelligent, steadfastly congenial, and a lecturer and
philosopher who had inherited independent means from his father, an
Albany, NY banker and investor. Mary came from a wealthy family long
settled in New York City, and her sister Katherine lived with the family
for an extended period of time. Henry, Jr. had three brothers, William who was one year his senior and younger brothers Wilkinson and Robertson. His younger sister was Alice.
The family first lived in Albany and moved to New York City and took
up residence on Fourteenth Street when James was still a young boy. His
education was calculated by his father to expose him to many influences,
primarily scientific and philosophical; it was described as
"extraordinarily haphazard and promiscuous." James did not share the
usual education in Latin and Greek classics, and did not attend
university. Between 1855 and 1860, the James' household traveled to London, Paris, Geneva, Boulogne-sur-Mer and Newport, Rhode Island,
according to the father's current interests and publishing ventures,
retreating to the United States when funds were low. Henry studied
primarily with tutors and briefly attended a few schools while the
family traveled in Europe. Their longest stays were in France, where
Henry began to feel at home, and became fluent in French. In 1860 the
family returned to Newport,
and in 1864 moved to Boston, Massachusetts to be near William, who had
enrolled in the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard, and then in the
medical school. Henry James could not serve during the Civil War owing to a bad back. In 1862 he attended Harvard Law School,
but realized that he was not interested in studying law. He pursued his
interest in literature and associated with authors and critics William Dean Howells and Charles Eliot Norton in Boston and Cambridge, and formed lifelong friendships with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., the future Supreme Court Justice, and James and Annie Fields, his first professional mentors.

Mary Karadja , born Marie Louise Smith 12 March 1868 in Stockholm, died in Locarno in 1943, was a Swedish-Turkish princess and author.

Mary Karadja was the youngest of four children to "liquor king" LO Smith and his first wife, Maria Lovisa Collin, and was schooled in retirement in Geneva between nine and 16 years of age. She married in April 1887 under the Greek Orthodox ritual with a Turkish prince and minister at the courts of Stockholm, Copenhagen and The Hague Jean Karadja Pasha , died in 1887) and had two children, Prince and later Romanian diplomat Constantin Karadja and Princess Despina (1892 - 1983). The couple first lived in Stockholm, then Hague and finally in London. After Jean's death Karadjas spent the multilingual Mary Karadja alternately in Belgium, Britain and France, but also had influence on the formation of spirit genomic associations in Sweden.
Mary Karadja was a versatile writer and wrote several poetry and prose books and plays and numerous spiritualist writings. During the years 1902-04 she published the spiritualist journal XXth century along with Lizzy Lind af Hageby (1878-1963) and Anna Synnerdahl. [translated from Swedish Wikipedia page]

Philip Edward Bertrand Jourdain (16 October 1879 - 1 October 1919) was a British logician and follower of Bertrand Russell.
He was born in Ashbourne in Derbyshire one of a large family belonging to Emily Clay and his father Francis Jourdain (who was the vicar at Ashbourne). He was partly disabled by Friedreich's ataxia. He corresponded with Georg Cantor and Gottlob Frege, and took a close interest in the paradoxes related to Russell's paradox, formulating the card paradox version of the liar paradox. He corresponded with Ludwig Wittgenstein, meeting with him in Cambridge to discuss Frege's book Grundgesetze der Arithmetik, of parts of which Jourdain had prepared a translation. He also worked on algebraic logic, and the history of science with Isaac Newton as a particular study. He was London editor for The Monist.
His sister Eleanor Jourdain was an English academic and author.

May be http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jukes_%28theologian%29 or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Jukes_%28missionary%29

Kanda Takahira (?? ???, 31 October 1830 - 5 July 1898) was a scholar and statesman in Meiji period Japan. He often used the pen-name Kanda K?hei.
Kanda was born in the Fuwa District of Mino Province, (present-day Gifu Prefecture). He studied rangaku and became a teacher at the Tokugawa bakufu's Bansho Shirabesho institute for researching western science and technology.
After the Meiji Restoration, Kanda was appointed governor of Hy?go Prefecture, and also worked for the new Meiji government
as an advisor on economics and governmental structures, and was
responsible for developing and implementing the Land Tax Reforms of
1873-1881, and for establishing local administration structures. He was
appointed to the House of Peers in 1890.
His translation of William Ellis's Outlines of Social Economy in 1867 is regarded as Japan

Alfred James (A. J.) Jenkinson (c. 1878-1928). Translator; senior dean of Brasenose College, Oxford; O. B. E.

William Ernest Johnson (23 June 1858 - 14 January 1931) was a British logician mainly remembered for his Logic (1921-1924), in 3 volumes. In 1924, in volume III he introduced the important concept of exchangeability.
He taught at King's College, Cambridge for nearly thirty years. He wrote a bit on economics, and John Maynard Keynes was one of his students. Johnson was a colleague of Keynes's father, John Neville Keynes.
Logic was dated at the time of its publication, and Johnson
can be seen as a member of the British logic "old guard" pushed aside by
the Principia Mathematica of Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.
Yet an article entitled "The Logical Calculus" (Johnson 1892) reveals
that he had nontrivial technical capabilities in his youth, and that he
was significantly influenced by the formal logical work of Charles Sanders Peirce. The article begins as follows:

"As a material machine economises the exertion of force, so a
symbolic calculus economises the exertion of intelligence ... the more
perfect the calculus, the smaller the intelligence compared to the
results."

A.N. Prior's Formal Logic cites this article several times.
John Passmore tells us:

"His neologisms, as rarely happens, have won wide acceptance: such
phrases as

Emily Elizabeth Constance Jones (1848-1922) was an English educator and writer on logic and ethics, and Mistress of Girton College, Cambridge, from 1903 until 1916. Her ideas were misrepresented by Bertrand Russell as his own.

She was educated at Girton, taking a first class in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1880; was a resident lecturer on moral sciences (1884-1903), and after 1903 mistress. She translated, with Miss Hamilton, Hermann Lotze's Mikrokosmus (1888); edited Henry Sidgwick's Methods of Ethics (1901) and his Ethics of Green, Spencer, and Martineau (1902); and wrote Elements of Logic (1890); A Primer of Logic (1905); A Primer of Ethics (1909); A New Law of Thought and its Logical Bearing (1911); Girton College (1913).

Jones was the first woman recorded as having delivered a paper to the Cambridge University Moral Sciences Club. She spoke about James Ward's Naturalism and Agnosticism on 1 December 1899, with the philosopher Henry Sidgwick chairing the meeting. Her views were regarded as original and influenced her colleagues. She spent her career developing the idea that categorical propositions are composed of a predicate and a subject related via identity or non-identity.

John Neville Keynes (31 August 1852 - 15 November 1949) was a British economist and father of John Maynard Keynes. Born in Salisbury, he was the son of Dr John Keynes (1805-1878) and his wife Anna Maynard Neville (1821-1907). He was educated at Amersham Hall School, University College London and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he became a fellow in 1876. He held a lectureship in Moral Science from 1883 to 1911. He was elected as Registrary in 1910, and held that office until 1925.
He divided Economy into "positive economy" (the study of what is, and
the way the economy works), "normative economy" (the study of what
should be), and the "art of economics" (applied economics).
The art of economics relates the lessons learned in positive economics
to the normative goals determined in normative economics. He tried to
synthesise deductive and inductive reasoning as a solution to the "Methodenstreit". His main works were:
Studies and Exercises in Formal Logic (1884)The Scope and Method of Political Economy (1891)
He married, in 1882, Florence Ada Brown (who was later a Mayor of Cambridge). They had two sons and a daughter:
John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946), the economist.Geoffrey Keynes (1887-1982), a surgeon.Margaret Neville Keynes (1885-1974), who married Archibald Hill (winner of the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physiology) in 1913.
He outlived his elder son by three years; he died in Cambridge, aged 97.

