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Eleanor Calhoun (1862-1957) was an American heiress and actress. She was the second wife of Prince Stephan Lazar Eugene Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich, a Serbian noble. She published her memoirs "Pleasures and Palaces: the memoirs of Princess Lazarovich-Hrebelianovich (Eleanor Calhoun)" in 1915.

For more information, see memoirs available at: https://archive.org/details/cu31924027828957 .

Author of "The philosophy of faith and the Fourth gospel", "Christian economics", and "An essay on personality as a philosophical principle ".

(from Wikipedia entry)

Rudolph William Basil Feilding, 8th Earl of Denbigh, 7th Earl of Desmond (9 April 1823 – 10 March 1892) was a British peer, succeeding to his titles on the death in 1865 of his father, the 7th Earl of Denbigh. He was noted as a Roman Catholic convert, and founder of the Franciscan monastery at Pantasaph, North Wales. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was president of the University Pitt Club and took the degree of M.A. in 1844.

He was received into the Catholic Church in 1850, and took an active part in many Catholic works of charity under Cardinal Wiseman. As Viscount Feilding he was appointed honorary treasurer, jointly with Viscount Campden and Archibald J. Dunn, of the Peter's Pence Association. In 1850 he was appointed High Sheriff of Flintshire.

He married Mary Berkeley and had, among others, a son and successor Rudolph Feilding, 9th Earl of Denbigh (1859-1939); his second son Everard Feilding (1867-1936), Hon. Sec. of the Society for Psychical Research; and a daughter Lady Winefride Mary Elizabeth (24 September 1868 - 24 February 1959), who married, on 11 May 1889, to Gervase Elwes.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Feilding,_8th_Earl_of_Denbigh .

John McTaggart (3 September 1866 - 18 January 1925) was an idealist metaphysician. For most of his life McTaggart was a fellow and lecturer in philosophy at Trinity College, Cambridge. He was an exponent of the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and among the most notable of the British idealists. J. M. E. McTaggart was born in 1866 in London to Francis and Ellen Ellis. At birth, he was named John McTaggart Ellis, after his maternal grand-uncle, John McTaggart. Early in his life, his family took the surname McTaggart as a condition of inheritance from that same uncle.

McTaggart attended Clifton College, Bristol, before going up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1885. At Trinity he was taught for the Moral Sciences Tripos by Henry Sidgwick and James Ward, both distinguished philosophers. After obtaining First class honours (the only student of Moral Sciences to do so in 1888), he was, in 1891, elected to a prize fellowship at Trinity on the basis of a dissertation on Hegel's Logic. McTaggart had in the meantime been President of the Union Society, a debating club, and the secretive Cambridge Apostles. In 1897 he was appointed to a college lectureship in Philosophy, a position he would hold until his retirement in 1923 (although he continued to lecture until his death).

McTaggart, although radical in his youth, became increasingly conservative and was influential in the expulsion of Bertrand Russell from Trinity for pacifism during World War I. But McTaggart was a man of contradictions: despite his conservatism he was an advocate of women's suffrage; and though an atheist from his youth was a firm believer in human immortality and a defender of the Church of England. He was personally charming and had interests ranging beyond philosophy, known for his encyclopaedic knowledge of English novels and eighteenth-century memoirs.

His honours included an honorary LLD from the University of St. Andrews and Fellowship of the British Academy.

He died in London in 1925. In 1899 he had married Margaret Elizabeth Bird in New Zealand whom he met while visiting his mother (then living in near New Plymouth, Taranaki) and was survived by her; the couple had no children. McTaggart's earlier work was devoted to an exposition and critique of Hegel's metaphysical methods and conclusions and their application in other fields. His first published work Studies in Hegelian Dialectic (1896), an expanded version of his Trinity fellowship dissertation, focused on the dialectical method of Hegel's Logic. His second work Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (1901) is directed more towards a critique of the applications of Hegelian ideas made, both by Hegel and earlier neo-Hegelians, to the fields of ethics, politics and religion. In this book a number of his distinctive doctrines already appear, for example, his belief in human immortality. His final book specifically on Hegel was A Commentary on Hegel's "Logic" (1910), in which he attempted to explain and, to an extent, defend the argument of the Logic.

Although he defended the dialectical method broadly construed and shared a similar outlook to Hegel, McTaggart's Hegelianism was not uncritical and he disagreed significantly both with Hegel himself and with earlier neo-Hegelians. He believed that many specific features of Hegel's argument were gravely flawed and was similarly disparaging of Hegel's application of his abstract thought. However, he by no means reached the same conclusions as the previous generations of British Idealists and in his later work came to hold strikingly different and original views. Nonetheless, in spite of his break from earlier forms of Hegelianism, McTaggart inherited from his predecessors a pivotal belief in the ability of a priori thought to grasp the nature of the ultimate reality, which for him like earlier Hegelians was the absolute idea. Indeed, his later work and mature system can be seen as largely an attempt to give substance to his new conception of the absolute. In The Unreality of Time (1908), the work for which he is best known today, McTaggart argued that our perception of time is an illusion, and that time itself is merely ideal. He introduced the notions of the "A series" and "B series" interpretations of time, representing two different ways that events in time can be arranged. The A series corresponds to our everyday notions of past, present, and future. The A series is "the series of positions running from the far past through the near past to the present, and then from the present to the near future and the far future" (p. 458). This is contrasted with the B series, in which positions are ordered from earlier to later, i.e. the series running from earlier to later moments.

McTaggart argued that the A series was a necessary component of any full theory of time, but that it was also self-contradictory and that our perception of time was, therefore, ultimately an incoherent illusion. McTaggart was a friend and teacher of Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore, and, according to Martin Gardner, the three were known as "The Mad Tea-Party of Trinity" (with McTaggart as the Dormouse). Along with Russell and Moore McTaggart was a member of the Cambridge Apostles through which he would have a personal influence on an entire generation of writers and politicians (his involvement with the Apostles presumably overlapped with that of, among others, the members of the Bloomsbury group) .

In particular, McTaggart was an early influence on Bertrand Russell. It was through McTaggart that the young Russell was converted to the prevalent Hegelianism of the day, and it was Russell's reaction against this Hegelianism that began the arc of his later work.

McTaggart was the most influential advocate of neo-Hegelian idealism in Cambridge at the time of Russell and Moore's reaction against it, as well as being a teacher and personal acquaintance of both men. With F.H. Bradley of Oxford he was, as the most prominent of the surviving British Idealists, the primary target of the new realists' assault. McTaggart's indirect influence was, therefore, very great. Given that modern analytic philosophy can arguably be traced to the work of Russell and Moore in this period, McTaggart's work retains interest to the historian of analytic philosophy despite being, in a very real sense, the product of an earlier age.

The Nature of Existence, with Green's Prolegomena to Ethics and Bradley's Appearance and Reality, marks the greatest achievement of British Idealism, and McTaggart was the last major British Idealists of the classic period (for the later development of British Idealism, see T.L.S. Sprigge).

George Ramsay Cook (1931-2016), educator and author, was born in Alameda, Saskatchewan to a United Church minister and his wife. He earned his BA at the University of Manitoba (1954), his MA at Queen's University (1956), and his PhD at the University of Toronto (1960) with a dissertation on John W. Dafoe. Cook joined the History Department at York University in 1969 following ten years as a member of the History Department of the University of Toronto. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, an Officer of the Order of Canada, and received the Governor General's Award for non-fiction in 1985. Among numerous other awards and recognition, in 2005 Cook was the recipient of the Molson Prize in the Social Sciences & Humanities. Cook authored several studies in the field of Canadian history including "The politics of John W. Dafoe and the Free press" (1963), "Canada and the French Canadian question" (1966), "The Maple leaf forever" (1971), "Canada 1896-1921: a nation transformed", with R.C. Brown, (1975), "The regenerators: social criticism in late Victorian Canada" (1985), "Canada, Quebec and the uses of nationalism" (1986), and several other books, articles and studies. Cook also played a part in Canadian politics, promoting a strong federal government. Cook and other academics publicly supported Pierre Elliott Trudeau's bid for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada in 1968. His last book was "The Teeth of Time" (2006), a memoir focussed on his friendship with Pierre Elliott Trudeau. From 1989 until 2006 he served as executive editor of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography/Dictionnaire biographique du Canada.

Johann W. Mohr (1928-2008), commonly known as Hans Mohr, was a social worker, psychiatric researcher, and teacher with interests that included psychiatry, etymology, family law, criminal statistics, and penal policy. Mohr was born in Graz, Austria, on March 19, 1928. In 1946 Mohr began his academic career at the University of Graz in Austria, studying Anglistic and Germanic Philology and Literary Studies. From 1948-1949 Mohr studied at the University of Nottingham on the Language and Social Institutions Scholarship. Upon his return to the University of Graz in 1949, Mohr worked at the International Social Services refugee camp in Ried, Austria, as an English tutor and counsellor. This is where Mohr met his wife, Ingeborg, whom he married in 1952. He completed his thesis in 1950 and graduated with a PhD from the University of Graz. From 1951-1952, Mohr worked as a counsellor in Salzburg, Austria, with the American National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC). His caseload consisted primarily of older men and women who were rejected from immigration because of their age, even by countries that accepted their children. This job brought him into contact with a wide range of people from various countries and classes. With the need to raise a family in better conditions and the urge to take part in a culture that was stimulating and growing, Mohr left Austria to find work in Canada in 1953. Upon arriving in Toronto, Mohr worked in carpentry, construction and in a factory. In 1954 he accepted a position as an assistant social worker at the Department of Social Welfare in Yorkton, Saskatchewan, with the child welfare and the juvenile delinquency departments. In order to advance his career, Mohr and his family moved to Toronto so he could attend the School of Social Work at the University of Toronto from 1955-1959 while working with the Big Brothers of Canada organization. He also worked as a research consultant for the Department of the Attorney General of Ontario. In 1959 he received his Masters of Social Work (MSW), with a specialization in research. From 1960-1966, Mohr was a research associate at the Forensic Clinic of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital (TPH), which preceded the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. The major referrals in this new job in forensic psychiatry were pedophiles, exhibitionists and homosexuals. Mohr wrote and assisted in many research projects that dealt with these types of psychiatric conditions. Continuing with his work on psychiatry, Mohr taught at the University of Toronto's Department of Psychiatry from 1962-1967. While teaching at the University of Toronto, Mohr was the Head of the Section of Social Pathology Research at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. Initially he was a member of the medical faculty and then became head of the research unit. From 1969-1972, Mohr was a consultant for the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry's Forensic Services. In 1969 Mohr was cross-appointed to York University's Osgoode Hall Law School and the Faculty of Arts and Science's Department of Sociology. With his background in research and practical experience in psychiatry, social work and social psychology, Mohr helped develop and teach new courses and seminars in criminology, law and psychiatry, and research methodology. When he joined Osgoode's faculty, he was one of the first non-lawyers to become a member of a Canadian law faculty. During his time at Osgoode Hall Law School, from 1969-1989, Mohr and many of his associates were concerned with the effects of law and legal institutions, as well as law being an instrument of social change, rather than of oppression. He took a leave of absence from Osgoode in 1972 to 1976 to work as a commissioner for the Law Reform Commission of Canada, where he was able to advocate for law reform and chaired the prison reform ventures. He was one of the first non-lawyers to participate in a law reform commission anywhere in the common law world. Upon his return to Osgoode in 1976, Mohr became a mainstay of the graduate program as he led graduate colloquiums and supervised many students. He was well known for his seminar on legal epistemology. Mohr continued to teach at University of Toronto from 1976-1989. Between 1980 and 1985, Mohr was awarded the Laidlaw Fellowship in 1980, was an adjunct professor at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, and a visiting Lansdowne Professor for the Faculty of Law and Human and Social Development at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. Between 1985 and 1989 Mohr extended his graduate seminar on improving the quality of thesis work for Osgoode over two terms and supervised a number of graduate students. He also took on unpaid duties, such as presidency of the Vanier Institute of the Family and the Church Council of Justice and Corrections. In 1989 Mohr became a Professor Emeritus. He continued with his graduate seminar until 1993, commuting from Howe Island, near Kingston, Ontario. He wrote many significant unpublished manuscripts during retirement, worked with organizations such as the John Howard Society and the Law Commission of Canada, corresponded with his colleagues locally and abroad, and provided valued criticisms of academic and professional works of colleagues. Mohr died in 2008.

Fraser Barry Cooper (1943- ) is a professor of political science at the University of Calgary. He formerly taught at York University (1970-1981) in the Department of Political Science as well as at Duke University (1967), where he obtained the PhD (1969), and at Bishop's College (1968-1970). Cooper is the author of several books including 'Deconfederation: Canada without Quebec' (1991) with David Jay Bercuson, 'Action into nature: an essay on the meaning of technology,' (1989), 'The end of history,' (1984), 'Merleau-Ponty and Marxism,' (1981) and others.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Herbert Woodfield Paul (1853-1935) was an English writer and Liberal MP.

