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Ivor Armstrong Richards was an influential British literary critic and rhetorician.

F.R. Leavis was an influential British literary critic. He taught for most of his career at the University of Cambridge.

Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 - 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him. Lang was born in Selkirk. He was the eldest of the eight children born to John Lang, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first duke of Sutherland. On 17 April 1875 he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados. She was (or should have been) variously credited as author, collaborator, and/or translator of Lang's Color/Rainbow Fairy Books he edited.

He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School, Loretto, and at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College. As a journalist, poet, critic and historian, he soon made a reputation as one of the most able and versatile writers of the day. In 1906 he was elected FBA.

He died of angina pectoris at the Tor-na-Coille Hotel in Banchory, Banchory, survived by his wife. He was buried in the cathedral precincts at St Andrews. Lang is now chiefly known for his publications on folklore, mythology, and religion. The interest in folklore was from early life; he read John Ferguson McLennan before coming to Oxford, and then was influenced by E. B. Tylor. Lang was one of the founders of "psychical research" and his other writings on anthropology include The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Magic and Religion (1901) and The Secret of the Totem (1905). He served as President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1911.He collaborated with S. H. Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of Homer's Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both still noted for their archaic but attractive style. He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer And The Study Of Greek found in Essays In Little (1891), Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; and Homer and his Age (1906). Lang's writings on Scottish history are characterised by a scholarly care for detail, a piquant literary style, and a gift for disentangling complicated questions. The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901) was a consideration of the fresh light thrown on Mary, Queen of Scots, by the Lennox manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, approving of her and criticising her accusers. Lang's earliest publication was a volume of metrical experiments, The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872), and this was followed at intervals by other volumes of dainty verse, Ballades in Blue China (1880, enlarged edition, 1888), Ballads and Verses Vain (1884), selected by Mr Austin Dobson; Rhymes

Joseph Barber Lightfoot (13 April 1828 - 21 December 1889), known as J. B. Lightfoot, was an English theologian and Bishop of Durham. Lightfoot was born in Liverpool, where his father was an accountant. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, under James Prince Lee. His contemporaries included Brooke Foss Westcott and Edward White Benson. In 1847 Lightfoot went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and read for his degree along with Westcott. He graduated senior classic and 30th wrangler, and was elected a fellow of his college. From 1854 to 1859 he edited the Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology. In 1857 he became tutor and his fame as a scholar grew. He was made Hulsean professor in 1861, and shortly afterwards chaplain to the Prince Consort and honorary chaplain in ordinary to Queen Victoria.

In 1866 he was Whitehall preacher, and in 1871 he became canon of St Paul's Cathedral. The Times wrote after his death that:

"It was always patent that what he was chiefly concerned with was the substance and the life of Christian truth, and that his whole energies were employed in this inquiry because his whole heart was engaged in the truths and facts which were at stake."

In 1875 Lightfoot became Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in succession to William Selwyn. In 1879 he was consecrated bishop of Durham in succession to Charles Baring. He soon surrounded himself with a band of scholarly young men.

Lightfoot was never married. He died at Bournemouth and was succeeded in the episcopate by Westcott, his schoolfellow and lifelong friend. He served as President of the first day of the 1880 Co-operative Congress. Lightfoot wrote commentaries on the Epistle to the Galatians (1865), Epistle to Philippians (1868) and Epistle to the Colossians (1875). In 1874, the anonymous publication of Supernatural Religion, a work speculated by some to be authored by Walter Richard Cassels, attracted attention. In a series of papers in the Contemporary Review, between December 1874 and May 1877, Lightfoot undertook the defense of the New Testament canon. The articles were published in collected form in 1889. About the same time he was engaged in contributions to William Smith's Dictionary of Christian Biography and Dictionary of the Bible, and he also joined the committee for revising the translation of the New Testament.

The corpus of Lightfoot's writings include essays on biblical and historical subject matter, commentaries on Pauline epistles, and studies on the Apostolic Fathers. His sermons were posthumously published in four official volumes, and additionally in the Contemporary Pulpit Library series. At Durham he continued to work at his editions of the Apostolic Fathers, and in 1885 published an edition of the Epistles of Ignatius and Polycarp, collecting also materials for a second edition of Clement of Rome, which was published after his death (1st ed., 1869). He defended the authenticity of the Epistles of Ignatius.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick, (née Balfour; 11 March 1845 - 10 February 1936) was an activist for the higher education of women, Principal of Newnham College of the University of Cambridge and a leading figure in the Society for Psychical Research. was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members. Most of her writings related to Psychical Research, and are contained in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. However, some related to educational matters, and a couple of essays dealt with the morality of international affairs. Eleanor Mildred Balfour was born in East Lothian, daughter of James Maitland Balfour and Lady Blanche Harriet. She was born into perhaps the most prominent political clan in nineteenth-century Britain, the 'Hotel Cecil': her brother Arthur would eventually himself become prime minister. Another brother, Frank, a biologist, died young in a climbing accident.