(from obituary notice) Mr. Charles Francis Keary, the novelist, died yesterday of heart failure at the age of 55. He was educated at Marlborough and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was for some years in the Department of Coins at the British Museum. In 1890, while he was still in the British Museum, he published "The Vikings in Western Christendom," still a standard book on the subject. It was intended that it should be followed by a second volume, which was never written. He also wrote books on religious origins, "The Outlines of Primitive Belief" (1882), "The Mythology of the Eddas" (1882), which, of course, have now been rendered out of date by the great body of research on this subject

Sir Frederic George Kenyon, GBE, KCB, TD, FBA, FSA (15 January 1863 - 23 August 1952) was a British paleographer and biblical and classical scholar. He occupied from 1889 to 1931 a series of posts at the British Museum. He was also the president of the British Academy from 1917 to 1921, and from 1918 to 1952 he was Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod.
Kenyon was born in London, the son of John Robert Kenyon, the Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford. After graduating B.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was later a fellow, he joined the British Museum
in 1889 and rose to be its Director and Principal Librarian by 1909. He
was knighted for his services in 1912 and remained at his post until
1931.
In 1891, Kenyon edited the editio princeps of Aristotle's Constitution of Athens. In 1920, he was appointed president of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. He spent most of his retirement researching and publishing ancient papyri. He died on 23 August 1952.
Kenyon was a noted scholar of ancient languages, and made a lifelong study of the Bible, especially the New Testament as an historical text. His book Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (1895) shows one way that Egyptian papyri and other evidence from archeology
can corroborate the narrative of historical events in the Gospels. He
was convinced of the historical reality of the events described in the
New Testament:

Edward King (29 December 1829 - 8 March 1910) was an Anglican bishop. He was the second son of the Reverend Walker King, Archdeacon of Rochester and rector of Stone, Kent, and grandson of the Reverend Walker King, Bishop of Rochester; his nephew was the Reverend Robert Stuart King, who played football for England in 1882.
King graduated from Oriel College, Oxford, was ordained in 1854, and four years later became chaplain and lecturer at Cuddesdon Theological College (now Ripon College Cuddesdon). He was principal at Cuddesdon from 1863 to 1873, when Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone appointed him Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology at Oxford and canon of Christ Church. King became the principal founder of the leading catholic theological college in the Church of England, St Stephen's House, Oxford, now a Permanent Private Hall of the University of Oxford. To the world outside, King was known at this time as an Anglo-Catholic and one of Edward Pusey's
most intimate friends (even serving as a pall-bearer at his funeral in
1882), but in Oxford, and especially among the younger men, he exercised
influence by his charm and sincerity. King had also been devoted to his
mother, who assisted him at Cuddleston and Oxford by keeping his house
and entertaining guests as his position required. King never married and
his mother died in 1883.
A leading member of the English Church Union, Dr. King fought prosecutions in lay courts under the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874 (which Archbishop of Canterbury Archibald Campbell Tait and Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli had secured over the Gladstone's opposition, in order to restrict the growing Oxford Movement). In 1879 King's writings concerning Holy Communion were criticized as Romish in a pamphlet by a local vicar.
In 1885, upon Gladstone's invitation when he again became Prime Minister, King accepted consecration as Bishop of Lincoln, which he noted had been the diocese of John Wesley. The consecrating bishops included Archbishop of Canterbury Edward White Benson, with presenting Bishops John Mackarness
of Oxford and Woodford of Ely. Other consecrating bishops were Bishop
Temple of London, Bishop Thorold of Rochester, Bishop Wilberforce of
Newcastle, Bishop Trollope of Nottingham, Bishop How of Bedford, Bishop
Carter of Ripon and Bishop Bousfield of Pretoria.
Although Tait had died in 1882, the Puritan faction continued,
including at Lincoln where J. Hanchard published a sketch of King's
life, criticizing his Romish tendencies. Beginning in 1888, based on a churchwarden's complaint concerning a service conducted at Cleethorps, funded by the Church Association, King was prosecuted before Archbisjop Benson for six ritualistic practices.
In his "Lincoln Judgment", Archbishop Benson found Bishop King guilty
on two counts and also required him to conduct the manual acts during
the prayer of consecration during the Holy Communion service in such a
way that the people could see them.
Archbishop Benson specifically allowed the use of lighted candles, and
mixing of elements, as well as the eastward position during the service.
The Church Association appealed the Bishop's process to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, but was denied in 1890.
Bishop King loyally conformed his practices to the archbishop's
judgment. Some considered the process a repudiation of the
anti-ritualism movement,
though it proved physically and emotionally taxing for King, whose
physique had never been particularly robust. Moreover, a decade later,
after Frederick Temple
succeeded Benson as Archbishop of Canterbury, he and the Bishop of York
prosecuted two priests for using incense and candles, and notified
Bishop King of Lincoln of their condemnation, which he abided.
Later, many of King's liturgical practices became commonplace,
including making the sign of the cross during the absolution and
blessing, and mixture of elements during the service, for which the
criticisms had been upheld as an innovation.
As Bishop, King devoted himself unsparingly to pastoral work in his
diocese, particularly among the poor, both farmers and industrial
workers, as well as condemned prisoners. He supported the Guild of
Railway men, as well as chaplains in the Boer War and missionaries. In 1909 he visited Oxford in his episcopal capacity for the 400th anniversary of Brasenose College. Irrespective of his High Church views, he won the affection and reverence of all classes by his real saintliness of character.

"Dr. M.W. Keatings made valuable contribution to the teaching of history at the middle school by writing a textbook entitled "Studies in the Teaching of History" in 1910." (G. Aggarwal, "Teaching of History: a practical approach" p.5)

See George A. Macmillan file concerning the published memoir of George H. Kinglsey by his daughter Mary

Might be http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Kovalevskaya

Pierre Andr

Frederick Locker-Lampson (1821-1895) was an English man of letters, bibliophile and poet. He was born at Greenwich Hospital. His father, who was Civil Commissioner of the Hospital, was Edward Hawke Locker, youngest son of the Captain William Locker who gave Nelson the memorable advice "to lay a Frenchman close, and beat him." His mother, Eleanor Mary Elizabeth Boucher, was a daughter of the Revd. Jonathan Boucher, vicar of Epsom and friend of George Washington.

After a desultory education, Frederick Locker began life in a colonial broker's office. Soon he obtained a clerkship in Somerset House, whence he was transferred to Lord Haddington's private office at the Admiralty. Here he became deputy-reader and precis writer. In 1850 he married Lady Charlotte Bruce, daughter of the Lord Elgin who brought the famous marbles to England, and sister of Lady Augusta Stanley. After his marriage he left the Civil Service, in consequence of ill-health.

In 1857 he published London Lyrics, a slender volume of 90 pages, which, with subsequent extensions, constitutes his poetical legacy. Lyra Elegantiarum (1867), an anthology of light and familiar verse, and Patchwork (1879), a book of extracts, were his only other publications in his lifetime.

In 1872 Lady Charlotte Locker died. Two years later Locker married Miss Hannah Jane Lampson, the only daughter of Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson, Bart., of Rowfant House, Sussex, and in 1885 he added his wife's surname to his own to form a new family surname, Locker-Lampson. He died at Rowfant on 30 May 1895 and is buried in Worth churchyard near Crawley, Sussex.

He had five children: Eleanor by his first wife, and Godfrey, Dorothy, Oliver and Maud by his second. Eleanor married first Lionel Tennyson, younger son of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, and after his death married the writer and Liberal politician Augustine Birrell. Chronic ill-health debarred Locker from any active part in life, but it did not prevent his delighting a wide circle of friends by his gifts as a host and raconteur, and from accumulating many treasures as a connoisseur. He was acquainted with practically all the major literary figures of the age, including Matthew Arnold, the Brownings, Carlyle, Dickens, George Eliot, Leigh Hunt, Ruskin, Tennyson, Thackeray and Trollope. He was also a mentor to the illustrator artists Randolph Caldecott and Kate Greenaway.