Paul was the eldest son of George Woodfield Paul, Vicar of Finedon, and Jessie Philippa Mackworth. He was educated at Eton College and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he became President of the Oxford Union. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1878. He was a leader-writer on the Daily News. In 1883 he married Elinor Budworth, daughter of the Hon. William Ritchie, Legal member of the Viceregal Council at Calcutta.

In 1892 he became MP for Edinburgh South. He lost his seat in 1895, but returned to the House of Commons as MP for Northampton from 1906 to January 1910. From 1909 to 1918 he was the Second Civil Service Commissioner.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Paul .

[rough translation from German Wikipedia entry]

Otto Nikolaus Witt ( Russian Отто Николаус Витт , scientific transliteration Otto Nikolaus Vitt) was born 31 March 1853 in St. Petersburg and died 23 March 1915 in Berlin. Witt was a Russian, Swiss and German chemist. Otto Nikolaus Witt was the son of a Russian diplomat. In 1865 the family lived in Munich and a year later in Zurich, where they took Swiss citizenship. Witt studied chemistry from 1871 to 1873 at the Polytechnic University of Zurich. He worked in 1873 in Duisburg and in returned to Zurich 1874 to work in calico-printing and continue his studies. He was interested in the dyes of Croisaant and Bretonnière , which he described as sulfur dyes, recognizing and revealing the previously secret manufacturing process. He later worked at a factory in Brentford. At the age of 23,Witt established his dye process, experimenting with chemical combinations to synthesize yellow and purple tones.

In 1879 Witt worked at Cassella & Co. in Frankfurt am Main, later teaching chemistry in Mulhouse and from 1882-1885 was director of the association of chemical factories in Waldhof near Mannheim. In 1885 he became a German citizen. In 1885 Witt completed a dissertation at the Technische Universität Berlin on bleaching, dyeing and calico printing. From 1897 to 1898 he was rector at the university. He also founded a popular scientific journal Prometheus .

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Nikolaus_Witt .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Samuel Augustus Barnett (8 February 1844 – 17 June 1913[1]) was an Anglican cleric and social reformer who was particularly associated with the establishment of the first university settlement, Toynbee Hall, in east London in 1884.He was born in Bristol, the son of Francis Augustus Barnett, an iron manufacturer. After leaving Wadham College, Oxford, in 1866, he visited the United States. In the following year he was ordained as a deacon and became the curate of St Mary's, Bryanston Square before being ordained as a priest in 1868.

In 1873, he married Henrietta Octavia Weston Rowland (1851–1936), heiress, social reformer and author, who had been a co-worker of Octavia Hill. Both were social reformers and philanthropists with broad cultural interests. Later that year, the Barnetts moved to the impoverished Whitechapel parish of St. Jude’s intent on improving social conditions in one of London's worst slums.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barnett_(reformer) .

Born 29 July 1870. Attend University of Glasgow, graduating 1894. Son of Dr. Robert Paterson, uncle was lawyer James Patterson, also graduates of the university. Published under the name of Benjamin Swift. Titles attributed to him include: L'eternel conflict essai philosophique," "Problems of destiny," "Sordon," "Sudden Love: a tale of Picardy," and "The Nemesis of nations studies in history."

Source: http://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH15414&type=P .

"Steven McCabe is a poet and multidisciplinary artist originally from the American midwest now living in Toronto. He is the author of four collections of poetry, most recently Hierarchy of Loss (Ekstasis Editions, 2007). He has exhibited works on canvas, paintings on paper, collaborative artworks, mixed media sculpture and video. In 2006 he illustrated a chapbook, Orpheus and Eurydice: Before the Descent (LyricalMyrical Books), which he co-authored with Tanaz Nanavati." (Source: http://reviewcanada.ca/magazine/contributors/steven-mccabe/)

(from Wikipedia entry)

Rev. Dr. William Henry Dallinger F.R.S. (July 5, 1839 – November 7, 1909) was a British minister in the Wesleyan Methodist Church. He was also an accomplished scientist, being the first to study the complete lifecycle of unicellular organisms under the microscope and studying the adaptation of such organisms to temperature.
He made numerous contributions to microscopy, and was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1889 to 1892. Dallinger was awarded three honorary doctorates, the Ll.D. from Victoria College, Toronto in 1884, the D.Sc. from Dublin in 1892, and the D.L.C. from Durham in 1896.
Dallinger was married to Emma Ion Goldsmith (1842-1910). They had one child, son Percy Gough (1867-1930).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dallinger .

Philosopher Alfred Hoernl

(from ODNB entry by William Sweet)

Reinhold Friedrich Alfred Hoernlé (1880-1943), philosopher and social reformer in South Africa, was born in Bonn, Germany, on 27 November 1880.

His parents were the Indologist and philologist (Augustus Frederic) Rudolf Hoernlé (1841–1918) and Sophie Fredericke Louise, daughter of R. Romig of Bonn.
R. F. A. Hoernlé was their only son and spent his early years in India, later being educated in Germany before attending Balliol College, Oxford in 1899 where he was encouraged to pursue philosophy. In 1904 he was elected to a senior demyship at Magdalen College, where he studied for a BSc (completed in 1907), but in late 1905 moved to the University of St Andrews to serve as assistant to the professor of moral philosophy, Bernard Bosanquet.

Recommended by Caird, Bosanquet, and Smith, as well as by F. H. Bradley and Henry Jones, Hoernlé was appointed professor of philosophy at the South African College in 1908. From 1912 until 1914 he held the newly established professorship at Armstrong College, Newcastle (England).

On 23 March 1914 Hoernlé married Agnes Winifred Tucker (1885–1960), a former philosophy student at South African College, and the daughter of the South African senator William Kidger Tucker. She later became a leading ethnographer and the doyenne of South African anthropologists. They had one son, Alwyn (1915–1991).

In the summer of 1914 Hoernlé was appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University, where he was able to engage at first hand some of the leading American philosophers. In 1920, however, he returned to his former chair at Newcastle.

Hoernlé left Newcastle in 1923 to succeed John Macmurray as professor of philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, where Winifred Hoernlé was appointed to a post in anthropology. With the exception of visiting professorships at Bowdoin College, Maine (1926), and at the University of Southern California (1930), he spent little time outside South Africa until his death.

Hoernlé's early work was in metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical psychology, and in 1916 he and his wife completed an authorized translation of Rudolf Steiner's Die Philosophie der Freiheit (‘The philosophy of freedom’). Hoernlé was particularly concerned with two issues: the relation between the mental and the physical (focusing on volition and mental states), and the current debates between idealists and the ‘new’ realists. He believed he could address these issues through the ‘empirical’ statement of idealism or ‘speculative philosophy’ represented by Bosanquet. In his Studies in Contemporary Metaphysics (1920) Hoernlé presented essays on scientific method and the ‘mechanism versus vitalism’ controversy, insisting that, in biology at least, teleology is dominant over mechanism. His Studies reflected a systematic philosophy, showing that ‘experience, taken as a whole, gives us clues which, rightly interpreted, lead to the perception of … a graded order of varied appearances [in the universe]’ (p. v). It also exhibited his ‘synoptic’ approach, ‘which itself rests on the assumption that truth has many sides, and that to the whole truth on any subject every point of view has some contribution to make’ (‘On the way to a synoptic philosophy’, 138).

Hoernlé's Matter, Life, Mind, and God (1923), based on extramural lectures given in Newcastle to a popular audience, similarly discussed the limitations of both mechanistic and contemporary behaviouristic theories. Critics were somewhat receptive of the book, noting especially Hoernlé's ‘limpid clearness’ in style. In 1924 he published a short volume, Idealism as a Philosophical Doctrine, expanded in 1927 as Idealism as a Philosophy. Designed initially as a ‘map’ to guide students through the different schools of ‘idealism’ still current in Anglo-American philosophy, the key chapters trace the distinction between the idealism of Berkeley on the one hand and of Kant, Hegel, and their successors on the other.

When Hoernlé arrived at Witwatersrand in 1923 his teaching included courses in logic and psychology. He and his wife soon became actively involved in social issues. His wife was a pioneering social anthropologist and one of the first scholars of Bantu studies in South Africa, and Hoernlé himself developed an interest in the black peoples of the region and the impact of western civilizations on them.

Hoernlé was heavily involved in the South African Institute of Race Relations during the 1920s and 1930s. He was also chairman of the Bantu Men's Social Centre in Johannesburg, of the Johannesburg Joint Council of Europeans and Natives, and of the Society of Christians and Jews. In addition from 1934 he was a government-appointed member of the South African Council for Educational and Social Research. During the Second World War he was the initiator of the Army Educational Corps of which he became honorary lieutenant-colonel.

A ferocious critic of the policy of racial segregation proposed by the government of J. B. M. Hertzog from 1924 onwards, Hoernlé viewed segregation as entrenching white domination and the exploitation of the non-European peoples.

In 1941 he had an important correspondence with Geoffrey Hare Clayton, Anglican archbishop of Cape Town.

Hoernlé's death, following a heart attack and brief illness, in Johannesburg on 21 July 1943, was attributed largely to the stress of his extensive administrative work.

For more information see: William Sweet, ‘Hoernlé, (Reinhold Friedrich) Alfred (1880–1943)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/94419 .

Mary Karadja , born Marie Louise Smith 12 March 1868 in Stockholm, died in Locarno in 1943, was a Swedish-Turkish princess and author.

Mary Karadja was the youngest of four children to "liquor king" LO Smith and his first wife, Maria Lovisa Collin, and was schooled in retirement in Geneva between nine and 16 years of age. She married in April 1887 under the Greek Orthodox ritual with a Turkish prince and minister at the courts of Stockholm, Copenhagen and The Hague Jean Karadja Pasha , died in 1887) and had two children, Prince and later Romanian diplomat Constantin Karadja and Princess Despina (1892 - 1983). The couple first lived in Stockholm, then Hague and finally in London. After Jean's death Karadjas spent the multilingual Mary Karadja alternately in Belgium, Britain and France, but also had influence on the formation of spirit genomic associations in Sweden.
Mary Karadja was a versatile writer and wrote several poetry and prose books and plays and numerous spiritualist writings. During the years 1902-04 she published the spiritualist journal XXth century along with Lizzy Lind af Hageby (1878-1963) and Anna Synnerdahl. [translated from Swedish Wikipedia page]

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry Havelock Ellis, known as Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 – 8 July 1939), was a British physician, writer, and social reformer who studied human sexuality. He was co-author of the first medical textbook in English on homosexuality in 1897, and also published works on a variety of sexual practices and inclinations, including transgender psychology. He is credited with introducing the notions of narcissism and autoeroticism, later adopted by psychoanalysis. He served as president of the Galton Institute and, like many intellectuals of his era, supported eugenics.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelock_Ellis .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids (1857–1942) was an English Pāli language scholar and translator, and from 1923-1942 president of the Pali Text Society which was founded by her husband T. W. Rhys Davids whom she married in 1894.
Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids was born on 27 September 1857 in Wadhurst, East Sussex, England to John Foley and Caroline Elizabeth Foley (maiden name Caroline Elizabeth Windham). Caroline was born into a family with a long ecclesiastic history—her father, John Foley, served as the vicar of Wadhurst from 1847–88; her grandfather and great grandfather had served as rector of Holt, Worcestershire and vicar of Mordiford, Herefordshire, respectively. She studied at University College, London studying mainly economics, philosophy, and psychology. While studying there, she also began studying Sanskrit under Reinhold Rost. As a student, she was already a prolific writer and a vocal campaigner in the movements for poverty relief, children's rights, and women's suffrage. She completed her BA in 1886 and her MA in 1889.

Her records are held at the Senate House Libraries, University of London and Cambridge University. See: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F59001 .
For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_Foley_Rhys_Davids .

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

Lucy Clifford (2 August 1846 – 21 April 1929) was born Lucy Lane in London, the daughter of John Lane and Louisa Ellen, née Gaspey (d. 1901) of Barbados. She married the mathematician and philosopher William Kingdon Clifford in 1875. After his death in 1879, she earned a prominent place in English literary life as a novelist, and later as a dramatist. Her best-known story, Mrs Keith's Crime (1885), was followed by several other volumes, such as Aunt Anne (1892). She also wrote The Last Touches and Other Stories (1892) and Mere Stories (1896); and a play, A Woman Alone (1898). She is perhaps most often remembered, however, as the author of The Anyhow Stories, Moral and Otherwise (1882), a collection of stories written for her children.

W. K. Clifford renounced his father's inheritance to the benefit of the latter's second, much younger family. He could not have foreseen that he was to fall ill and die quite soon after this gesture, leaving his wife and two small daughters almost penniless. Clifford's friends organized a testimonial fund which helped the young widow for a short while but she soon decided to take matters into her own hands, resuming her career as a writer and continuing the salon which had enjoyed such a distinctive reputation during her marriage. Regular visitors of Clifford's at-homes were Leslie Stephen, Frederick Pollock, John Collier, Frederick Macmillan, and, for a while, the controversial ‘Vernon Lee’ (Violet Paget). At this time Henry James became one of Lucy Clifford's most prized friends, and their correspondence was extensive.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Clifford and http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/57699 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Most likely Mary Amelia St. Clair. May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 - 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' Suffrage League. May Sinclair was also a significant critic, in the area of modernist poetry and prose and she is attributed with first using the term stream of consciousness) in a literary context, when reviewing the first volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915-67), in The Egoist, April 1918.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Sinclair .