One of the first students at Newnham College in Cambridge, in 1876 she married (and became converted to feminism by) the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. In 1880 she became Vice-Principal of Newnham under the founding Principal Anne Clough, succeeding as Principal on Miss Clough's death in 1892. She and her husband resided there until 1900, the year of Henry Sidgwick's death. In 1894 Mrs Sidgwick was one of the first three women to serve on a royal commission, the Bryce commission on Secondary Education.

As a young woman, Eleanor had helped Rayleigh improve the accuracy of experimental measurement of electrical resistance; she subsequently turned her careful experimental mind to the question of testing the veracity of claims for psychical phenomena. She was elected President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1908 and named 'president of honour' in 1932.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Mildred_Sidgwick .

Lady Victoria Welby (1837-1912) was a philosopher, author and prolific correspondent.
She was the daughter of Charles Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie (second son of James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe), MP for Bossiney (1830-1832) and Emmeline Manners (daughter of John Manners, 5th Baron of Rutland and Lady Elizabeth Howard the daughter of the Earl of Carlisle), poet, traveller and editor of the annual "Keepsake" in 1837. Following the death of her father in 1844 and her brother Adelbert in 1847, Victoria accompanied her mother Emmeline on a series of travels throughout Europe, North and South America and the Middle East. As a result she did not receive a formal education typical of young girls of her class, although she did publish a travel memoir in 1852,"A Young Traveller's Journal of a Tour in North and South America During the Year 1850" (T. Bosworth, 1852).

During a trip through the Ottoman Empire, Victoria's mother died of dysentery en route from Antioch to Beruit, leaving Victoria orphaned and stranded. Upon her return to England, Victoria lived with her grandfather, the Duke of Rutland, later becoming a member of the household of the Duchess of Kent, Queen Victoria's mother. She would later serve as a maid of honour to Queen Victoria, her godmother.

In 1863, Victoria married William Welby-Gregory, MP for Grantham (son of Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory and Frances Cholmeley). They resided at Grantham in Lincolnshire. The couple had three children: Victor (1864-1876), Charles (1865-1938) and Emmeline (1867-1955), known as "Nina."

Starting at around 1863, Welby began building up a social network with leading thinkers, scientists, psychologists and other public figures. This coincided with a rigorous schedule of self-education after her marriage, begun at the encouragement of her husband. The Welby home was the site of many visits and gatherings of learned men throughout her lifetime. Accompanying this was Welby's robust correspondence with many leading philosophers, psychologists, theologians, novelists, scientists, mathematicians, artists and poets. She had notable exchanges with such figures as Charles Peirce, Francis Galton, C.K. Ogden, Mrs. W.K. (Lucy) Clifford, James Sully, Friedrich Max Müller, Sir Oliver Lodge, Peter Lang, Julia Wedgwood, Rev. Edward Stuart Talbot and others. In addition to being a member of the Aristotelian Society of London as well as the Sociological Society of Great Britain, there is evidence that Welby was involved in intellectual debates developed by members of the Society for Psychical Research.

Welby was heavily involved in the founding of the School of Art Needlework (later known as the Royal School of Needlework) which was founded in 1872 on Sloan Street in London, initially employing 20 women.

Starting in 1872, Welby began publishing essays and pamphlets, anonymously or in in collaboration with others. These works are frequently only attributed to "V.W." The topics focused on motherhood, Christian theology, scripture or spiritual matters. In the 1880s she published a number of essays, poems, and copies of her public addresses through W. Clarke, a local printer in Grantham. These works reflected her reading on theological matters, and culminated with an edition of essays published in 1881 (a second edition in 1883) titled "Links and Clues." She also published articles and poems in publications such as "Nineteenth Century."

Welby's intellectual focus shifts in the 1890s to issues of mental evolution, psychology and eugenics, privately printing her work for distribution through her correspondence and also publishing in periodicals such as "Monist" and "Mind." In 1893 she introduces the term "sensifics" to designate her theory of meaning. She would later replace this term with "significs." In 1896 she sponsored "The Welby Prize" for best essay on the critique of philosophical and psychological terminology based on a "significal perspective."