He was a noted bibliophile and one the foremost exponents of the "Cabinet" style of book collecting. He catalogued his own collection of rare books, first editions, prints and manuscripts in a volume named after his family home in Sussex, the Rowfant Library (1886). An Appendix compiled by his elder son, Godfrey, was published in 1900. The Rowfant Club, a Cleveland-based society of book collectors, is named after his home.

As a poet, Locker belongs to the choir who deal with the gay rather than the grave in verse, with the polished and witty rather than the lofty or emotional. His good taste kept him as far from the broadly comic on the one side as his kind heart saved him from the purely cynical on the other. To something of Prior, of Praed and of Hood he added qualities of his own which lent his work distinction in no wise diminished by his unwearied endeavour after directness and simplicity.

Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 - 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.

An invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist, he held chairs at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray: his father had just edited the memorials of John Ray for the Ray Society.

In 1855 Ray went to boarding school at Leatherhead, and in 1858 to St Paul's School. His university education was at Downing College, Cambridge and Christ Church, Oxford; he transferred from Downing, after five terms, at his parents' behest because Christ Church had better teaching in the form of the newly appointed George Rolleston.

Lankester achieved first-class honours in 1868. His education was rounded off by study visits to Vienna, Leipzig and Jena, and he did some work at the Stazione Zoologica at Naples. He took the examination to become a Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and studied under Thomas H. Huxley before taking his MA.

Lankester therefore had a far better education than most English biologists of the previous generation, such as Huxley, Wallace and Bates. Even so, it could be argued that the influence of his father Edwin and his friends were just as important. Huxley was a close friend of the family, and whilst still a child Ray met Hooker, Henfry, Clifford, Gosse, Owen, Forbes, Carpenter, Lyell, Murchison, Henslow and Darwin.

He was a large man with a large presence, of warm human sympathies and in his childhood a great admirer of Abraham Lincoln. His interventions, responses and advocacies were often colourful and forceful, as befitted an admirer of Huxley, for whom he worked as a demonstrator when a young man. In his personal manner he was not so adept as Huxley, and he made enemies by his rudeness. This undoubtedly damaged and limited the second half of his career.

Lankester appears, thinly disguised, in several novels. He is the model for Sir Roderick Dover in H.G. Wells' Marriage (Wells had been one of his students), and in Robert Briffault's Europa, which contains a brilliant portrait of Lankester, including his friendship with Karl Marx. He has also been suggested for Professor Challenger in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World, but Doyle himself said that Challenger was based on a professor of physiology at the University of Edinburgh named William Rutherford.

Lankester never married. A finely decorated memorial plaque to him can be seen at the Golders Green Crematorium, Hoop Lane, London.

Gerald Stanley Lee (1862-1944) was an American Congregational clergyman and the author of numerous books and essays. Lee was "a frequent contributor of reviews to the Critic and other periodicals and wrote books on religion, modern culture, and physical fitness.

Lee was opposed to U.S. entry into World War I, writing essays and editorials characterizing the War as a clumsy effort of the nations involved to communicate their desires, and one that could be settled without any U.S. intervention. This drew a harsh rebuke from G. K. Chesterton, who criticized Lee for imagining that the war then underway could be ended by mere discussion, and for treating the warring forces as if they were on equal moral footing.
Lee and his wife Jennette and daughter Geraldine summered on Monhegan Island, Maine for over 30 years. He published a 10 cent magazine called Mount Tom in Northamptom, MA. A collection of his writings from this period is in the new book Thoughts from a Driftwood Desk by P. Kent Royka. NC: "Author of "Inspired Millionaires", "The Voice of the Machines", "Crowds" etc. Editor of the American Magazine "Mount Tom".

Husband was editor of "The Guardian"

Nina Frances Layard (Stratford, Essex 1853 - Ipswich 1935) was an English poet, prehistorian, archaeologist and antiquary who made many important discoveries, and by winning the respect of contemporary academics helped to establish a role for women in her field of expertise. She was one of the first four women to be admitted as Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, in the first year of admission, and was admitted Fellow of the Linnean Society in the second year of women's admission. She was the first woman to be President of thePrehistoric Society of East Anglia. Nina Layard was the fourth child of Charles Clement Layard and his wife Sarah, n

May be http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_LeConte OR http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nisbet_LeConte?

Daniel Connor Lathbury (1831-1922) was an editor at The Guardian (1883-1889) and The Pilot (1900-1904) edited "Gladstone's Correspondence on Church and Religion (1910).

?? Alessandro Levi ( Venice , November 19th 1881 - Bern , September 6 1953 ) was a lawyer and anti-fascist Italian . From a Jewish family, the son of James, Director of Assicurazioni Generali , and Irene Levi Civita, sister of James Levi-Civita , he graduated in Law in 1902 in the ' University of Padua with a thesis on Crime and punishment in the thought of the Greeks , published the following year in Turin by the Brothers Mouth, and reviewed on Criticism by Georges Sorel .

Democratic and socialist ideas, he worked in Social Criticism , and after the rise of fascism, the group of Freedom and Justice .

In 1938, following the Fascist racial laws , was ousted from the teaching of Philosophy of Law at the ' University of Catania . In 1940 he underwent the sentence to confinement and later expatriated to Switzerland. After the fall of fascism, he returned to teach at the ' University of Florence . He was a member of the ' National Academy of Lincei .

Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, FRS (17 May 1836 - 16 August 1920), known simply as Norman Lockyer, was an English scientist and astronomer. Along with the French scientist Pierre Janssen he is credited with discovering the gas helium. Lockyer also is remembered for being the founder and first editor of the influential journal Nature. Lockyer was born in Rugby, Warwickshire. After a conventional schooling supplemented by travel in Switzerland and France, he worked for some years as a civil servant in the British War office. He settled in Wimbledon, South London after marrying Winifred James. A keen amateur astronomer with a particular interest in the Sun. In 1885 he became the world's first professor of astronomical physics at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, now part of Imperial College. At the college, the Solar Physics Observatory was built for him and here he directed research until 1913.

In the 1860s Lockyer became fascinated by electromagnetic spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining the composition of heavenly bodies. He conducted his research from his new home in West Hampstead, with a 6

Smith College, A.B., 1886. She taught at Wheaton Academy, Grant Collegiate Institute in Chicago, Vassar College and the Western Reserve Univerity before coming to Smith in 1901 to teach English. She left in 1913. American novelist and poet. Married Gerald Stanley Lee in 1896, a pastor, author and editor.

Sir Sidney Lee (5 December 1859 - 3 March 1926) was an English biographer and critic. He was born Solomon Lazarus Lee at 12 Keppel Street, Bloomsbury, London and educated at the City of London School and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in modern history in 1882. In the next year he became assistant-editor of the Dictionary of National Biography. In 1890 he became joint editor, and on the retirement of Sir Leslie Stephen in 1891 succeeded him as editor.

Lee himself contributed voluminously to the Dictionary, writing some 800 articles, mainly on Elizabethan authors or statesmen. His sister Elizabeth Lee also contributed. While still at Balliol he had written two articles on Shakespearean questions, which were printed in The Gentleman's Magazine, and in 1884 he published a book about Stratford-on-Avon. His article on Shakespeare in the fifty-first volume (1897) of the Dictionary of National Biography formed the basis of his Life of William Shakespeare (1898), which reached its fifth edition in 1905.

In 1902, Lee edited the Oxford facsimile edition of the first folio of Shakespeare's comedies, histories and tragedies, followed in 1902 and 1904 by supplementary volumes giving details of extant copies, and in 1906 by a complete edition of Shakespeare's works.

Lee received a knighthood in 1911. Between 1913-24 he was Professor of English Literature and Language at East London College, what is now Queen Mary, University of London.

Besides editions of English classics his works include a Life of Queen Victoria (1902), Great Englishmen of the Sixteenth century (1904), based on his Lowell Institute lectures at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1903, Shakespeare and the Modern Stage (1906), and King Edward VII, a Biography (1925). There are personal letters from Lee, including during his last illness, in the T.F. Tout Collection, John Rylands Library, Manchester.