(from Wikipedia entry)
Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus (Gerald) Bolland) was a Dutch auto didact, philosopher and linguist.
Born in Groningen to a working class Catholic family, Bolland later obtained a job as a teacher in Katwijk and later an English and German teacher in Batavia. He applied successfuly to a a position as professor of philsophy a the University of Leiden in 1896.
He was responsible for reviving Hegelianism in the Netherlands, writing new works, and in general encouraging a revival in philosophy in the Netherlands.

His papers are held a the DBNL Archives. See: http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=boll004 .

For more information, see: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Bolland .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Mary Drew (née Gladstone; 23 November 1847–1 January 1927), was a political secretary, writer and hostess. She was the daughter of the British Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone, and achieved notability as his advisor, confidante and private secretary. She also attained a fair degree of political influence by controlling access to him. On 2 February 1886, at the age of 38, Mary Gladstone astounded her friends and family by marrying the Rev. Harry Drew, curate of Hawarden, who was ten years her junior. They initially lived in the home of her parents, Hawarden Castle. They had one surviving daughter, Dorothy Mary Catherine Drew, born 11 March 1890, known as "Dossie", who was a favourite of her grandfather.

After the Prime Minister's final retirement in 1894, her political influence waned. Although a great friend to his successor Lord Rosebery, she was never again able to wield influence. A keen diarist, Gladstone kept copious notes of her father's meetings and conversations, in addition to her own observations of late 19th-century political events. Her archives, "The Mary Gladstone Papers" (some of which were published by Lucy Masterman in 1930 under the title Mary Gladstone (Mrs. Drew), Her Diaries and Letters), are a much-used source of many 20th- and 21st-century biographies of leading figures of the day.

The diary, which served as an emotional outlet, diminished in its thoroughness after her marriage, when what she had previously committed to paper she found she could instead commit to her husband. She wrote nothing at all for the seven years between 1904 and 1911, but picked it up again almost immediately after her husband died. She had intended for a time to publish the diaries herself, but, according to Lucy Masterman, the proofs "were considerably 'edited' and much of the raciness and individuality taken from them. They have therefore been discarded, except as evidence of an intention to publish, wherever the original MS. exists."

Gladstone had an eccentric grammar, employing a sort of long dot as her generic period. Masterman (whom the diary describes at twenty-two as "rather a minx with forward priggy manners") took pains to edit out both this and the many banal lists of attendees at parties and dinners, along with the myriad accounts and analyses of symphony concerts, and evidence of her congenital dayums: "Anniversaries of births, christenings, confirmations, proposals, betrothals, deaths, and funerals were constantly noted, together, of course, with Saints' Days and Festivals of the Church."

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gladstone and http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F69775 .

Lionel Siegel (1927- ), television writer, was born in Chicago and educated at the University of Missouri (BJ 1950). Following freelance writing work, he joined the Publicity Department of 20th Century Fox Studios in Los Angeles, later working as an agent for MCA. In 1960 he began writing television scripts for popular American television programmes including, 'Mannix,' 'Six million dollar man,' 'The littlest hobo,' 'Rawhide,' 'Ben Casey,' and others. In addition to script writing, Siegel has produced movie pilots, episodic television dramas, and served as an executive consultant for television programmes in Canada and the United States. He has also taught at York University (1983-1984), and became an executive consultant to Astral Film Enterprises of Montreal.

American author of "The Wisdom of Passion" (1901), "Loves of Great Men and Other Essays," "Motives of Human Nature," "The Nervous System of Jesus," and "Wisdom of Passion."
A pen name used by Walters was Salvarona. Is associated with the American Institute of Scientific Research, an organization that appears to have been involved in investigating psychic phenomena and Spiritualism.

Edgar J. Dosman (1941-) was born in Annaheim, Saskatchewan and earned his BA at the University of Saskatchewan and University of Munich in 1963. He was earned an MA from University College in 1965, and his PhD from Harvard University in 1970. Dosman began his teaching career as a special lecturer at the University of Saskatchewan in 1968 and went on to join York University's department of political science in 1970, being promoted to full professor in 1990. He is currently Professor Emeritus, and Senior Research Fellow in the Centre for International Security Studies (CISS) at York University. During his academic career he has served on numerous projects and committees, both at York and at other academic institutions. Throughout his career his research interests have focused on international development thought, Western hemisphere studies, Canadian foreign and public policy, and regional conflict management (Central America / southern Africa). Dosman has been internationally recognized for his biography of Raul Prebisch, "The Life and Times of Raúl Prebisch, 1901-1986" (2008), and lauded for his work in promoting academic and cultural ties between Canada and Latin America and the Caribbean. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Canada in 2015 for his studies in Latin American history and politics.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Theologian and biographer (1843-1899). Brother of British classical scholar and poet, George Agusutus Simcox. William wrote the first major biography of Barnabe Barnes, the famous 16th-century poet and patron of William Shakespeare.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Simcox .

Jean M. Augustine (9 September 1937 - ), is a Grenada-born Canadian politician, teacher, and community organizer. She was the first female candidate of African descent to be elected to Parliament.

Augustine was a teacher in Grenada and emigrated to Canada in 1960 under the West Indian Domestic Scheme. She worked as a nanny as required by the program, and acquired her Ontario Teaching Certificate in 1963 and later her B.A. (Hon.) from the University of Toronto. In 1980 she received her M.A.Ed. from the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE). Augustine worked as a teacher within the Metropolitan Separate School Board, teaching at St. Anthony (1964 - 1970); St. Raymond (1970 - 1975); St. Felix (1975-1979); and St. Francis de Sales (1979-1982, where she was vice-principal). In 1982, Augustine was appointed principal at St. Felix School, a post she held until 1985. She also served as principal at St. Gregory School (1985- 1988).

Augustine was a social activist and volunteer within the Caribbean community of Toronto, working on issues such as immigrant and women's rights, violence against women, drug abuse and poverty. She founded several community organizations, including the Grenada Association and the Ontario chapter of the Congress of Black Women of Canada. She was also active in the areas of urban education, black youth and cultural events such as Caribana. In the Spring of 1985, Augustine was appointed by Ontario Premier David Peterson to a "transition team" of citizens to facilitate the transfer of power to the newly-elected Liberal-NDP coalition.

On 24 November 1988, she was appointed chair of the Metro Toronto Housing Authority (MTHA), the administrative body for social housing in the city.

In 1993, Augustine was appointed by Liberal Party leader Jean Chrétien as a candidate for the federal riding of Etobicoke-Lakeshore. With her election, Augustine became the first black woman elected to the Parliament of Canada, and later the first black woman in a federal cabinet. Augustine went on to win subsequent federal elections in 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004.

During her time in federal politics, Augustine was Secretary of State for Multiculturalism, and later Multiculturalism and the Status of Women, and was Special Advisor on Grenada. She also acted as Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Deputy Speaker and served three terms as Chair of the National Liberal Women's Caucus.

While serving as a federal politician, Augustine sat on a number of committees including the Foreign Affairs Committee, the Canada Africa Parliamentary Group, and the Canadian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. She also participated on international boards and associations related to women's issues, human rights, AIDS/HIV, micro credit, population and development, economic development and industry, Africa, immigrant rights, racism and xenophobia. Augustine was part of a Canadian team of election observers during the 1994 election campaign in South Africa, and participated on foreign conferences and delegations for the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD), the World Food Organization, and the World Summit of Women.

Jean Augustine was instrumental in establishing the first national recognition of February as Black History Month in 1996.

Augustine retired from politics in November 2005. She was later appointed in March 2007 as Fairness Commissioner of Ontario, to advocate on the behalf of immigrants seeking to have their foreign credentials validated in the province.

Frances Helen Dafoe (b. 1929) is a costume designer and former Olympic figure skater. A former World Figure Staking champion, she won a silver medal (for pairs with partner Norris Bowden) at the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. She was awarded the Order of Ontario in 1990 and the Order of Canada in 1991 in recognition of her contributions to costume design and sport in Canada. She is also a recipient of the Confederation medal and the Golden Jubilee medal.

Dafoe was a graduate of Branksome Hall and Central Technical High School in Toronto, where one of her teachers was artist Doris McCarthy. She also attended Parsons School of Design in New York.

After her retirement from professional figure skating, Dafoe worked a costume designer for the CBC, where she contributed to such television series and specials as "The Wayne and Shuster Show", "The Royal Canadian Air Farce", The NHL Awards, and various dance or figure-skating specials. She also designed the costumes for the closing ceremonies of the Olympic Winter Games in Calgary in 1988.

A long-time collaborator with choreographer Alan Lund, Dafoe worked on stage productions at the Charlottetown Festival, as well as performances by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet and numerous figure skating productions featuring Kurt Browning, Elizabeth Manley, Brian Orser and Toller Cranston.

Also a free-lance designer, Dafoe has created costumes for many professional performers, dancers and figure skaters, including Karen Kain, Michael Burgess, Alan Thicke, Al Waxman, Sharon, Lois & Bram, Kristi Yamaguchi, Scott Hamilton, Elvis Stojko, Isabelle Brasseur and Lloyd Lloyd Eisler, Katarina Witt, Elizabeth Manley and Kurt Browning.

Dafoe was nominated for a Gemini Award for costume design for such works as "Return to the beanstalk", "The true gift of Christmas", "I'll never go to heaven" and "You must remember this." She received an Ace award for costume design for her work on "Rich Little's Robin Hood", a Golden Gate award at the San Francisco International Film Festival for her work on "Strawberry ice" and a Prix Anik Award for her costume designs in the television productions of "Strawberry ice" and "Return to the beanstalk."

In 2011 Dafoe published a book "Figure skating: eight centuries of sport and inspiration." She is married and has two children.

A dance writer and historian, founder of the Society for Canadian Dance Studies, and Director of Collections and Research at Dance Collection Danse where she was mentored by Lawrence and Miriam Adams. (https://ryersonperformance.ca/about/people/amy-bowring)

(from Wikiipedia entry)
Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 - 29 December 1894) was an English poet who wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. She is perhaps best known for her long poem Goblin Market, her love poem Remember, and for the words of the Christmas carol In the Bleak Midwinter.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Rossetti .

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

William Leonard Courtney (5 January 1850 – 1 November 1928) was an English philosopher and journalist, born at Poona, India on 5 January 1850, the youngest of three sons and three daughters of William Courtney, a member of the Indian Civil Service and his wife Ann Edwardes, the daughter of Captain Edward Scott of the Royal Navy.

Educated at Somerset College in Bath under Revd Hay Sweet Escott before attending Oxford from 1868 to 1872. In 1873 he became headmaster of Somersetshire College, Bath, and in 1894 editor of the Fortnightly Review. He married in 1874 Cordelia Blanche Place, daughter of Commander Lionel Place of the Royal Navy. The couple had three daughters and four sons. Cordelia died in 1907. In 1911 he married Janet Elizabeth Hogarth (Janet E. Courtney), a scholar, writer and feminist, born in Barton-on-Humber (27 November 1865 - 24 September 1954).

Courtney worked for thirty-eight years in Fleet Street writing general articles and later became the chief thetre critic and literary editor of the "Daily Telegraph" (a post he held until 1925), as well as writing a weekly "Book of the Day" column. In 1890-1891 he edited "Murray's Magazine" but later moved to become editor of the "Fortnightly Review" in 1894.

Published works include:

Studies on Philosophy (1882)
Constructive Ethics (1886)
Studies New and Old (1888)
Life of John Stuart Mill (1889)
The Idea of Tragedy (1900)
The Development of Maeterlinck (1904)
The Feminine Note in Fiction (1904)
Rosemary's Letter Book (1909)
In Search of Egeria (1911).

For more information, see entries in Wikipedia at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Leonard_Courtney and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography at: http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/32590.

Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, FRS (17 May 1836 - 16 August 1920), known simply as Norman Lockyer, was an English scientist and astronomer. Along with the French scientist Pierre Janssen he is credited with discovering the gas helium. Lockyer also is remembered for being the founder and first editor of the influential journal Nature. Lockyer was born in Rugby, Warwickshire. After a conventional schooling supplemented by travel in Switzerland and France, he worked for some years as a civil servant in the British War office. He settled in Wimbledon, South London after marrying Winifred James. A keen amateur astronomer with a particular interest in the Sun. In 1885 he became the world's first professor of astronomical physics at the Royal College of Science, South Kensington, now part of Imperial College. At the college, the Solar Physics Observatory was built for him and here he directed research until 1913.