In 1897 she published "Grains of Sense" a collection of her 'essaylets', parables, satires and aphorisms that formed what Susan Petrilli has called "an appeal to scholars to adopt a more scientific approach to all areas of study and research, for the improvement of our powers of interpretation, ultimately of human thought and action. (Petrilli,98).

In October 1900 she delivered a series of lectures on significs at Oxford University and in 1902 James M. Baldwin's "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology in Three Volumes" features entries on "Translation" and "Significs" written or co-written by Welby. This was the first official recognition of her new approach to the study of sign, meaning and understanding. She would later publish "What is meaning? Studies in the Development of Significance" with Jonathan Cape in 1903. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica would also feature an entry on "Significs" written by Welby.

In 1903 she visited pragmatists Giovanni Vailati and Mario Calderoni in Italy. In the same year she was a founding member of the Sociological Society of Great Britain.

In 1911 Welby also published "Significs and Language: the Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretative Resources" (MacMillan). A companion volume of collected essays edited by George F. Stout and John W. Slaughter was planned but never published.

In January 1912 Welby suffered from partial aphasia and paralysis. She died at the age of 74 on 29 March 1912.

Ellen Seligman was a Canadian publisher and literary editor.
Seligman was the editor for many of Canada's leading fiction writers and poets, including: Margaret Atwood, Leonard Cohen, Elizabeth Hay, Anne Michaels, Rohinton Mistry, Michael Ondaatje, Jane Urquhart, Guy Vanderhaeghe, Peter Robinson, Sheila Watson, Irving Layton, Peter Lang and many more. Of the titles she edited, twenty three went on to win Governor General's Awards, six won the Scotiabank Giller Prize and four won the Man Booker Prize. She was also published the work of Nobel Prize winner Alice Munro.
She began her career in publishing in New York City, later joining McClelland and Stewart in 1977 as a senior editor. She was later promoted in to Editorial Director (Fiction) in 1987, and later Publisher (Fiction) and Vice President of the firm in 2000. She later became Senior Vice President and continued to direct the company's fiction publishing after the firm was bought by Random House (now Penguin Random House Canada).
She was the recipient of numerous awards that recognized her skill as an editor and her commitment to Canadian literature and poetry. She was made a member of the Order of Ontario in 2008 and the Order of Canada in 2009.
Seligman died 25 March 2016.

(from Wikipedia and ODNB)

Edvard Alexander Westermarck (20 November 1862 – 3 September 1939) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist. Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.

The phenomenon of reverse sexual imprinting is when two people live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one, and both become desensitised to sexual attraction, now known as the Westermarck effect, was first formally described by him in his book The History of Human Marriage (1891).

He has been described as "first Darwinian sociologist" or "the first sociobiologist".
He helped found academic sociology in the United Kingdom, becoming the first professor of sociology (with Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse) in 1907 in the University of London.

In the UK, his name is often spelled Edward. His sister, Helena Westermarck, was a writer and artist.

His published works include:
1891: The History of Human Marriage. 3 Vol, Macmillan, London.
1906: The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2 Vol, MacMillan, London
1907: Siveys ja kristinusko: Esitelmä. Ylioppilasyhdistys Prometheus, Helsinki.
1914: Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Macmillan, London.
1919: Tapojen historiaa: Kuusi akadeemista esitelmää: Pitänyt Turussa syksyllä 1911 Edward Westermarck. 2nd edition. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, Helsinki.
1926: Ritual and Belief in Morocco. 2 Vol.
1926: A short History of Human Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1930: Wit and Wisdom in Morocco. Routledge, London.
1932: Ethical Relativity.
1932: Avioliiton historia. WSOY, Helsinki.
1932: Early Beliefs and Their Social Influence. London: Macmillan.
1933: Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation. London: Macmillan.
1933: Moraalin synty ja kehitys. WSOY, Helsinki.
1934: Three Essays on Sex and Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1934: Freuds teori on Oedipuskomplexen i sociologisk belysning. Vetenskap och bildning, 45. Bonnier, Stockholm.
1936: The future of Marriage in Western Civilisation. Macmillan, London.
1937: "Forward" in The Wandering Spirit: A Study of Human Migration. Macmillan, London
1939: Kristinusko ja moraali (Christianity and Morals). Otava, Helsinki.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Humphry Ward (1845–1926), son of the Rev. Henry Ward and Jane Sandwith. Married Mary Augusta [known as Mrs Humphry Ward] on April 6, 1872. Following the success of his anthology The English Poets in 1879, Humphry Ward resolved to give up academic life. He took a position on The Times in January 1881, and a year later became the newspaper's principal art critic and occasional leader writer.