Sir Baldwyn Leighton, 8th Baronet (27 October 1836 - 22 January 1897) was an EnglishConservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1877 to 1885.
Leighton was the son of Sir Baldwin Leighton, 7th Baronet and his wife Mary Parker, daughter of Thomas Netherton Parker of Sweeney Hall, Shropshire. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating in 1859. He served in the rank of cornet in the South Salopian Yeomanry Cavalry and was a J.P. and Deputy Lieutenant for Shropshire. In 1871, he inherited the baronetcyon the death of his father. Leighton classed himself as a liberal Conservative and published several pamphlets on "Poor Law" and "Labour" for example. He also published "Letters of the late Edward Denison MP".
In August 1877, Leighton was elected at a by-election as a Member of Parliament (MP) for South Shropshire. He held the seat until the constituency was abolished in 1885.
Leighton died at the age of 60 and was buried in the parish churchyard of his family seat, Loton Park, at Alberbury, Shropshire.
Leighton married Hon. Eleanor Leicester Warren (1841-1914), daughter of George Warren, 2nd Baron de Tabley. Their son Bryan Leighton succeeded to the baronetcy. Leighton's brother Stanley Leighton was also a Shropshire MP.

Eliza Lynn Linton (10 February 1822 - 14 July 1898) was a British novelist, essayist, and anti-feminist journalist. Eliza Lynn Linton was the first female salaried journalist and author of over 20 novels. Born in Keswick, Cumbria, England, the daughter of the Rev. J. Lynn, vicar of Crosthwaite, and granddaughter of a bishop of Carlisle, she arrived in London in 1845 as the prot

Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge, FRS (12 June 1851 - 22 August 1940) was a British physicist and writer involved in the development of key patents in wireless telegraphy. In his 1894 Royal Institution lectures ("The Work of Hertz and Some of His Successors"), Lodge coined the term "coherer" for the device developed by French physicist

theology

Rev. Hon. Edward Lyttelton (23 July 1855 - 26 January 1942) was an English sportsman, schoolmaster and cleric. He played first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Middlesex as well as representing the England national football team. Lyttelton was educated at Eton College followed by Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was a member and club librarian of the University Pitt Club.

He came from a sporting family, with five brothers playing first-class cricket, Alfred, Charles, George, Arthur ("Right") and Robert. His father, George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, was a British aristocrat and Tory politician. His brother-in-law, Cyril Alington, was a scholar who later wrote a book called Edward Lyttelton: An Appreciation.

From 1880 to 1892, Lyttelton worked as the Assistant Master at Wellington College, during which time he was ordained. He was appointed Headmaster of Haileybury College in 1890, where he remained until 1905. Lyttelton was a canon of St Albans Cathedral from 1895 to 1905 and of Norwich in 1931. Between 1905 and 1916 he was the Headmaster of Eton College.

A right-handed middle order batsman, Lyttelton had his best season in 1878 when he amassed 779 runs at 29.96, helping Middlesex to finish as joint Champions. He scored his only first-class hundred that year, an innings of 113 which he made while playing for Middlesex against the touring Australian side, at Lord's. His century stood out as it occurred in the fourth innings, was double the next highest score in the match by either team (56) and was made despite Middlesex being bowled out for just 185. According to Wisden, Lyttelton's last 76 runs came in only 74 minutes. In the same season, Lyttelton took the only wicket of his first-class career, Yorkshire opening batsman George Ulyett, who also batted for England. He dismissed him, caught and bowled, in a match for Cambridge University against Yorkshire. Aside from Cambridge University and Middlesex he also represented the Gentlemen cricket team, I Zingari, Marylebone Cricket Club and the South of England cricket team.

Lyttelton's only full football international came in a 7-2 defeat by Scotland on 2 March 1878. Another significant achievement in the sport was playing in the 1876 FA Cup Final with the Old Etonians F.C., as a defender, which they lost to the Wanderers on a replay. When picked for England he had been representing Cambridge University.

Hon. John Amory Lowell (11 November 1798- 31 October 1881) was an American businessman andphilanthropist from Boston. He became the sole trustee of the Lowell Institute when his first cousin,John Lowell, Jr. (1799-1836), the Institute's endower, died. (Lowell 1899, pp 117-118)

The Right Honourable John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury PC FRS DCL LLD (30 April 1834 - 28 May 1913), known as Sir John Lubbock, 4th Baronet from 1865 until 1900, was a banker, Liberal politician, philanthropist, scientist and polymath.

He was a banker and worked with his family

The Rt. Hon.Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall PC, GCIE, KCB (4 January 1835 - 11 April 1911) was a British civil servant, literary historian and poet. He was born at Coulsdon in Surrey, the second son of Alfred Lyall and Mary Drummond Broadwood, daughter of James Shudi Broadwood. He was educated at Eton. His elder brother was already serving with the military in India, and this may have influenced him towards a career in that direction. He attended Haileybury College with that purpose in mind. In 1862 he married Cora Cloete, daughter of Peter Cloete. He died while on a sojourn to Fairford, the home of Tennyson in Freshwater, Isle of Wight. After Eton and Haileybury, he joined the Indian Civil Service in 1856, and served a long career in India. He landed at Calcutta in January 1856. After four months of training he was posted as an Assistant Magistrate at Bulandshahr in Doab, a part of the North-West Provinces. He was there when the Indian Rebellion of 1857 occurred: his house was burned down and he was nearly killed when fleeing as his horse was shot from under him. He joined the Khaki Risala of Volunteers, an irregular European cavalry unit. He helped pacify Bulandshahr. In May 1858 he was transferred to Shahjehanpur where he helped restore order. In April 1861 he returned to England for about eighteen months. On his return to India he was appointed Assistant Magistrate at Agra. In 1864 he was appointed District Manager of Nagpur at Hoshungabad in the Central Provinces, before being appointed Commissioner in Berar in 1867. He was now earning

editor of The Athenaem.

theologian

John William Mackail O.M. (26 August 1859 - 13 December 1945) was a Scottish man of letters and socialist, now best remembered as a Virgil scholar. He was also a poet, literary historian and biographer.

He was born in Ascog on Bute, the second child and only son of the Rev. John Mackail (Free Church) and Louisa Irving, youngest daughter of Aglionby Ross Carson, rector of Edinburgh High School. Educated first at Ayr Academy, he entered Edinburgh University in 1874 and proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, as Warner Exhibitioner in 1877. At Oxford he took first classes in classical moderations (1879) and literae humaniores ('Greats') in 1881. He also obtained the Hertford (1880), Ireland (1880), Newdigate (1881), Craven (1882) and Derby (1884). He was elected to a Balliol fellowship in 1882. All looked fair for an academic career. Instead, he took up a post in the Education Department of the Privy Council (later the Board of Education) in 1884. He rose to Assistant Secretary in 1903 and played a major part in setting up the system of secondary education established by the 1902 Education Act. He also helped to organise a system of voluntary inspection for the public schools. He retired from office in 1919.

He was Oxford Professor of Poetry (1906-11), and President of the British Academy (1932-36). A friend of William Morris, he wrote the 1899 official biography. He also published works on Virgil, the Latin poets, the Icelandic sagas, Shakespeare and the sayings of Jesus. He married Margaret Burne-Jones (1866-1953), the only daughter of artist and designer Edward Burne-Jones. They lived in Kensington and later Holland Park. He became a member of the Order of Merit in 1935. He died in London and was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 17 December 1945.

The couple's elder daughter, Angela Margaret, and their son, Denis George, are better known as the novelists Angela Thirkell and Denis Mackail.

Ian Maclaren (pseudonym of Rev. John Watson; 3 November 1850 - 6 May 1907) was a Scottish author and theologian.