In the 1860s Lockyer became fascinated by electromagnetic spectroscopy as an analytical tool for determining the composition of heavenly bodies. He conducted his research from his new home in West Hampstead, with a 6

(from Wikipedia entry)

Paul Carus, PhD (18 July 1852 – 11 February 1919) was a German-American author, editor, a student of comparative religion and philosopher. Carus was born at Ilsenburg, Germany, and educated at the universities of Strassburg (then Germany, now France) and Tübingen, Germany. After obtaining his PhD from Tübingen in 1876
he served in the army and then taught school. He had been raised in a
pious and orthodox Protestant home, but gradually moved away from this
tradition.
He left Bismarck's Imperial Germany for the United States, "because of his liberal views". After he immigrated to the USA (in 1884) he lived in Chicago, and in LaSalle, Illinois. Paul Carus married Edward C. Hegeler's daughter Mary (Marie) and the couple later moved into the Hegeler Carus Mansion, built by her father. They had six children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carus .

(From Wikipedia entry)

Alexander Bell Filson Young (1876-1938) was a journalist, who published the first book about the sinking of the RMS Titanic, called Titanic, published in 1912 only 37 days after the sinking. He was also an essayist, war correspondent in the Boer War and World War I, a programmes advisor to the BBC, and the author of two novels. Beside his literary work, he was an organist and composer, and a pioneer of motoring and aviation. Taylah Mcdowell Alexander Bell Filson Young was born in Ireland in 1876, at Ballyeaston, County Antrim. He was the son of the Revd. William Young and Sarah Young (née Filson).

In his youth he was a pupil of the organist, James Kendrick Pyne (who had been a pupil of Samuel Sebastian Wesley). He retained his skill at organ-playing and his interest in music throughout his life, and even wrote a few compositions.

His first publication was A Psychic Vigil (1896), which he issued under the pseudonym, 'X. Ray'.

Securing a job as a war correspondent for The Manchester Guardian, he was in South Africa during the Second Boer War. His accounts of his experiences and observations there formed the basis of his book, The Relief of Mafeking ... With an account of some earlier episodes (1900). This was followed in 1901 by his "A Volunteer Brigade: notes of a week's field training."

Young was an early motoring enthusiast, and in 1902 published The Joys of Motoring and in 1904 The Complete Motorist: being an account of the evolution and construction of the modern motor-car, with notes on the selection, use and maintenance of the same, and on the pleasures of travel upon the public roads; which was followed by The Joy of the Road (1907). To make a career in publishing he would write continually on his many enthusiasms or on subjects which would interest the public. In 1903 appeared his Ireland at the Cross Roads; in 1905 his novel, The Sands of Pleasure (at the time a somewhat scandalous account of prostitution); in 1906 his Venus and Cupid: an impression .. after Velasquez ..., his Christopher Columbus and the New World and his Mastersingers: appreciations; in 1907 his The Wagner Stories and The Lover's Hours (poems); in 1908 a second novel, When the Tide Turns; in 1909 Memory Harbour: essays; in 1911 More Mastersingers; in 1912 Opera Stories, his Letters from Solitude and Other Essays (reprinted from the Saturday Review) and A House in Anglesey (privately printed). Young also edited Outlook, and literary columns in The Saturday Review and the Daily Mail.

In 1911 Young visited Belfast to see the RMS Titanic under construction; when it sank in 1912 his book about the disaster appeared little over a month afterwards.

In 1914 he began contributing to the "Notable Trials" series with an account of the trial of the Frederick Seddon and his wife. That year James Joyce's Dubliners was published by Grant Richards; Young had commended the book earlier when working as a reader for Richards. Joyce suggested that Young should write an introduction to the work.

Before World War I Young briefly spent time on Sir David Beatty's flagship, HMS Lion, and on the outbreak of war in 1914 he was able, through the influence of Admiral Sir John Fisher, First Sea Lord, to enter the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve and be assigned to Beatty's flagship again from November that year. He was at the Battle of Dogger Bank (1915), but left the navy in 1915 before the Battle of Jutland (1916). After the War he published in 1921 With Beatty in the North Sea and With the Battlecruisers. He also wrote the article on David Beatty for the 12th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica (1922).

He also continued his writing on a variety of other subjects - A Christmas Card (1914), New Leaves: essays (1915), Cornwall and a Light Car (1926), and he resumed his contributions to the "Notable Trials" series, with accounts of the trials of H. H. Crippen (1919), Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters (1923) and Herbert Rowse Armstrong (1926).

In the early days of broadcasting he became attached to the BBC, and in 1926 became an adviser on programmes. At one time he contributed a weekly essay to the BBC's periodical, Radio Times. In the early 1930s a proposed television play based on Young's book, Titanic (1912), was shelved because of protests by relatives of persons involved in the sinking. It was Young who arranged in the 1930s for Fr Bernard Walke's annual nativity plays at St Hilary Church, Cornwall, to be broadcast by the BBC.

He continued with some writing on miscellaneous subjects. In 1934 his The Lawyer's Last Notebook appeared.

At the age of fifty-eight, in 1936 he learned to fly; and in the same year published Growing Wings.

Young was also an able photographer. A bromide print by him of Max Beerbohm is held by the National Portrait Gallery, London.

He died in 1938 in London. His funeral was held at St Mary's church, Bourne Street. He had married Vera (née Rawnsley) North in 1918 (whose third husband was Clifford Bax), with whom he had two sons, William David Loraine Filson-Young and Richard Filson-Young (b. 1921). Both his sons became enrolled in the British Royal Air Force and were killed in World War II - Richard in 1942 and William in 1945.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filson_Young .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir John Arthur Thomson (8 July 1861 - 12 February 1933) was a Scottish naturalist who authored several notable books and was an expert on soft corals. Born in Saltoun, East Lothian, he taught at the Royal (Dick) Veterinary College from 1893 until 1899 then University of Aberdeen from 1899 until 1930, the year he was knighted. His popular works sought to reconcile science and religion. Thomson's Outline of Science, published in 1922, sold more than one hundred thousand copies in five years. In his Gifford lectures and a number of books written with his friend Patrick Geddes he argued for a form of holistic biology in which the activity of the living organism could transcend the physical laws governing its component parts. Some had termed the work of Geddes and Thomson as neovitalist though the position presented in their books is more closer to panpsychism as Thomson had claimed that mind can not emerge from matter and that it has existed in nature all the time. Thomson had believed there was life at all levels, he wrote that "there is nothing inanimate". He had however found the vitalist ideas of Henri Bergson inspirational.

According to Peter J. Bowler Thomson was a popular science writer who had promoted a nonmaterialist interpretation of science though his interpretation was not accepted by all within the scientific community as some had claimed his views were neovitalist and thus outdated.

Thomson had also promoted the importance of symbiosis and cooperation in nature as opposed to the idea of struggle.

While at the University of Aberdeen Thomson supervised the research of respected carcinologist Isabella Gordon.

He died in Limpsfield, Surrey.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Thomson.

(from ODNB entry by G.S. Woods)

Body, George (1840–1911), Church of England clergyman, born at Cheriton Fitzpaine, Devon, on 7 January 1840, was the son of Josiah Body, surgeon, and his wife, Mary Snell. He was educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton, from 1849 to 1857, and subsequently entered St Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury. His intention of undertaking missionary work abroad had to be abandoned because of ill health. In 1859 he matriculated from St John's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1862 and proceeding MA in 1876. Subsequently he received from Durham University the degree of MA ad eundem (1884) and an honorary DD (1885). On 25 September 1864 he married Louisa Jane (b. c.1837), daughter of William Lewis of Sedgley.

Body was ordained deacon in 1863 and priest the following year. He served successively as curate of St James, Wednesbury (1863–5), Sedgley (1865–7), and Christ Church, Wolverhampton (1867–70). Like other ‘slum priests’, such as Charles Lowder and G. R. Prynne, he sought to bring the teaching and practices of the Oxford Movement to the working classes, combining evangelical fervour with Tractarian principles. Nominated rector of Kirby Misperton, Yorkshire, in 1870 he took an active part in the parochial mission movement. In 1883 he was appointed canon-missioner of Durham by Bishop Lightfoot, and for twenty-eight years carried on successful mission work among Durham miners. He had a fine reputation as a mission preacher: his sermons were remarkable for their directness and sincerity, an appeal enhanced by a west country burr which he retained to the end of his life.

Body's varied activities covered a wide area. He was proctor in convocation for Cleveland from 1880 to 1885, and for Durham in 1906, and vice-president of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1890), and succeeded his friend Bishop G. H. Wilkinson as warden of the Sisterhood of the Epiphany, Truro, in 1891. He was select preacher at Cambridge (1892–6 and 1900–06) and lecturer in pastoral theology at King's College, London, in 1909. He also acted as examining chaplain to the bishop of St Andrews from 1893 to 1908. Although he was a member of the English Church Union his sympathies were broad, and his conciliatory attitude during the ritualist crisis of 1898–9 exercised a moderating influence on the militant section of the high-church party. He published many sermons and devotional works.

Body died at The College, Durham, on 5 June 1911. He was survived by his wife and his three sons and four daughters, among whom was (Mary) Agnes Body (1866–1952). A memorial fund was raised after his death for the maintenance of the diocesan mission house and a home for mission workers among the Durham miners.

For more information, see http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/31945 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Francis "Frank" Darwin, FRS (16 August 1848 – 19 September 1925), a son of the British naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, followed his father into botany. Francis Darwin was born in Down House, Downe, Kent in 1848. He was the third son and seventh child of Charles Darwin and his wife Emma.
Darwin went to Trinity College, Cambridge, first studying mathematics, then changing to natural sciences, graduating in 1870. He then went to study medicine at St George's Medical School, London, earning an MB in 1875, but did not practice medicine.
Darwin was married three times and widowed twice. First he married Amy Richenda Ruck in 1874, but she died in 1876 four days after the birth of their son Bernard Darwin, who was later to become a golf writer. In September 1883 he married Ellen Wordsworth Crofts (1856 - 1903) and they had a daughter Frances Crofts Darwin (1886–1960), a poet who married the poet Francis Cornford and became known under her married name. His third wife was Florence Henrietta Fisher, daughter of Herbert William Fisher and widow of Frederic William Maitland, whom he married in 1913, the year in which he was knighted. Her sister Adeline Fisher was the first wife of Darwin's second cousin once removed Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Francis Darwin worked with his father on experiments dealing with plant movements, specifically phototropism and they co-authored The Power of Movement in Plants (1880). Their experiments showed that the coleoptile of a young grass seedling directs its growth toward the light by comparing the responses of seedlings with covered and uncovered coleoptiles. These observations would later lead to the discovery of auxin.

Darwin was nominated by his father to the Linnean Society of London in 1875, and was elected as a Fellow of the Society on 2 December 1875. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 June 1882, the same year in which his father died. Darwin edited The Autobiography of Charles Darwin (1887), and produced some books of letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin; The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (1887) and More Letters of Charles Darwin (1905). He also edited Thomas Huxley's On the Reception of the Origin of Species (1887).

Cambridge University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DSc) in 1909. He also received honorary doctorates from Dublin, Liverpool, Sheffield, Brussels, St Andrews, Upsala, and Prague. He was knighted in 1913.

He is buried at in Cambridge. His daughter, Frances Cornford, was later buried with him.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Darwin .

Editor of "Mathematical Gazette" and scientific correspondent of the "Evening Westminster Gazette". "He had two inseparable friends, E F J Love and G F Stout. When in company together they drew the attention of every one who saw them. They looked more like three generations than contemporaries, Greenstreet being plainly the responsible head and Stout the cheerful but inscrutable infant, while Love appeared to be more normal and rather embarrassed by the strangeness of his companions. It was natural that such a remarkable- looking trio should receive a nickname; so they became known as the Three Graces. Too soon the inseparables were to become separated, each to make his mark in his special province; Greenstreet in Mathematics, Love in Science and Thermodynamics, and Stout in Classics and Philosophy." (Obituary by I F S Macaulay). His wife drowned in 1903 trying to save her maid. She had contributed to the fashion pages of "The Daily News" under the name Aunt Medina. "Greenstreet did not fail to reach distinction; his name was well known to the whole mathematical world, and his monument was the Mathematical Gazette; but he did not reach a position to which his merit and ability entitled him. Luck was against him; his chance never came; and he was content. At the age of fifty he found that his ideals for his school were in opposition to those under whom he held his appointment, and in order not to sacrifice his freedom he resigned." " son, Surgeon-Commander B de M Greenstreet R.N., and his daughter, who spent her energy and strength and impaired her health in the cause of her Country."