He was the son of John Watson, a civil servant. He was born at Manningtree, Essex, and educated at Stirling and at Edinburgh University, later studying theology at New College, Edinburgh, and at T

Alexander Macmillan, (3 October 1818 - 26 January 1896; Scottish Gaelic: Alasdair MacMhaolain), born in Irvine, Ayrshire, Scotland. He was a cofounder, in 1843, with his brother Daniel of Macmillan Publishers. His family were crofters from the Isle of Arran.

Alexander was the partner who developed the literary reputation of the company while Daniel took charge of the business and commercial side. Originally called Macmillan & Co., the firm started as a successful bookshop in Cambridge. The brothers soon started publishing books as well as selling them. After Daniel's death in 1857, Alexander continued to run the firm. He expanded the company into a worldwide organization and also started publishing magazines, including the prestigious scientific journal Nature. Macmillan assigned George Edward Brett to create the New York office in August 1869 and hired American firm Messrs. Pott & Amery to assist in the marketing and distribution of Macmillan's books.

Alexander's brother Daniel was grandfather of Harold Macmillan, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

John McTaggart (3 September 1866 - 18 January 1925) was an idealist metaphysician. For most of his life McTaggart was a fellow and lecturer in philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an exponent of the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and among the most notable of the British idealists. J. M. E. McTaggart was born in 1866 in London to Francis and Ellen Ellis. At birth, he was named John McTaggart Ellis, after his maternal grand-uncle, John McTaggart. Early in his life, his family took the surname McTaggart as a condition of inheritance from that same uncle.

McTaggart attended Clifton College, Bristol, before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1885. At Trinity he was taught for the Moral Sciences Tripos by Henry Sidgwick and James Ward, both distinguished philosophers. After obtaining First class honours (the only student of Moral Sciences to do so in 1888), he was, in 1891, elected to a prize fellowship at Trinity on the basis of a dissertation on Hegel's Logic. McTaggart had in the meantime been President of the Union Society, a debating club, and the secretive Cambridge Apostles. In 1897 he was appointed to a college lectureship in Philosophy, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1923 (although he continued to lecture until his death).

McTaggart, although radical in his youth, became increasingly conservative and was influential in the expulsion of Bertrand Russell from Trinity for pacifism during World War I. But McTaggart was a man of contradictions: despite his conservatism he was an advocate of women's suffrage; and though an atheist from his youth was a firm believer in human immortality and a defender of the Church of England. He was personally charming and had interests ranging beyond philosophy, known for his encyclopaedic knowledge of English novels and eighteenth-century memoirs.

His honours included an honorary LLD from the University of St. Andrews and Fellowship of the British Academy.

He died in London in 1925. In 1899 he had married Margaret Elizabeth Bird in New Zealand whom he met while visiting his mother (then living in near New Plymouth, Taranaki) and was survived by her; the couple had no children. McTaggart's earlier work was devoted to an exposition and critique of Hegel's metaphysical methods and conclusions and their application in other fields. His first published work Studies in Hegelian Dialectic (1896), an expanded version of his Trinity fellowship dissertation, focused on the dialectical method of Hegel's Logic. His second work Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (1901) is directed more towards a critique of the applications of Hegelian ideas made, both by Hegel and earlier neo-Hegelians, to the fields of ethics, politics and religion. In this book a number of his distinctive doctrines already appear, for example, his belief in human immortality. His final book specifically on Hegel was A Commentary on Hegel's "Logic" (1910), in which he attempted to explain and, to an extent, defend the argument of the Logic.

Although he defended the dialectical method broadly construed and shared a similar outlook to Hegel, McTaggart's Hegelianism was not uncritical and he disagreed significantly both with Hegel himself and with earlier neo-Hegelians. He believed that many specific features of Hegel's argument were gravely flawed and was similarly disparaging of Hegel's application of his abstract thought. However, he by no means reached the same conclusions as the previous generations of British Idealists and in his later work came to hold strikingly different and original views. Nonetheless, in spite of his break from earlier forms of Hegelianism, McTaggart inherited from his predecessors a pivotal belief in the ability of a priori thought to grasp the nature of the ultimate reality, which for him like earlier Hegelians was the absolute idea. Indeed, his later work and mature system can be seen as largely an attempt to give substance to his new conception of the absolute. In The Unreality of Time (1908), the work for which he is best known today, McTaggart argued that our perception of time is an illusion, and that time itself is merely ideal. He introduced the notions of the "A series" and "B series" interpretations of time, representing two different ways that events in time can be arranged. The A series corresponds to our everyday notions of past, present, and future. The A series is "the series of positions running from the far past through the near past to the present, and then from the present to the near future and the far future" (p. 458). This is contrasted with the B series, in which positions are ordered from earlier to later, i.e. the series running from earlier to later moments.

McTaggart argued that the A series was a necessary component of any full theory of time, but that it was also self-contradictory and that our perception of time was, therefore, ultimately an incoherent illusion. McTaggart was a friend and teacher of Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, and, according to Martin Gardner, the three were known as "The Mad Tea-Party of Trinity" (with McTaggart as the Dormouse). Along with Russell and Moore McTaggart was a member of the Cambridge Apostles through which he would have a personal influence on an entire generation of writers and politicians (his involvement with the Apostles presumably overlapped with that of, among others, the members of the Bloomsbury group) .

In particular, McTaggart was an early influence on Bertrand Russell. It was through McTaggart that the young Russell was converted to the prevalent Hegelianism of the day, and it was Russell's reaction against this Hegelianism that began the arc of his later work.

McTaggart was the most influential advocate of neo-Hegelian idealism in Cambridge at the time of Russell and Moore's reaction against it, as well as being a teacher and personal acquaintance of both men. With F.H. Bradley of Oxford he was, as the most prominent of the surviving British Idealists, the primary target of the new realists' assault. McTaggart's indirect influence was, therefore, very great. Given that modern analytic philosophy can arguably be traced to the work of Russell and Moore in this period, McTaggart's work retains interest to the historian of analytic philosophy despite being, in a very real sense, the product of an earlier age.

The Nature of Existence, with Green's Prolegomena to Ethics and Bradley's Appearance and Reality, marks the greatest achievement of British Idealism, and McTaggart was the last major British Idealists of the classic period (for the later development of British Idealism, see T.L.S. Sprigge).

William Connor Magee (17 December 1821-5 May 1891) was an Irish clergyman of the Anglican church, Archbishop of York for a short period in 1891. He was born in Cork, Ireland. His father was a minor canon of St Fin Barre's cathedral, Cork and a curate of the parish attached to the Anglican cathedral; his grandfather was Archbishop of Dublin. Young Magee entered Trinity College, Dublin with a scholarship at thirteen.

He was ordained in 1844 to the curacy of St Thomas's, Dublin, but, being threatened with tuberculosis, went after two years to M

Robert Ranulph Marett (13 June 1866, Jersey - 18 February 1943, Oxford) was a British ethnologist. An exponent of the British evolutionary school, his work focused primarily on anthropology of religion. In this field he modified the theories of E. B. Tylor.

Marett was the only son of Sir Robert Pipon Marett, poet and Bailiff of Jersey, and Julia Anne Marett. He succeeded E.B. Tylor as Reader in Anthropology at Oxford in 1910, teaching the Diploma in Anthropology at the Pitt Rivers Museum. He worked on the palaeolithic site of La Cotte de St Brelade from 1910-1914, recovering some hominid teeth and other remains of habitation by Neanderthal man. In 1914 he established a Department of Social Anthropology, and in 1916 he published "The Site, Fauna, and Industry of La Cotte de St. Brelade, Jersey" (Archaeologia LXVII, 1916). He became Rector of Exeter College, Oxford. His students included Marius Barbeau, Dorothy Garrod, Earnest Albert Hooten, Henry Field and Rosalind Moss

Whereas E.B. Tylor had considered animism to be the earliest form of human religion, Marett was convinced that primitive man had not developed the intellectual ability to form the conceptual structures Tylor proposed, and this led Marett to criticize Tylor

Dr. James Martineau (21 April 1805 - 11 January 1900) was an English religious philosopher influential in the history of Unitarianism.

For 45 years he was Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy and Political Economy in Manchester New College, the principal training college for British Unitarianism. His portrait, painted by George Frederick Watts is held at London's National Portrait Gallery, which also holds written correspondence between Martineau and Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson - who records that he "regarded Martineau as the master mind of all the remarkable company with whom he engaged". Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone said of Martineau; "he is beyond question the greatest of living thinkers".

Employed by the Smithsonian Institute.

William Babington Maxwell (1866-1938) was a British novelist. Born on June 4th 1866, he was the third surviving child and second eldest son of novelist Mary Elizabeth Braddon.

Though nearly 50 years old at the outbreak of the First World War, he was accepted as a lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers and served in France until 1917.

He wrote The Last Man In, a drama, produced 14 March 1910, at the Royalty Theatre, Glasgow, by the Scottish Repertory Company; and, with George Paston (i. e., Emily Morse Symonds), a farce, The Naked Truth, which was first played at Wyndham's Theatre, London, in April, 1910, and in which Charles Hawtrey played Bernard Darrell. New International Encyclopedia

(1839-?). Daughter of James Dr. Martineau and Helen Higginson.

Charles Carleton Massey (1838-1905) fut un avocat, astrologue, th

Charles Arthur Mercier (1851-1919) M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.S. was a British psychiatrist and leading expert on forensic psychiatry and insanity. Mercier was born on 21 June 1851. He studied medicine at the University of London where he graduated. He worked at Buckinghamshire County Asylum in Stone, near Aylesbury. He became the Assistant Medical Officer at Leavesden Hospital and at the City of London Asylum in Dartford, Kent. He also worked as a surgeon at the Jenny Lind Hospital. He was the resident physician at Flower House, a private asylum in Catford. In 1902 became a lecturer in insanity at the Westminster Hospital Medical School. He was also a physician for mental diseases at Charing Cross Hospital.

In 1894 Mercier was secretary of a committee of the Medico-Psychological Association. He published articles in the Journal of Mental Science. He joined the Medico-Legal Society in 1905, and became the president of the Medico-Psychological Association in 1908. Mercier has been described as a pioneer in the field of forensic psychiatry.

He was the author of many important works on crime, insanity, and psychology.

His book Spiritualism and Sir Oliver Lodge (1917) was an exposure of trance mediumship and a criticism of the Spiritualist views of Oliver Lodge. In his book Spirit Experiences (1919) he wrote Spiritualism was based on delusion and fraud.

May be Adolf de Meyer (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_de_Meyer ).

St. George Jackson Mivart PhD M.D. FRS (30 November 1827 - 1 April 1900) was an English biologist. He is famous for starting as an ardent believer in natural selection who later became one of its fiercest critics. Mivart attempted to reconcile Darwin's theory of evolution with the beliefs of the Catholic Church, and finished by being condemned by both parties. Mivart was born in London. His parents were Evangelicals, and his father was the wealthy owner of Mivart's Hotel (now Claridge's). His education started at the Clapham Grammar School, and continued at Harrow School and King's College London. Later he was instructed at St Mary's, Oscott (1844-1846); he was confirmed there on 11 May 1845. His conversion to Roman Catholicism automatically excluded him from the University of Oxford, then open only to members of the Anglican faith. In 1851 he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but he devoted himself to medical and biological studies. In 1862 he was appointed to the Chair in Zoology at St Mary's Hospital medical school. In 1869 he became a Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, and in 1874 he was appointed by Mgr Capel as Professor of Biology at the short-lived (Catholic) University College, Kensington a post he held until 1877.

He was Vice-President of the Zoological Society twice (1869 and 1882); Fellow of the Linnean Society from 1862, Secretary from 1874-80, and Vice-President in 1892. In 1867 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for his work "On the Appendicular skeleton of the Primates". This work was communicated to the Society by T.H. Huxley. Mivart was a member of the Metaphysical Society from 1874. He received the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy from Pope Pius IX in 1876, and of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Louvain in 1884. Mivart met Huxley in 1859, and was initially a close follower and a believer in natural selection. "Even as a professor he continued to attending Huxley's lectures... they became close friends, dining together and arranging family visits." However, Huxley was always strongly anti-Catholic and no doubt this attitude led to Mivart becoming disenchanted with him. Once disenchanted, he lost little time in reversing on the subject of natural selection. In short, he now believed that a higher teleology was compatible with evolution.

"As to 'natural selection', I accepted it completely and in fact my doubts & difficulties were first excited by attending Prof. Huxley's lectures at the School of Mines."
Even before Mivart's publication of On the genesis of species in 1871, he had published his new ideas in various periodicals and Huxley, Lankester and Flower had come out against him. According to O'Leary, "their initial reaction to Genesis of Species was tolerant and impersonal". Darwin prepared a point-by-point refutation which appeared in the sixth edition of Origin of Species. But Mivart's hostile review of the Descent of Man in the Quarterly Review, aroused fury from his former intimates, including Darwin himself, who described it as "grossly unfair". Mivart had quoted Darwin by shortening sentences and omitting words, causing Darwin to say: "Though he means to be honourable, he is so bigoted that he cannot act fairly.". Relationships between the two men were near breaking point. In response, Darwin arranged for the reprinting of a pamphlet by Chauncey Wright, previously issued in the USA, which severely criticised Genesis of Species. Wright had, under Darwin's guidance, clarified what was, and was not, "Darwinism".

The quarrel reached a climax when Mivart lost his usual composure over what should have been a minor incident. In 1873, George Darwin (Charles' son) published a short article in The Contemporary Review suggesting that divorce should be made easier in cases of cruelty, abuse or mental disorder. Mivart reacted with horror, using phrases like "hideous sexual criminality" and "unrestrained licentiousness". Huxley wrote a counter-attack, and both Huxley and Darwin broke off connections with Mivart. Huxley blackballed Mivart's attempt to join the Athenaeum Club.

Mivart was someone Darwin took seriously. One of his criticisms, to which Darwin responded in later editions of the Origin of Species, was a perceived failure of natural selection to explain the incipient stages of useful structures. Taking the eye as an example, Darwin was able to show many stages of light sensitivity and eye development in the animal kingdom as proof of the utility of less than perfect sight (argument by intermediate stages). Another was the supposed inability of natural selection to explain cases of parallel evolution, to which Huxley responded that the effect of natural selection in places with the same environment would tend to be similar.

Though admitting evolution in general, Mivart denied its applicability to the human intellect (a view also taken by Wallace). His views as to the relationship between human nature and intellect and animal nature in general were given in Nature and thought (1882), and in the Origin of human reason (1889).

From 1885 to 1892 five articles in the Nineteenth century brought him into conflict with Church authorities: "Modern Catholics and scientific freedom" (July 1885), "The Catholic Church and biblical criticism" (July 1887), "Catholicity and Reason" (December 1887), "Sins of Belief and Disbelief" (October 1888) and "Happiness in Hell" (December 1892). These articles were placed on the Index Expurgatorius. Later articles in January 1900 led to his being placed under interdict by Cardinal Vaughan. Mivart died of diabetes in London on 1 April 1900. His late heterodox opinions were a bar to his burial in consecrated ground. However, Sir William Broadbent gave medical testimony that these could be explained by the gravity and nature of the diabetes from which he had suffered. After his death, a long final struggle took place between his friends and the church authorities. On 6 April 1900, his remains were deposited in Catacomb Z beneath the Dissenters' Chapel, in the unconsecrated ground of the Dissenters' Section of the General Cemetery of All Souls, Kensal Green, in a public vault reserved for 'temporary deposits' (most of which were destined for repatriation to mainland Europe or the Americas). His remains were finally transferred to St. Mary's Roman Catholic Cemetery, Kensal Green, on 16 January 1904, for burial there on 18 January 1904.