Harvey Cashore, journalist and writer, grew up near Vancouver, British Columbia. He moved to Ottawa in 1982 to attend Carleton University, graduating with a Bachelor of Journalism in 1987. In 1986, Cashore began working for author John Sawatsky on a book on the Ottawa lobbying industry, where he first began investigating the Airbus affair. In 1987, Cashore continued working with Sawatsky as a research associate on his book, "Mulroney : the politics of ambition." During the "Mulroney" project Cashore cultivated sources in the Prime Minister's inner circle, some of whom would prove valuable in later years as the Airbus story gained momentum. Cashore was hired as a researcher in the Ottawa bureau of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in 1989, later returning to work on the Mulroney biography published in 1991. That year, he joined CBC's "The Fifth Estate" as a researcher, becoming an associate producer in 1993 and a producer in 1995. He also worked as producer and senior editor for the CBC's "Disclosure," a television series devoted to investigative journalism. Cashore now serves as senior producer for CBC News' Special Investigations Unit. Cashore's investigative work has garnered nominations and awards from the Canadian Association of Journalists, Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE), the Canadian Bar Association, the Hillman Foundation, the Michener Awards Foundation, the Geminis and the Screen Awards. He is also the co-author (with Stevie Cameron) of "The Last amigo : Karlheinz Schreiber and the anatomy of a scandal" (2001), which received the Best Crime Non-Fiction Book of the Year Arthur Ellis Award (Crime Writers' of Canada), and author of "The Truth shows up : a reporter's fifteen-year odyssey tracking down the truth about Mulroney, Schreiber and the Airbus scandal" (2010).

Barbara Rahder (née Sanford), a planner, activist, academic and educator, attended Portland State University, where she obtained a BSc in psychology in 1974. She then joined the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at the University of Toronto, completing a MSc in 1977 and a PhD in 1985. Her PhD dissertation is entitled "The Origins of Residential Differentiation: Capitalist Industrialization in Toronto, Ontario, 1851-1881". During her graduate studies, Rahder worked as a research assistant and teaching assistant at the University of Toronto, as a part-time instructor in the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute and as a part-time assistant professor in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University. She also taught in the School of Urban and Regional Planning at Queen’s University in 1986 before returning to join York University’s Faculty of Environmental Studies as an assistant professor (1993-1998), later becoming associate professor (1998-2004), professor (2005-2016) and professor emeritus (2016). Rahder served as interim dean of the Faculty of Environmental Studies in 2007-2008 and as dean from 2008 to 2012. In 2007, 2009 and 2012, Rahder was a visiting professor in the Department of Town and Country Planning at the University of Moratuwa in Sri Lanka.

In addition to her academic and teaching work, Rahder worked as a planning consultant, first as a research coordinator for Simon Associates in Toronto (1986-1987) and then as a partner in Rahder, Doyle and Associates (formerly Sanford, Farge and Associates) (1989-1992) and finally as the principal in Rahder and Associates (formerly Sanford and Associates) (1998-1996).

Rahder has been a member of the Canadian Institute of Planners since 1994, a member of the Ontario Professional Planners Institute from 1994 to 2016, and a member of many other professional organizations and groups including Planners Network, Planning Action, the National Network on Environments and Women’s Health, National Action Committee on the Status of Women, Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto/Toronto Community Social Planning Council, International Network for Urban Research and Action, Women in Toronto Creating Housing, the Women and Environments Education and Development Fund, Women In/And Planning, and Women Plan Toronto.

She is the author of Housing Cooperatives as a New Life Style Option for Seniors (1989) (as Barbara Sanford), Strategies for Maintaining Professional Competence: A Manual for Professional Associations and Faculties (1989) (as Barbara Sanford), Comparison of Co-operative and Private Non-Profit Housing Options for Older Canadians (1990) (as Barbara Sanford), and the co-editor of Just Doing It: Popular Collective Action in the Americas (2002).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry John "Harry" Cockayne-Cust (10 October 1861 – 2 March 1917) was an English politician and editor who served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Unionist Party. Cust was born to Sara Jane Cookson and Henry Cockayne-Cust, and was educated at Eton (where he was captain of the Oppidans) and Trinity College, Cambridge. While at Trinity College, he was elected to the Apostles and graduated with second-class honours in the Classical Tripos. Initially pursuing a legal career, Cust was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1888 but was not called. Instead he decided to enter Parliament, and won a by-election in 1890 for Stamford, Lincolnshire. He left Parliament at the general election of 1895, but returned five years later when he won a seat in the constituency of Bermondsey, remaining until 1906.
Cust was one of The Souls and was attached to Pamela Wyndham, who later married Edward Tennant. Others in the same clique were Margot Asquith, Arthur Balfour, George Nathaniel Curzon, Alfred Lyttelton, Godfrey Webb, and George Wyndham. Considered a brilliant conversationalist by his contemporaries, he had a reputation as a womaniser and was the natural father of the socialite and philanthropist Lady Diana Cooper, by the Duchess of Rutland, although this was not acknowledged until much later. Cust was also rumoured to be the father of Beatrice Stephenson, who became the mother of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and although there was no solid proof of this connection, Lady Diana Cooper often jokingly referred to Mrs. Thatcher as her niece.
In 1892, Cust met William Waldorf Astor, who invited him to edit the Pall Mall Gazette. Despite lacking any background in journalism, Cust immediately accepted. He soon transformed the newspaper into the best evening journal of the period, thanks in part to his securing such contributors as Rudyard Kipling and H. G. Wells. Yet Cust rejected contributions submitted by Astor himself, who had literary aspirations; and this, coupled with political disagreements, led to Cust's dismissal in February 1896.
After leaving the Pall Mall Gazette, Cust continued his career as an author. He wrote several poems, most notably "Non nobis domine". During World War I Cust was active in propaganda on behalf of the British Government. In August 1914, he founded the Central Committee for National Patriotic Organizations. He died in 1917 of a heart attack at his home in Hyde Park Gate, London. He was heir to the barony of Brownlow, a position which at his death fell to his brother, Adelbert Salusbury Cust (b. 1867). As the result of a purported pregnancy, he married in 1893 Emmeline Mary Elizabeth Welby-Gregory (1867–1955), known as Nina, who was the daughter of Victoria, Lady Welby. The pregnancy was either false or a misrepresentation, and the couple, whose marriage was thereafter contentious, did not have any children. Nina Cust was a translator and editor of her mother's papers. She and her husband are buried together in Belton, Lincolnshire, with a monument designed by her.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cust .

(from Wikipedia entry)

James Gilliland Simpson (16 October 1865 - 10 October 1948) was the Dean of Peterborough in the Church of England from 1928 to 1942.

He was educated at the City of London School and Trinity College, Oxford, he was ordained in 1889 and began his career with a curacy at Leeds Parish Church. He was then appointed Vice Principal of Edinburgh Theological College after which he was Principal of Leeds Clergy School before becoming Canon of Manchester in 1910. Two years later he became a Canon of St Paul's, a post he held for seventeen years before his elevation to the Deanery. He was a noted author.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Simpson_(priest) .

Robert M. Laxer (1915-1998) was a psychologist, professor, author, and political activist. Laxer was born in Montreal, Quebec in 1915. He graduated from McGill University with a B.A. in 1936 and an M.A. in 1939. He later received his doctorate in clinical and learning psychology from the University of Toronto in 1962. Between 1938 and 1941, Laxer was a freelance journalist. He then served in the Canadian Army overseas. Upon his return from war service in 1947, Laxer continued freelance writing and research. In 1956, he became a psychologist at the Ontario Hospital in Toronto and went on to hold a joint appointment as a Special Lecturer in the Department of Psychology at the University of Toronto and as a Clinical Psychologist at the Toronto General Hospital between 1960 and 1964. After serving as an Assistant Professor at York University for a year, Laxer became Associate Professor at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education in 1965 and then Full Professor in 1968. He remained in this position until his retirement in 1980. In addition to teaching, Robert Laxer was involved in various Canadian political groups such as the New Democratic Party, the Waffle Movement, the Committee for the Canadianisation of the Petroleum Industry, as well as the Council of Canadians. In addition, Laxer wrote numerous articles and books mostly concerning Canadian politics. He also founded the political journal, Spectrum, in 1981.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Dr Andrew Martin Fairbairn (4 November 1838 – 1912) was a Scottish theological scholar, born near Edinburgh. From 1877 to 1886 he was principal of Airedale College, Bradford, England, a post which he gave up to become the first principal of Mansfield College, Oxford. In the transference to the University of Oxford of the existing Spring Hill College, Birmingham, he took a considerable part, and he exercised influence not only over generations of his own students (most famous of which is probably Peter Taylor Forsyth), but also over a large number of undergraduates in the university generally. He was granted the degree of M.A. by a decree of Convocation, and in 1903 received an honorary Doctor of Literature degree. He was also awarded Doctor of Divinity degrees from Edinburgh and Yale universities, and a Doctor of Laws from the University of Aberdeen. His activities were not, however, limited to his college work. He delivered the Muir lectures at Edinburgh University (1878–1882), the Gifford lectures at Aberdeen (1892–1894), the Lyman Beecher lecture at Yale (1891–1892), and the Haskell lectures in India (1898–1899). He was a member of the Royal Commission of Secondary Education in 1894–1895, and of the Royal Commission on the Endowments of the Welsh Church in 1906. In 1883 he was chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. He resigned his position at Mansfield College in the spring of 1909. He was a prolific writer on theological subjects.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Martin_Fairbairn .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Tyndall FRS (2 August 1820 - 4 December 1893) was a prominent 19th century physicist. His initial scientific fame arose in the 1850s from his study of diamagnetism. Later he made discoveries in the realms of infrared radiation and the physical properties of air. Tyndall also published more than a dozen science books which brought state-of-the-art 19th century experimental physics to a wide audience. From 1853 to 1887 he was professor of physics at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London. Tyndall was born in Leighlinbridge, County Carlow, Ireland. His father was a local police constable, descended from Gloucestershire emigrants who settled in southeast Ireland around 1670. Tyndall attended the local schools in County Carlow until his late teens, and was probably an assistant teacher near the end of his time there. Subjects learned at school notably included technical drawing and mathematics with some applications of those subjects to land surveying. He was hired as a draftsman by the government's land surveying & mapping agency in Ireland in his late teens in 1839, and moved to work for the same agency in England in 1842. In the decade of the 1840s, a railroad-building boom was in progress, and Tyndall's land surveying experience was valuable and in demand by the railway companies. Between 1844 and 1847, he was lucratively employed in railway construction planning. In 1847 Tyndall opted to become a mathematics and surveying teacher at a boarding school in Hampshire. Recalling this decision later, he wrote: "the desire to grow intellectually did not forsake me; and, when railway work slackened, I accepted in 1847 a post as master in Queenwood College." Another recently arrived young teacher at Queenwood was Edward Frankland, who had previously worked as a chemical laboratory assistant for the British Geological Survey. Frankland and Tyndall became good friends. On the strength of Frankland's prior knowledge, they decided to go to Germany to further their education in science. Among other things, Frankland knew that certain German universities were ahead of any in Britain in experimental chemistry and physics. (British universities were still focused on classics and mathematics and not laboratory science.) The pair moved to Germany in summer 1848 and enrolled at the University of Marburg, where Robert Bunsen was an influential teacher. Tyndall studied under Bunsen for two years. Perhaps more influential for Tyndall at Marburg was Professor Hermann Knoblauch, with whom Tyndall maintained communications by letter for many years afterwards. Tyndall's Marburg dissertation was a mathematical analysis of screw surfaces in 1850 (under Friedrich Ludwig Stegmann). He stayed at Marburg for a further year doing research on magnetism with Knoblauch, including some months' visit at the Berlin laboratory of Knoblauch's main teacher, Heinrich Gustav Magnus. It is clear today that Bunsen and Magnus were among the very best experimental science instructors of the era. Thus, when Tyndall returned to live in England in summer 1851, he probably had as good an education in experimental science as anyone in England.

Tyndall's early original work in physics was his experiments on magnetism and diamagnetic polarity, on which he worked from 1850 to 1856. His two most influential reports were the first two, co-authored with Knoblauch. One of them was entitled "The magneto-optic properties of crystals, and the relation of magnetism and diamagnetism to molecular arrangement", dated May 1850. The two described an inspired experiment, with an inspired interpretation. These and other magnetic investigations very soon made Tyndall known among the leading scientists of the day. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1852. In his search for a suitable research appointment, he was able to ask the longtime editor of the leading German physics journal (Poggendorff) and other prominent men to write testimonials on his behalf. In 1853, he attained the prestigious appointment of Professor of Natural Philosophy (Physics) at the Royal Institution in London, due in no small part to the esteem his work had garnered from Michael Faraday, the leader of magnetic investigations at the Royal Institution. About a decade later Tyndall was appointed the successor to the positions held by Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution on Faraday's retirement. Tyndall did not marry until age 55. His bride, Louisa Hamilton, was the 30-year-old daughter of a member of parliament (Lord Claud Hamilton, M.P.). The following year, 1877, they built a summer chalet in the Swiss Alps. Before getting married Tyndall had been living for many years in an upstairs apartment at the Royal Institution and continued living there after marriage until 1885 when a move was made to a house near Haslemere 45 miles southwest of London. The marriage was a happy one and without children. He retired from the Royal Institution at age 66 having complaints of ill health.