Alfred Williams Momerie (1848-1900). Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at King's College in London, and Fellow at St John's College, Cambridge. Born in London on 22 March 1848, was the only child of Isaac Vale Mummery (1812-1892), a well-known congregational minister, by his wife, a daughter of Thomas George Williams of Hackney. He was descended from a French family of Huguenot refugees, and early in life resumed the original form of its surname

(from obituary)"DR. JOHN THEODORE MERZ, whose death on March 21, in his eighty-second year, was announced last week, was a son of Dr. Philip Merz, headmaster of the Chorlton High School, one of the pioneer institutions of higher education in Manchester. He was an acknowledged authority upon industrial chemistry and took a leading part in the industrial development of electricity supply, being one of the founders of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne Electric Supply Company. By the use of his great scientific and practical knowledge, he rendered invaluable service to the industrial community of Tyneside and the counties of Northumberland and Durham." (from Wikipedia entry) John Theodore Merz (1840 - 21 March 1922) was a German British chemist, historian and industrialist. Merz was born in Manchester, England and educated at G

George Francis "Frank" Miles (22 April 1852 - 15 July 1891) was a London-based British artist who specialised in pastel portraits of society ladies, also an architect and a keen plantsman. He was artist in chief to the magazine Life. He was the son of the Rev. Robert Henry William Miles (1818-1883), rector of the Church of St. Mary and All Angels, Bingham, Nottinghamshire, and his wife Mary Cleaver. He was the grandson of Philip John Miles (1773-1845) by his second marriage to Clarissa Peach (1790-1868). Philip John Miles was an English landowner, banker, merchant, politician and collector, who was elected MP for Bristol from 1835 - 1837 having earlier been elected for Westbury from 1820-1826 and Corfe Castle from 1829 - 1832. Frank Miles was therefore brother of Charles Oswald Miles, cousin of Philip Napier Miles and half-cousin of Sir Philip Miles, 2nd Baronet.

Today, Frank Miles is best known for being a friend (and many believe a lover) of Oscar Wilde whom he met at Oxford in 1874 or 1875, where Miles had family connections to the colleges and friends, but was never an undergraduate after being schooled at home (rather than at Eton as his father and uncles were). Miles introduced Wilde to Lillie Langtry, and to his friend and patron Lord Ronald Charles Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, who later became the model for the worldly Lord Henry Wotton in Wilde's novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.

If rumours of this relationship being physical are true, then Miles must have been bisexual as he was well known for his interest in women as well, both "society ladies" with whom he associated through his family connections and the working class girls he often used for his models. In the year leading up to his final illness, Miles was engaged to be married to Miss Gratiana Lucy Hughes (known as Lucy), daughter of Alfred Hughes (later Sir Alfred Hughes, 10th Baronet), of East Bergholt Lodge, Suffolk, but his incarceration led to this falling through. In 1887, Miles was committed to Brislington House, an asylum near Bristol, and he died in 1891 of what was diagnosed as 'general paralysis of the insane (4 years), exhaustion and pneumonia. After being depleted by paying his medical care at the asylum, on his death, the remaining possessions of a once-wealthy man with a large inheritance and a successful artistic career were found to be worth only

May be Walter Moxon (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18161599) or William Moxn (http://homepage.ntlworld.com/john.moxon/williammoxon.html).

Sir James Augustus Henry Murray (7 February 1837 - 26 July 1915) was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death. Sir James Murray was born in the village of Denholm near Hawick in the Scottish Borders, the eldest son of a draper, Thomas Murray. A precocious child with a voracious appetite for learning, he left school at the age of fourteen because his parents were not able to afford to send him to local fee-paying schools. At the age of seventeen he became a teacher at Hawick Grammar School and three years later was headmaster of the Subscription Academy there. In 1856 he was one of the founders of the Hawick Archaeological Society.

In 1861, Murray met a music teacher, Maggie Scott, whom he married the following year. Two years later, they had a daughter Anna, who shortly after died of tuberculosis. Maggie, too, fell ill with tuberculosis, and on the advice of doctors, the couple moved to London to escape the Scottish winters. Once there, Murray took an administrative job with the Chartered Bank of India, while continuing in his spare time to pursue his many and varied academic interests. Maggie died within a year of arrival in London. A year later Murray was engaged to Ada Agnes Ruthven, and the following year married her.

By this time Murray was primarily interested in languages and etymology. Some idea of the depth and range of his linguistic erudition may be gained from a letter of application he wrote to Thomas Watts, Keeper of Printed Books at the British Museum, in which he claimed an

Aubrey Lackington Moore (1848-1890) was one of the first Christian Darwinians. He has been described as "the clergyman who more than any other man was responsible for breaking down the antagonisms towards Evolution then widely felt in the English Church". He was born in 1848, was second son of Daniel Moore, vicar of Holy Trinity, Paddington, and prebendary of St. Paul's. He was educated at St. Paul's School[disambiguation needed] from 1860 to 1867, which he left with an exhibition, matriculating as a commoner of Exeter College, Oxford, 1867, whence, after obtaining first class honours in classical moderations and literce humaniores, he graduated B.A. in 1871 (M.A. 1874). He was fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, 1872-1876; became a lecturer and tutor (1874); was assistant tutor at Magdalen College (1875); and was rector of Frenchay, near Bristol, from 1876 to 1881, when he was appointed a tutor of Keble College.

He became examining chaplain to Bishops Mackarness and Stubbs of Oxford, select preacher at Oxford 1885-6, Whitehall preacher 1887-8, and hon. canon of Christ Church 1887. A few weeks before his death, he accepted an official fellowship as dean of divinity at Magdalen College, Oxford, and when nominated simultaneously to examine in the final honour schools of theology and literce humaniores, accepted the latter post.

He died after a very brief illness on 17 January 1890, and was buried in Holywell Cemetery.

At Oxford, Moore had a unique position as at once a theologian and a philosopher of recognised attainments in natural science, dealing fearlessly with the metaphysical and scientific questions affecting theology. He lectured mainly on philosophy and on the history of the Reformation. Though rendered constitutionally weak by physical deformity, he had great powers of endurance and hard work, was a brilliant talker and preacher, and distinguished as a botanist. He married in 1876 Catharine, daughter of Frank Hurt, esq., by whom he left three daughters. A fund of nearly

Conwy Lloyd Morgan, FRS (6 February 1852 - 6 March 1936) was a British ethologist and psychologist. He is best remembered for the experimental approach to animal psychology now known as Morgan's canon, a specialised form of Occam's razor which played a role in behaviourism, insisting that higher mental faculties should only be considered as explanations if lower faculties could not explain a behaviour. Lloyd Morgan was born in London and studied at the Royal School of Mines and subsequently under T. H. Huxley. He taught in Cape Town, but in 1884 joined the staff of the then University College, Bristol as Professor of Geology and Zoology, and carried out some research of local interest in those fields. But he quickly became interested in the field he called "mental evolution", the borderland between intelligence and instinct, and in 1901 moved to become the college's first Professor of Psychology and Education.

As well as his scientific work, Lloyd Morgan was active in academic administration. He became Principal of the University College, Bristol, in 1891 and played a central role in the campaign to secure it full university status. In 1909, when, with the award of a Royal Charter, the college became the University of Bristol, he was appointed as its first Vice-Chancellor, an office he held for a year before deciding to become Professor of Psychology and Ethics until his retirement in 1919. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1926 to 1927.

Following retirement, Morgan delivered a series of Gifford Lectures at St. Andrews in 1921 and 1922 in which he discussed the concept of emergent evolution. He died in Hastings. As a specialised form of Occam's razor, Morgan's canon played a critical role in the growth of behaviourism in twentieth century academic psychology. The canon states In no case may we interpret an action as the outcome of the exercise of a higher mental faculty, if it can be interpreted as the exercise of one which stands lower in the psychological scale. For example, Morgan considered that an entity should only be considered conscious if there is no other explanation for its behaviour.