Tyndall became financially well-off from sales of his popular books and fees from his lectures (but there is no evidence that he owned commercial patents). For many years he got non-trivial payments for being a part-time scientific advisor to a couple of quasi-governmental agencies and partly donated the payments to charity. His successful lecture tour of the United States in 1872 netted him a substantial amount of dollars, all of which he promptly donated to a trustee for fostering science in America. Late in life his money donations went most visibly to the Irish Unionist political cause. When he died, his wealth was £22122. For comparison's sake, the income of a police constable in London was about £80 per year at the time.

In his last years Tyndall often took chloral hydrate to treat his insomnia. When bedridden and ailing, he died from an accidental overdose of this drug at age 73, and was buried at Haslemere. Afterwards, Tyndall's wife took possession of his papers and assigned herself as supervisor of an official biography of him. She dragged her feet on the project, however, and it was still unfinished when she died in 1940 aged 95. The book eventually appeared in 1945, written by A. S. Eve and C. H. Creasey, whom Louisa Tyndall had authorized shortly before her death.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Bateson (Robin Hood's Bay, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English geneticist and a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity and biological inheritance, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vriesand Carl Correns. In his later years he was a friend and confidant of the German Erwin Baur. Their correspondence includes their discussion of eugenics.

His son was the anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Rudolf Christoph Eucken (German: [ˈɔʏkn̩]; 5 January 1846 – 15 September 1926) was a German philosopher, and the winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature. Eucken was born in Aurich, Kingdom of Hanover (now Lower Saxony). His father died when he was a child, and he was brought up by his mother. He was educated at Aurich, where one of his teachers was the classical philologist and philosopher Ludwig Wilhelm Maximilian Reuter (1803–1881). He studied at Göttingen University and Berlin University. In the latter place, Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg was a professor whose ethical tendencies and historical treatment of philosophy greatly attracted him. He married in 1882 and had a daughter and two sons. His son Walter Eucken became a famous founder of neoliberal thought in economics.

Rudolf Eucken died in Jena at the age of 80.

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken .

(from Encyclopedia Brittanica entry)

R.H. Codrington, in full Robert Henry Codrington (born Sept. 15, 1830, Wroughton, Wiltshire, Eng.—died Sept. 11, 1922, Chichester, Sussex), Anglican priest and early anthropologist who made the first systematic study of Melanesian society and culture and whose reports of his observations remain ethnographic classics.
Codrington became a fellow of Wadham College, Oxford (1855), and took holy orders in 1857. He emigrated to Nelson, N.Z., in 1860 and joined the Melanesian Mission, which he headed from 1871 to 1877. He traveled throughout Melanesia, making his principal observations in the New Hebrides, the Solomons, and the smaller islands lying between them. He gathered a great body of data on all major aspects of Melanesian life and society, including kinship, marriage, property, secret societies, folklore, ritual, and especially religion.Returning to England, Codrington served as vicar of Wadhurst, Sussex (1888–93), and examining chaplain to the bishop of Chichester (1894–1901). During those years he devoted himself to the scholarly preparation of his writings and to enjoying the companionship of such figures as Lewis Carroll, William Ewart Gladstone, and Cardinal John Henry Newman. In his writings Codrington attempted to give a representative picture of island life before contact with European culture. Melanesian Languages (1885), which dealt with the phonology, grammar, and vocabulary of the languages of the New Hebrides and the Solomon, Torres Straits, Loyalty, and other islands, is still considered relevant for the study of the Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages. Codrington’s other linguistic work, A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Islands, Banks’ Islands (1896), was written jointly with J. Palmer. Codrington’s ethnographic work, The Melanesians: Studies in Their Anthropology and Folklore (1891), deals at length with the concepts of mana, magic, and related phenomena, and with social structure and secret societies.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/124069/RH-Codrington.

Sydney Eisen (1929 - ) is a professor, historian, and administrator. Born in Poland, he graduated from Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto in 1946. He received a BA. from the University of Toronto in 1950 and a Ph.D. from The Johns Hopkins University in 1957. He also attended Cornell University in 1950 and the London School of Economics in 1953. Dr. Eisen went on to faculty positions at Williams College from 1955 to 1961 and the City College of New York from 1961 to 1965. In 1965, Dr. Eisen served as a Visiting Associate Professor at the University of Toronto and joined York University's Department of History and Division of Humanities as an Associate Professor. He was a full Professor at York from 1969 until 1993 when he became a University Professor, retiring in 1995. Dr. Eisen also served as Acting Chairman of the Division of Humanities in 1967, Chairman of the Department of History from 1970 to 1972, Dean of the Faculty of Arts from 1973 to 1978, and was the founding Director of the Centre for Jewish Studies from 1989 to 1994. He has assisted in the establishment of a number of research centres including the Centre for Research in Latin American and Caribbean Studies, the Victorian Studies Association of Ontario and is also an active fellow of Vanier College. He is the author of numerous articles and books on European history and Victorian studies including "The Human Adventure: Readings in World History" (1964), and "Victorian Science and Religion: A Bibliography" (1994).

Dr. Eisen has been actively involved in Jewish day school education; he is a life member of the board of the Associated Hebrew Schools and of the Community Hebrew Academy. He was also involved in national education in the U.S.A. as President and Chairman of the Board of the National Humanities Faculty from 1976-1980. In recognition of his achievements, Dr. Eisen has been the recipient of a number of honours including a book prize established in the Faculty of Arts at York University in 1978, the Shem Tov Award from the Jewish Federation of Greater Toronto in 1988, a conference and Festschrift in 1994, the Ben Sadowski Medal (highest award for voluntary service) in 1995 and election to the York University Founder's Society in 1999. After his retirement he helped found a consulting firm, REF Consultants in Education, Inc. Sydney Eisen married Doris Kirschbaum in 1957. The couple has four children: Daniel, Robert, Sarah and Miriam.

A Canadian modern-dance choreographer, dancer, director and teacher. She studied at the Martha Graham School and co-founded the Toronto Dance Theatre with Peter Randazzo. She was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 2004.

Sir William Robertson Nicoll CH (October 10, 1851 - May 4, 1923) was a Scottish Free Church minister, journalist, editor, and man of letters.

Nicoll was born in Lumsden, Aberdeenshire, the son of a Free Church minister. He was educated at Aberdeen Grammar School and graduated MA at the University of Aberdeen in 1870, and studied for the ministry at the Free Church Divinity Hall there until 1874, when he was ordained minister of the Free Church at Dufftown, Banffshire. Three years later he moved to Kelso, and in 1884 became editor of The Expositor for Hodder & Stoughton, a position he held until his death.

In 1885 Nicoll was forced to retire from pastoral ministry after an attack of typhoid had badly damaged his lung. In 1886 he moved south to London, which became the base for the rest of his life. With the support of Hodder and Stoughton he founded the British Weekly, a Nonconformist newspaper, which also gained great influence over opinion in the churches in Scotland.

Nicoll secured many writers of exceptional talent for his paper (including Marcus Dods, J. M. Barrie, Ian Maclaren, Alexander Whyte, Alexander Maclaren, and James Denney), to which he added his own considerable talents as a contributor. He began a highly popular feature, "Correspondence of Claudius Clear", which enabled him to share his interests and his reading with his readers. He was also the founding editor of The Bookman from 1891, and acted as chief literary adviser to Hodder & Stoughton.

Among his other enterprises were The Expositor's Bible (originally published by Hodder & Stoughton, 1887-1896, but afterward reprinted in New York by A. C. Armstrong & Son) and The Theological Educator. He edited The Expositor's Greek Testament (from 1897). He also edited a series of Contemporary Writers (from 1894), and of Literary Lives (from 1904).

He projected but never wrote a history of The Victorian Era in English Literature, and edited, with T. J. Wise, two volumes of Literary Anecdotes of the Nineteenth Century. He was knighted in 1909, ostensibly for his literary work, but in reality probably more for his long-term support for the Liberal Party. He was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1921 Birthday Honours.

(from Wikipedia entry_

John St Loe Strachey (9 February 1860-1927), was a British journalist and newspaper proprietor.

Strachey was the second son of Sir Edward Strachey, 3rd Baronet, and his wife Mary Isabella (née Symonds), and the brother of Edward Strachey, 1st Baron Strachie, and Henry Strachey. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and later called to the Bar, but chose to take up journalism as his profession. Between 1887 and 1925, he was editor of The Spectator. He was a close friend and confidant of the diplomat, Sir Cecil Spring Rice, with whom he corresponded for many years.

Strachey's son John became a Labour politician and government minister.

His daughter Amabel married the architect Clough Williams-Ellis.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strachey_(journalist) .

Herman Arthur Voaden (1903-1991) was a teacher, playwright, director, editor, and arts activist. Herman Voaden was born in London, Ontario in 1903. He graduated from Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, with a B.A. (Honours) in 1923 and an M.A. in 1926. He also later pursued post-graduate studies at the University of Chicago and at Yale University. Voaden taught high school in Ottawa, Windsor, and Sarnia. Then, in 1928, he became head of the Department of English at the Toronto Central High School of Commerce. He remained in this position until his retirement in 1964. Voaden also served as Director of the Modern Drama Course at the University of Toronto in 1929 and as the Director of the Summer Course Drama and Play Production at Queen's University from 1934 to 1936. During the 1920's and 1930's, Voaden was recognized as an innovative playwright, director and editor. In 1934, he established the Play Workshop, the leading Canadian experimental theatre company of the 1930's. He also wrote seven major plays: Rocks, Earth Song, Hill-Land, Murder Pattern, Ascend As the Sun, Emily Carr and Marie Chapdelaine. Further, Voaden edited a dozen play anthologies and studies, beginning in 1930 with Six Canadian Plays. In addition to play writing and producing, he held several key administrative positions in Canadian arts organizations. He served as the first President of the Canadian Arts Council, 1945-1948; as a member of the Canadian Delegation to the First General Assembly of UNESCO in Paris, 1946; as the National Director of the Canadian Conference of the Arts, 1966-1968; and as the President of the Canadian Guild of Crafts, 1968-1970. He also ran on behalf of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in three federal elections and one by-election from 1945 to 1954. For his contribution to Canadian theatre and culture, Voaden received numerous honors: the English Centennial Award in 1965; the Queen's Jubilee Medal in 1977; an Honorary Life Membership in the Association for Canadian Theatre History in 1980; the Theatre Ontario Maggie Bassett Award in 1987; and a Diplome d'honneur from the Canadian Conference of the Arts in 1989. Further, Voaden was made a Fellow in the Royal Society of Arts in 1970 and a Member of the Order of Canada in 1974. He also received an honorary doctorate from Saint Mary's University, Halifax, in 1988. Herman Voaden was married to Violet Kilpatrick from 1935 until her death in 1984. Herman Voaden died in Toronto in 1991.

Robert Clayton Casto (b. 31 May 1932, d. 5 April 1998), English professor and writer, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He received his B.A. from Yale University in 1954 and completed his M.A. and M.F.A. at the University of Iowa in 1965 and 1966 respectively before finishing his M.Litt. at Oxford in 1968. He was Assistant Professor of English at State University College, Oneonta, New York from 1968-1970. He held a similar position at York University from 1970 to 1974, and from 1974 until his death was Assistant Professor of English. In addition to his academic work, Casto also published several volumes of poetry including A Strange and Fitful Land (1959), The Arrivals (1980) and Human Gardens (ca. 1998) and had individual poems appear in numerous journals, reviews and magazines. He was editor of the literary journal Waves from 1972-1980 and was a member of the Association of Canadian University Teachers of English, the Modern Language Association of America, the Elizabethan Club of Yale University and the Poetry Society of America.

Louisa Charlotte Hamilton Tyndall was the wife of John Tyndall (1820-1893). They married in 1876 when she was 30 and he was 55. She was the daughter of Lord Claud Hamilton, a Conservative Member of Parliament for County Tyrone from 1835-1837 and 1839-1874.

Enid Rutland cooperated with Margaret Laurence in the production of 'The collected plays of Gwen Pharis Ringwood,' (1982).

Toyomasa Fuse (1931-2019), author and Professor Emeritus of Comparative Suicide Studies at York University, was one of Canada’s foremost experts in the study of suicide; the sociocultural factors that contribute to it, and how to prevent it. Born in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, Fuse earned a scholarship from the United States Occupational Forces, which allowed him to attend Missouri Valley College in 1950, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1954. He earned both his Master of Sociology (1956) and Doctorate in Sociology (1961) at the University of California at Berkeley.

Fuse’s childhood experiences were shaped by the Second World War and the American occupation of Japan that followed. Growing up on Hokkaido during the 1930s and 1940s, when the island’s geopolitical circumstances created opportunities for cross-cultural contact and education, Fuse was exposed to different languages and cultures. His knowledge of eight languages, particularly of English, Italian and Spanish, allowed him to excel academically and professionally within the fields of sociology and comparative suicide studies.

During his employment at Cornell University, student activism and the Fuse’s support of the anti-Vietnam War movement in in the United States placed Fuse at a moral crossroads. Faced with worsening social unrest and worries that his young son would be drafted when he reached enlistment age, Fuse accepted a position at the L’Universite de Montreal in 1968 and moved the family to Canada. In the 1970s, the Fuse family moved to Toronto and Toyomasa Fuse began lecturing in Suicidology at York University. Fuse volunteered at suicide prevention centres in northern Metro Toronto. Retiring in 1997, Fuse continued to lecture in Suicidology as a Professor Emeritus and Senior Fellow at York University. While continuing to write on suicide, Fuse pursued biographical and memoir writing in his later years.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henrietta Blanche Stanley (30 July 1830-5 January 1921) was second daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley. Married David Ogilvy, Earl of Airlie 23 September 1851. They had two sons and four daughters: Lady Henrietta Blanche Ogilvy (1852-1925), Lady Clemintina Gertrude Helen Ogilvy (1854-1932), Lt. Col. David Stanley William Ogilvy, 6th Earl of Airlie (1856-1900), Lady Maude Josepha Ogilvy (1859-1933), Hon. Lyulph Gilchrist Stanley Ogilvy (1861-1947) and Lady Griselda Johanna Helen Ogilvy (1856-1934).
She died 5 January 1920.

Fore more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogilvy,_10th_Earl_of_Airlie .

(From Wikipedia entry of son Arthur John Butler)

Rev. William John Butler (1818–1894), later Dean of Lincoln, married to Emma Barnett (1813–1894), a daughter of George Henry Barnett, a banker, of Glympton Park, Woodstock. Father was John La Forey Butler (1786–1848), a banker in the firm of H. & I. Johnstone. Brother Henry Barnett was also a banker, as well as being a Conservative member of parliament. William and Emma were supporters of the High Church Tractarian movement. In 1848, William John Butler founded the Community of St Mary the Virgin. Children included Arthur John (1844-1910), Grace Harriet (born 1847), Edith Emma (1851–1936), and Mary Avice (1855–1938), while his brother was William George (1849–1938).

For additional information, see Butler's memoirs and published correspondence at: https://archive.org/details/lifeandlettersof00butluoft .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Gertrude Jekyll (/ˈdʒiːkəl/ jee-kəl; 29 November 1843 - 8 December 1932) was an influential British horticulturist, garden designer, artist and writer. She created over 400 gardens in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States, and wrote over 1,000 articles for magazines such as Country Life and William Robinson's The Garden.
Jekyll has been described as "a premier influence in garden design" by English and American gardening enthusiasts.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Margaret Oliphant Wilson Oliphant (née Margaret Oliphant Wilson) (4 April 1828 - 25 June 1897), was a Scottish novelist and historical writer, who usually wrote as Mrs. Oliphant. Her fictional works encompass "domestic realism, the historical novel and tales of the supernatural". Cousin to Laurence Oliphant.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Percival Postgate (24 October 1853 - 15 July 1926) was an English classicist, professor of Latin at the University of Liverpool from 1909 to 1920. He was a member of the Postgate family.

Born in Birmingham, the son of John Postgate, he was educated at King Edward's School where he became head boy. He won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge where he read classics, being elected a Fellow in 1878. He married his graduate student Edith Allen and they had six children among whom were Raymond Postgate (a journalist, historian, novelist and food writer), and Margaret Cole (a Fabian politician); he was grandfather to the animator and puppeteer Oliver Postgate.

He established himself as a creative editor of Latin poetry with published editions of Propertius, Lucan, Tibullus and Phaedrus. His major work was the two-volume Corpus Poetarum Latinorum, a triumph of editorial organisation. An influential work was his often reprinted "The New Latin Primer", 1888, much used in British schools over subsequent decades. While at Cambridge, he edited the Classical Review and the Classical Quarterly while holding the chair of comparative philology at University College, London. In 1909, reconciled that the Cambridge Chair would go to A.E. Housman, as it did in 1911, Postgate opted to become Professor of Latin at Liverpool.

He retired to Cambridge in 1920. On 14 July 1926 he was injured in a cycling accident and died of his injuries the following day.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Percival_Postgate .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Edwin Arnold KCIE CSI (10 June 1832 – 24 March 1904) was an English poet and journalist, who is most known for his work, The Light of Asia.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Arnold .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn OM, PC (24 December 1838 - 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist, he was elected a Member of Parliament in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895, Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911 and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. Morley was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. Morley is best known for his writings and for his "reputation as the last of the great nineteenth-century Liberals". He opposed imperialism and the Boer War, and his opposition to British entry into the First World War led him to leave government in 1914. Morley was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of Jonathan Morley and Priscilla Mary (née Duncan). He was educated at Cheltenham College, University College School and Lincoln College, Oxford. He quarrelled with his father over religion, and had to leave Oxford early without an honours degree; his father had wanted him to become a clergyman. He wrote, in obvious allusion to this rift, On Compromise (1874). Morley was called to the bar before deciding to pursue a career in journalism. He was the editor of the Fortnightly Review from 1867 to 1882 and of the Pall Mall Gazette from 1880-83 before going into politics. Morley was a prominent Gladstonian Liberal. In Newcastle, his constituency association chairman was Robert Spence Watson, indefatigable and effective local organiser, a leader of the National Liberal Federation and its chairman from 1890 to 1902. Morley thus had the advantage of a superior local electoral organisation and direct linkage to a prime mover in the Liberal caucus. However, Newcastle was a dual member constituency and his parliamentary colleague, Joseph Cowen, was a local radical in perpetual conflict with the Liberal Party, locally and nationally, with the advantage of owning the most influential local newspaper, the Chronicle. Cowen increasingly attacked Morley from the left, sponsoring working men candidates on his retirement from the seat, whilst simultaneously showing favour to the local Tory candidate, Charles Frederic Hamond.

Morley, with Watson's machine, withstood the Cowen challenge until the 1895 general election, when the tactics of the one time revolutionary radical Cowen caused the ejection of Morley and the loss of Newcastle to the Tories. In February 1886, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Chief Secretary for Ireland, only to be turned out when Gladstone's government fell over Home Rule in July of the same year and Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister. After the severe defeat of the Gladstonian party at the 1886 general election, Morley divided his life between politics and letters until Gladstone's return to power at the 1892 general election, when he resumed as Chief Secretary for Ireland.

He had during the interval taken a leading part in parliament, but his tenure of the chief secretaryship of Ireland was hardly a success. The Irish gentry made things as difficult for him as possible, and the path of an avowed Home Ruler installed in office at Dublin Castle was beset with pitfalls. In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, Morley sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898. He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs. From 1889 onwards, Morley resisted the pressure from labour leaders in Newcastle to support a maximum working day of eight hours enforced by law. Morley objected to this because it would interfere in natural economic processes. It would be "thrusting an Act of Parliament like a ramrod into all the delicate and complex machinery of British industry". For example, an Eight Hours Bill for miners would impose on an industry with great diversity in local and natural conditions a universal regulation. He further argued that it would be wrong to "enable the Legislature, which is ignorant of these things, which is biased in these things—to give the Legislature the power of saying how many hours a day a man shall or shall not work" His legacy was a purely moral one; although in May 1870 he married Mrs. Rose Ayling, the union produced no heirs. Mrs. Ayling was already married when she met John Morley and the couple waited to marry until her first husband died several years later. She was never received into polite society, and many of his colleagues, including Asquith, never met her. Morley had three siblings, Edward Sword Morley (1828-1901), William Wheelhouse Morley (1840-Abt. 1870), and Grace Hannah Morley (1842-1825).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn.

The Right Honourable John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury PC FRS DCL LLD (30 April 1834 - 28 May 1913), known as Sir John Lubbock, 4th Baronet from 1865 until 1900, was a banker, Liberal politician, philanthropist, scientist and polymath.

He was a banker and worked with his family

Peter Wildeblood, writer and producer, was born in Alassio, Italy in 1923. Wildeblood was educated at Radley College, Trinity College and Oxford. His career started in Great Britain as a producer and screenwriter at Granada TV (1958-1970) and Executive Producer (plays), London Weekend TV (1970-1972). Wildeblood later moved to Canada and held positions as Executive-in-Charge (independent production), CBC Drama (1986) and Vice-President (creative affairs) at Wacko Entertainment (1988). In addition to his television work, Wildeblood has written four books, including "Against the Law" and lyrics for the musical "The Crooked Mile" (winner of the Ivor Novello Award for Light Music, 1959).

James Mavor Moore (1919-2006), actor, writer, critic, educator and public servant, was born in Toronto on 8 March 1919 and educated at the University of Toronto where he received his BA in 1941. He served in Intelligence during the Second World War following which he was employed by CBC radio as producer for its International Service in Montreal. He moved to CBC Television in 1950 serving as its first chief producer. He produced, directed or appeared in over fifty stage plays in Canada as well as in radio and television dramas and was the winner of three Peabody Awards for radio documentaries that he directed for the United Nations. Moore created over one hundred works for stage, radio and television including the musicals 'Sunshine Town' (1954), 'The Ottawa Man' (1958), 'Louis Riel' (an opera with Harry Somers as composer, 1967), and 'Fauntleroy' (1980). He worked with his mother, Dora Mavor Moore in founding the New Play Society and served as producer-director of 'Spring Thaw,' its annual comedy revue from 1948 to 1965. He was drama critic for the Toronto Telegram from 1958 to 1960 and was arts critic for Maclean's magazine from 1968 to 1969. Moore is the author of numerous published works including the autobiography 'Reinventing Myself' and 13 dramatic and musical works. In 1970 he was appointed a professor in the Faculty of Fine Arts, York University and served as chair of the Theatre Department from 1975 to 1976. Moore served on the Canada Council (1974-1983), including a term as its chair (1979-1983). He also served as the founding chair of the British Columbia Arts Council (1996-1998). He sat on the first Board of Governors of the Stratford Festival, was the founding chair of the Canadian Theatre Centre, the Guild of Canadian Playwrights, and was a founding director of the Charlottetown Festival. Moore was recognized for his work with seven honorary degrees, awarded the Centennial Medal in 1967, and made an officer of the Order of Canada in 1973 and a companion of the Order of Canada in 1988. In 1999, he received a Governor-General's Award for Lifetime Achievement and was elected to the Order of British Columbia. Mavor Moore passed away in Victoria, B.C. on December 18th, 2006.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Brooke Foss Westcott (12 January 1825 - 27 July 1901) was a British bishop, biblical scholar and theologian, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. He is perhaps most known for co-editing The New Testament in the Original Greek in 1881. Brooke Foss Westcott (12 January 1825 - 27 July 1901) was a British bishop, biblical scholar and theologian, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death. He is perhaps most known for co-editing The New Testament in the Original Greek in 1881. He was born in Birmingham. His father, Frederick Brooke Westcott, was a botanist. Westcott was educated at King Edward VI School, Birmingham, under James Prince Lee, where he became friends with Joseph Barber Lightfoot, later bishop of Durham.
The period of Westcott's childhood was one of political ferment in Birmingham and amongst his earliest recollections was one of Thomas Attwood leading a large procession of men to a meeting of the Birmingham Political Union in 1831. A few years after this Chartism led to serious disturbances in Birmingham and many years later Westcott would refer to the deep impression the experiences of that time had made upon him.
In 1844, Westcott entered Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was invited to join the Cambridge Apostles. He became a scholar in 1846, took Sir William Browne's medal for a Greek ode in 1846 and 1847, and the Members' Prize for a Latin essay in 1847 and 1849. He took his BA degree in January 1848, obtaining double-first honours. In mathematics, he was twenty-fourth wrangler, Isaac Todhunter being senior. In classics, he was senior, being bracketed with Charles Broderick Scott, afterwards headmaster of Westminster School. After obtaining his degree, Westcott remained in residence at Trinity. In 1849, he obtained his fellowship; and in the same year he was made deacon by his old headmaster, Prince Lee, later Bishop of Manchester. In 1851 he was ordained and became an assistant master at Harrow School. As well as studying, Westcott took pupils at Cambridge; fellow readers included his school friend Lightfoot and two other men who became his attached and lifelong friends, E.W. Benson and F.J.A. Hort. The friendship with Lightfoot and Hort influenced his future life and work.
He devoted much attention to philosophical, patristic and historical studies, but his main interest was in New Testament work. In 1851, he published his Norrisian prize essay with the title Elements of the Gospel Harmony. The Cambridge University Norrisian Prize for theology was established in 1781 by the will of John Norris Esq of Whitton, Norfolk for the best essay by a candidate between the ages of twenty and thirty on a theological subject.
He combined his school duties with his theological research and literary writings. He worked at Harrow for nearly twenty years under Dr C.J. Vaughan and Dr Montagu Butler, but he was never good at maintaining discipline among large numbers. In 1855, he published the first edition of his History of the New Testament Canon, which, frequently revised and expanded, became the standard English work on the subject. In 1859, there appeared his Characteristics of the Gospel Miracles.
In 1860, he expanded his Elements of the Gospel Harmony essay into an Introduction to the Study of the Gospels. Westcott's work for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, notably his articles on "Canon," "Maccabees", and "Vulgate," led to the composition of his subsequent popular books, The Bible in the Church (1864) and a History of the English Bible (1869). To the same period belongs The Gospel of the Resurrection (1866). As a piece of consecutive reasoning upon a fundamental Christian doctrine, it attracted great attention.[citation needed] It recognised the claims of historical science and pure reason. At the time when the book appeared, his method of apologetic showed originality, but was impaired by the difficulty of the style.[citation needed]
In 1865, he took his B.D., and in 1870, his D.D. Later, he received honorary degrees of DC.L. from Oxford (1881) and of D.D. from Edinburgh (1883). In 1868, Westcott was appointed examining chaplain by Bishop Connor Magee (of Peterborough); and in the following year he accepted a canonry at Peterborough, which forced him to leave Harrow. For a time he was enthusiastic about a cathedral life, devoted to the pursuit of learning and to the development of opportunities for the religious and intellectual benefit of the diocese. But the Regius Professorship of Divinity at Cambridge fell vacant, and J. B. Lightfoot, who was then Hulsean Professor, refused it in favour of Westcott. It was due to Lightfoot's support almost as much as to his own great merits that Westcott was elected to the chair on 1 November 1870.
He now occupied a position for which he was suited, at a point in the reform of university studies when a theologian of liberal views, but respected for his learning and his character, had a unique opportunity to contribute. Supported by his friends Lightfoot and Hort, he worked very hard, foregoing many of the privileges of a university career so that his studies might be more continuous and that he might see more his students. ... Westcott married, in 1852, Sarah Louisa Mary Whithard (ca 1830-1901), daughter of Thomas Middlemore Whithard, of Bristol. Mrs Westcott was for many years deeply interested in foreign missionary work. She became an invalid in her later years, and died on 28 May 1901. They had seven sons and three daughters.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Westcott .