W.H. Thorpe commented as follows:

"The importance of this was enormous... [but] to the modern ethologist dealing with higher animals and faced as he is with ever-increasing evidence for the complexity of perceptual organization... the very reverse of Morgan's canon often proves to be the best strategy".
The development of Morgan's canon derived partly from his observations of behaviour. This provided cases where behaviour that seemed to imply higher mental processes could be explained by simple trial and error learning (what we would now call operant conditioning). An example is the skilful way in which his terrier Tony opened the garden gate, easily imagined as an insightful act by someone seeing the final behaviour. Lloyd Morgan, however, had watched and recorded the series of approximations by which the dog had gradually learned the response, and could demonstrate that no insight was required to explain it. Morgan carried out extensive research to separate, as far as possible, inherited behaviour from learnt behaviour. Eggs of chicks, ducklings and moorhens were raised in an incubator, and the hatchlings kept from adult birds. Their behaviour after hatching was recorded in detail. Lastly, the behaviour was interpreted as simply as possible. Morgan was not the first to work on these questions. Douglas Spalding in the 1870s had done some remarkable work on inherited behaviour in birds. His early death in 1877 led to his work being largely forgotten until the 1950s, but Morgan probably knew of it.

Might be James Augustus Cotter Morrison (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Augustus_Cotter_Morison)

Friedrich Max M

Eadweard James Muybridge (/??dw?rd ?ma?br?d?/; 9 April 1830 - 8 May 1904, birth name Edward James Muggeridge) was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name.

He emigrated to the United States as a young man and became a bookseller. He returned to England in 1861 and took up professional photography, learning the wet-plate collodion process, and secured at least two British patents for his inventions. He went back to San Francisco in 1867, and in 1868 his large photographs of Yosemite Valley made him world famous. Today, Muybridge is known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878, which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography.

In 1874 he shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover, but was acquitted in a jury trial on the grounds of justifiable homicide. He travelled for more than a year in Central America on a photographic expedition in 1875. In the 1880s, Muybridge entered a very productive period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate movements. He spent much of his later years giving public lectures and demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences, traveling back to England and Europe to publicise his work. He also edited and published compilations of his work, which greatly influenced visual artists and the developing fields of scientific and industrial photography. He returned to his native England permanently in 1894, and in 1904, the Kingston Museum, containing a collection of his equipment, was opened in his hometown. In an accident in 1860, suffered severe head injury. Arthur P. Shimamura, a psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley, has speculated that Muybridge suffered substantial injuries to the orbitofrontal cortex that probably also extended into the anterior temporal lobes, which may have led to some of the emotional, eccentric behavior reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions. Today, there still is little effective treatment for this kind of injury. Many have speculated that Muybridge became an acquired savant from this injury. In 1872, Muybridge married Flora Shallcross Stone, a divorcee 21 years old and half his age. In 1874, Muybridge discovered that his young wife Flora's friend, a drama critic known as Major Harry Larkyns, might have fathered their seven-month-old son Florado. On 17 October, he travelled north of San Francisco to Calistoga to track down Larkyns. Upon finding him, Muybridge said, "Good evening, Major, my name is Muybridge and here's the answer to the letter you sent my wife", and shot him point-blank. Larkyns died that night, and Muybridge was arrested without protest and put in the Napa jail. He was tried for murder. His defence attorney pleaded insanity due to the severe head injury which Muybridge had suffered in the 1860 stagecoach accident. At least four long-time acquaintances testified under oath that the accident had dramatically changed Muybridge's personality, from genial and pleasant to unstable and erratic. During the trial, Muybridge undercut his own insanity case by indicating that his actions were deliberate and premeditated, but he also showed impassive indifference and uncontrolled explosions of emotion. The jury dismissed the insanity plea, but acquitted the photographer on the grounds of "justifiable homicide", disregarding the judge's instructions. The episode interrupted his horse photography studies, but not his relationship with Stanford, who had arranged for his criminal defence

Charles Samuel Myers, CBE, FRS (13 March 1873 - 12 October 1946) was an English physicianwho worked as a psychologist. He wrote the first paper on shell shock in 1915, but did not invent the term. He was co-founder of the British Psychological Society and the National Institute of Industrial Psychology. Myers was born in Kensington, London on 13 March 1873, the eldest son of Wolf Myers, a merchant, and his wife, Esther Eugenie Moses. In the 1881 census he is an 8-year-old scholar living at 27 Arundel Gardens, Kensington, London with his parents, 4 brothers and 4 servants.

In the 1891 census he is a scholar, aged 18 living at 49 Leinster Gardens, Paddington, London, with his parents, 4 brothers, a visitor, and 4 servants (cook, housemaid, parlourmaid, and ladies maid) He attended the City of London School where he studied sciences. He attended Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge University, where he took a first in each part of the Natural Sciences tripos (1893 and 1895). He was Arnold Gerstenberg student in 1896 (this fund was set up in 1892 for the promotion of the study of Moral Philosophy and Metaphysics among students of Natural Sciences ), and received the degree Doctor in Medicine from Gonville and Caius in October 1901. He also trained at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London. In 1898 he joined W. H. R. Rivers and William McDougall on the Cambridge anthropological expedition organised by Alfred Cort Haddon to the Torres Straits and Sarawak. Here he studied ethnic music, carrying out research on rhythm in Borneo. Between 1901 and 1902 Myers was involved in the collection of anhropometric measurements of Egyptians

On his return to England he was appointed house physician at St Bartholomew's. In 1902 he returned to Cambridge to help Rivers teach the physiology of the special senses.

In 1904 Myers married Edith Babette, youngest daughter of Isaac Seligman, a merchant in London; they had three daughters and two sons. Myers remained in Cambridge to become, in succession, demonstrator, lecturer, and, in 1921, reader in experimental psychology. From 1906 to 1909 he was also professor in experimental psychology at London University.

In 1909, when W.H.R. Rivers resigned a part of his Lectureship, Myers became the first lecturer at Cambridge University whose whole duty was to teach experimental psychology. For this he received a stipend of

Sir William Robertson Nicoll CH (October 10, 1851 - May 4, 1923) was a Scottish Free Church minister, journalist, editor, and man of letters.

Nicoll was born in Lumsden, Aberdeenshire, the son of a Free Church minister. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and graduated MA at the University of Aberdeen in 1870, and studied for the ministry at the Free Church Divinity Hall there until 1874, when he was ordained minister of the Free Church at Dufftown, Banffshire. Three years later he moved to Kelso, and in 1884 became editor of The Expositor for Hodder & Stoughton, a position he held until his death.

In 1885 Nicoll was forced to retire from pastoral ministry after an attack of typhoid had badly damaged his lung. In 1886 he moved south to London, which became the base for the rest of his life. With the support of Hodder and Stoughton he founded the British Weekly, a Nonconformist newspaper, which also gained great influence over opinion in the churches in Scotland.

Nicoll secured many writers of exceptional talent for his paper (including Marcus Dods, J. M. Barrie, Ian Maclaren, Alexander Whyte, Alexander Maclaren, and James Denney), to which he added his own considerable talents as a contributor. He began a highly popular feature, "Correspondence of Claudius Clear", which enabled him to share his interests and his reading with his readers. He was also the founding editor of The Bookman from 1891, and acted as chief literary adviser to Hodder & Stoughton.

Among his other enterprises were The Expositor's Bible (originally published by Hodder & Stoughton, 1887-1896, but afterward reprinted in New York by A. C. Armstrong & Son) and The Theological Educator. He edited The Expositor's Greek Testament (from 1897). He also edited a series of Contemporary Writers (from 1894), and of Literary Lives (from 1904).

He projected but never wrote a history of The Victorian Era in English Literature, and edited, with T. J. Wise, two volumes of Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century. He was knighted in 1909, ostensibly for his literary work, but in reality probably more for his long-term support for the Liberal Party. He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1921 Birthday Honours.