Barry Callaghan (journalist, poet, literary critic, novelist, film maker, teacher, editor, publisher, and translator) was born in Toronto on 5 July 1937 to prominent Canadian author Morley Callaghan and Loretto (Dee) Callaghan. He grew up in the Annex, showing a particular aptitude for music and sports. The family moved to Rosedale in 1951, and within three years, Callaghan was exploring the night life of Yonge Street and Porters Hall on College Street, the city's only Black dance hall; these experiences would play an important role in his short stories and poems. Callaghan enjoyed success as a basketball player, a sport that took him to Assumption College (now the University of Windsor). By 1957 he had written his first poem, "The outhouse," which was published in the college's magazine. He joined Canadian Press (Broadcast News) as a reporter for the summer of 1958. After selling his short story, "The muscle," to CBC Radio Windsor in early 1959 and spending the summer reporting for CBC's television news, Callaghan enrolled in St. Michael's College at the University of Toronto. He earned his Master's degree in 1963, a year that also included regular appearances on CBC Radio to discuss books, and his marriage to Nina Rabchuck. He moved back to television in 1964, joining "Show on shows" (later known as "The umbrella") hosted by abstract expressionist painter William Ronald. His work for the show included interviews with several prominent writers, such as Marie-Claire Blais, Margaret Laurence, John Updike, and Patrick Kavanaugh. His first article of literary criticism on the work of Laurence was published in "Tamarack review" in 1965, when he left the doctoral program at the University of Toronto to accept a position as lecturer with Atkinson College at York University. Callaghan wrote and performed in the film, "The blues," featuring live performances by several musicians including Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry during 1966 and 1967. His involvement with mass media expanded in 1967, when he was appointed literary editor for "The Toronto telegram," one of the city's daily newspapers. Callaghan travelled across the country with Pierre Elliott Trudeau in 1968, leading to an extensive article in the "Telegram." Callaghan regularly appeared on television at this time, co-hosting "The public eye" with Peter Jennings, Norman Dapoe, and Jean Sauve. His career expanded into film making in 1969. Works include documentaries on social and political change in Quebec and the Chicago Eight (later Seven) trial. Films on Israel, the Black September War and Palestine, an interview with Golda Meir where Callaghan challenged Israeli policies, and an interview with Angela Davis (charged with conspiracy and murder due to her connections with the Black Panther Party) led to strong reactions; he was fired by the CBC, compelled to resign from the "Telegram," and experienced difficulty gaining tenure at York University in 1971. Harry Crowe, Dean of Atkinson College, successfully championed Callaghan's pursuit of a continuing appointment, and provided support and initial funding for Callaghan to start "Exile : the literary quarterly." His visit to Israel in 1969 also led to his involvement with Israeli actress Saya Lyran, which gave inspiration for "The Hogg poems and drawings" published in 1978. He subsequently became involved with CBC researcher and artist Claire Weissman Wilks, whose book of drawings was the first title published by Callaghan's Exile Editions in 1976. After a film making visit to South Africa later that year that included his imprisonment by secret police and expulsion, Callaghan's career focused on writing short stories and articles for "Toronto life" and "Punch" magazines, translating nine books of poetry and prose by writers such as Robert Marteau and Miodrag Pavlovic, appearing on CTV's "Canada AM" until 1979, when he became host of CITY TV's "Firing line" and "Enterprise," publishing his own poetry, writing a memoir, "Barrelhouse kings" (1998), revisiting work he had written between 1964 and 2004 through two volumes of collected essays, "Raise you five" (2005) and "Raise you ten" (2006), and nurturing an appreciation for horse racing. He won several awards for his creative work, including National Magazine Awards, an ACTRA award for best television host, the CBC Award for fiction, an International Authors Festival Literary Award, and the Toronto Arts Award for Writing. His work received considerable international attention, leading to invitations to lecture in Europe and Cuba, and his appointment as Writer in Residence at the University of Rome in 1989. Several of his books have been translated into seven languages including French, Italian, and Croatian. Callaghan retired from York University in 2003, and transferred control of "Exile : the literary quarterly" and Exile Editions to his son, Michael, in 2005 and 2006.

Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (20 July 1836 – 22 February 1925) was an English physician and inventor of the clinical thermometer.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford_Allbutt .

(from Wikipedia entry)
George John Romanes FRS (20 May 1848 - 23 May 1894) was a Canadian-born English evolutionary biologist and physiologist who laid the foundation of what he called comparative psychology, postulating a similarity of cognitive processes and mechanisms between humans and other animals.

He was the youngest of Charles Darwin's academic friends, and his views on evolution are historically important. He invented the term neo-Darwinism, which is still often used today to indicate an updated form of Darwinism. Romanes' early death was a loss to the cause of evolutionary biology in Britain. Within six years Mendel's work was rediscovered, and a whole new agenda opened up for debate. George Romanes was the last born in a line of three children in 1848, into a wealthy, well educated family. During his early life he aspired to involve himself with religion by becoming a clergyman. During Romanes's adolescent years he was influenced by extensive travel and intellectual environments. His parents soon moved from his birth place in Kingston Ontario to Cornwall Terrace in United Kingdom. This had set Romanes on the path to develop a fruitful and lasting relationship with Charles Darwin. During his youth, Romanes often traveled to and shortly resided in Germany and Italy, cultivating his fluency in both languages along the way. When Romanes decided to take up his study in science, abandoning his prior ambition to be a clergyman, he began his work on evolution. Romanes's friend, Charles Darwin, had a great influence on his studies and served as a mentor. Forging a relationship with Darwin was not difficult for Romanes with his inherited “sweetness of temper and calmness of manner” from his Father, reported in his book The Life and Letters of George John Romanes. Romanes's early education was inconsistent and was often in the public schools. Consequently, he was home schooled for half of his education. At this time he developed a love for pottery and music which he excelled at. However, his true passion resided elsewhere; he soon began his study of medicine and physiology at Cambridge University(1867-1873). Romanes was not fully educated and struggled to flourish. This did not hinder his university experience as a whole because he still remained heavily involved in extracurricular activities such as boating and debate club. Romanes was born in Kingston, Ontario, the third son of George Romanes, a Scottish Presbyterian minister. When he was two years old, his parents returned to England, and he spent the rest of his life in England. Like many English naturalists, he nearly studied divinity, but instead opted to study medicine and physiology at Cambridge University. Although he came from an educated home, his school education was erratic. He entered university half-educated and with little knowledge of the ways of the world. He graduated from Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge with the degree of BA in 1871, and is commemorated there by a stained glass window in the chapel.

It was at Cambridge that he came first to the attention of Charles Darwin: "How glad I am that you are so young!" said Darwin. The two remained friends for life. Guided by Michael Foster, Romanes continued to work on the physiology of invertebrates at University College London under William Sharpey and Burdon-Sanderson. In 1879, at 31, Romanes was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on the basis of his work on the nervous systems of medusae. However, Romanes' tendency to support his claims by anecdotal evidence (rather than empirical tests) prompted Lloyd Morgan's warning known as Morgan's Canon:

"In no case is an animal activity to be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes, if it can be fairly interpreted in terms of processes which stand lower in the scale of psychological evolution and development".
As a young man, Romanes was a Christian, and some, including his religious wife, later claimed that he regained some of that belief during his final illness. In fact, he became an agnostic due to the influence of Darwin. In a manuscript left unfinished at the end of his life he said that the theory of evolution had caused him to abandon religion.

Romanes founded a series of free public lectures - still running today - the Romanes Lectures. He was a friend of Thomas Henry Huxley, who gave the second Romanes lecture.

Towards the end of his life, he returned to Christianity. Romanes's and Darwin's relationship developed quickly and they became close friends. This relationship began when Romanes became Darwin's research assistant during the last eight years of Darwin’s life. The association Romanes had with Darwin was essential in Darwin's later works. Therefore, Darwin confided volumes of unpublished work which Romanes later used to publish papers. Like Darwin, Romanes's theories were met with skepticism and were not accepted initially. The majority of Romanes's work attempted to make a connection between animal consciousness and human consciousness. Some problems were encountered during his research that he addressed with the development of physiological selection. This was Romanes's answer to three questions raised about Darwin’s isolation theory. The questions were: species characteristics that have no evolutionary purpose, the wide spread fact of inter-specific sterility, and the need for varieties to escape the swamping effects of inter-crossing after permanent species are established. At the end of his career the majority of his work was directed towards the development of a relationship between intelligence and placement on an evolutionary tree. Romanes believed that the further along an organism was on an evolutionary standpoint, the more likely that organism would be to possess a higher level of functioning. Romanes was the last child born of three children from George Romanes and Isabella Gair Smith. The majority of his immediate and extended family were descendant from Scottish Highland tribes. His father, Reverend George Romanes, was a professor at Queens College in Kingston, Canada and taught Greek at the local university until the family moved back to England. Romanes and his wife Ethel Mary Duncan were wed on February 11th, 1879. Both Romanes' mother and father were involved in the Protestant and Anglican Church during his childhood. Romanes was baptized Anglican and was heavily involved with the Anglican teachings during his youth, despite the fact his parents were not heavily involved with any religion. Speculated by Elizabeth J. Barns in the paper The Early Career of George John Romanes, Darwin may have been viewed as a father figure to Romanes. Darwin did not agree with the teachings of the catholic church because of the fundamental teachings were not supported by his scientific findings at the time. This could explain Romanes' conversion to agnosticism. Surely this is not the only reason for Romanes altered belief, for Romanes had to poses some element of free thinking. When Romanes attended Gonville and Caius College Cambridge, Ontario, he entered into an essay contest on the topic of “Christian Prayer considered in relation to the belief that Almighty governs the world by general laws". Romanes didn't have much hope in winning, but much to his surprise he took first place in this contest and received the Burney prize. After winning the Burney prize, Romanes came to the conclusion that he could no longer be faithful to his Christianity religion due to his love and commitment for science. This is interesting due to the fact that when Romanes was growing up, his father was a Reverend. Therefore, Romanes went into great detail about religion and how all aspects of the mind need to be involved to be faithfully committed to religion in his book Thoughts on Religion. He believed that you had to have an extremely high level of will to be dedicated to God or Christ. Romanes tackled the subject of evolution frequently. For the most part he supported Darwinism and the role of natural selection. However, he perceived three problems with Darwinian evolution:

The difference between natural species and domesticated varieties in respect to fertility. [this problem was especially pertinent to Darwin, who used the analogy of change in domesticated animals so frequently]
Structures which serve to distinguish allied species are often without any known utilitarian significance. [taxonomists choose the most visible and least changeable features to identify a species, but there may be a host of other differences which though not useful to the taxonomist are significant in survival terms]
The swamping influence upon an incipient species-split of free inter-crossing. [Here we strike the problem which most perplexed Darwin, with his ideas of blending inheritance. It was solved by the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics, and later work showed that particulate inheritance could underlie continuous variation: see the evolutionary synthesis]
Romanes also made the acute point that Darwin had not actually shown how natural selection produced species, despite the title of his famous book (On the origin of species by means of natural selection). Natural selection could be the 'machine' for producing adaptation, but still in question was the mechanism for splitting species.

Romanes' own solution to this was called 'physiological selection'. His idea was that variation in reproductive ability, caused mainly by the prevention of inter-crossing with parental forms, was the primary driving force in the production of new species. The majority view then (and now) was that geographical separation is the primary force in species splitting (or allopatry) and secondarily was the increased sterility of crosses between incipient species.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Romanes .