Sara Woods, mystery and crime writer, is the nom de plume of Lana Bowen-Judd, born in 1922 in Bradford, Yorkshire, England and educated at Convent of Sacred Heart in Filey, Yorkshire. During the Second World War, she worked in a bank and as a solicitor's clerk in London, England. Following her marriage to Anthony George Bowen-Judd on April 25, 1946, she worked alongside her husband as a pig breeder from 1948 to 1954. In 1957, they emigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia where Woods worked as registrar of St. Mary's University until 1964. She published her first novel, 'Bloody Instructions' in 1962, and between 1962 and 1985 wrote fifty-three mystery novels most of which were published in the United Kingdom and the United States. Only 'Call Back Yesterday' (1983) was published in Canada. In addition to publishing as Sara Woods, she also published under the names of Anne Burton, Mary Challis and Margaret Leek. She was a member of the Society of Authors (England), the Authors League of America, the Mystery Writers of America and the Crime Writers Association (England). She also helped found Crime Writers of Canada and served on its first executive committee. Her final home was Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario where she lived with her husband from 1981 until her death in 1985.

Walter George Woolcombe (b. 1856?) is the author of "Practical work in general physics for use in schools and colleges." Published by Clarendon Press in 1894, and "Practical Work in Heat." published by MacMillan. Previously a member of the Linnean Society of London (departure noted in May 24, 1888 meeting notes) and listed as a new member of the Physical Society at the meeting notes of 10 December 1881. May have been associated with Oxford University Press.

(from Wikipedia entry and ODNB)

Sir Donald Francis Tovey (17 July 1875 – 10 July 1940) was a British musical analyst, musicologist, writer on music, composer, conductor and pianist. He had been best known for his Essays in Musical Analysis and his editions of works by Bach and Beethoven, but since the 1990s his compositions (relatively small in number but substantial in musical content) have been recorded and performed with increasing frequency. The recordings have mostly been well received by reviewers.
Tovey began to study the piano and compose at an early age. He eventually studied composition with Hubert Parry.

He became a close friend of eminent violinist, and friend of Brahms, Joseph Joachim, and played piano with the Joachim Quartet in a 1905 performance of perhaps Brahms's most highly regarded chamber work, the F minor Piano Quintet, Op. 34. He gained moderate fame as a composer, to the point of having his works performed in Berlin and Vienna as well as in London. He performed his own Piano Concerto under Sir Henry Wood in 1903, and under Hans Richter in 1906. During this period he also contributed heavily to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, writing many of the articles on music of the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1914 he began to teach music at the University of Edinburgh, succeeding Frederick Niecks as Reid Professor of Music; there he founded the Reid Orchestra. For their concerts he wrote a series of programme notes, many of which were eventually collected into the books for which he is now best known, the Essays in Musical Analysis.

As he devoted more and more time to the Reid Orchestra, to writing essays and commentaries and to editing his editions of Bach and Beethoven, Tovey composed and performed less often later in life; but the few major pieces he did complete in his latter years are on a large scale, such as his Symphony of 1913 and the Cello Concerto completed in 1935 for his longtime friend Pablo Casals, of Mahlerian length. He also wrote an opera, The Bride of Dionysus. In illustrated radio talks recorded in his last few years, his playing is severely affected by a problem with one of his hands.

Tovey made several editions of other composers' music, including a 1931 completion of Bach's Die Kunst der Fuge (The Art of Fugue). His edition of the 48 Preludes and Fugues of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, in two volumes (Vol. 1, March 1924; Vol. 2, June 1924), with fingerings by Harold Samuel, for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, has been reprinted continually ever since. His completion of the (presumed) final unfinished fugue in The Art of Fugue has nothing of pastiche about it, and in fact has often been recorded as the final piece of the set.

Tovey married Margaret Cameron, the daughter of a Scottish painter, on 22 April 1916, but it was not a happy marriage. The couple adopted a baby boy in 1919 but divorced in 1922. Tovey would later marry Clara Georgina Wallace (ca. 1875-1944) on 29 December 1925.

He was knighted in 1935, reportedly on the recommendation of Sir Edward Elgar, who greatly admired Tovey's edition of Bach.

He died in 1940 in Edinburgh. His archive, including scores, letters, handwritten programme notes and annotations in the scores of others, is housed in the Special Collections Unit of the University of Edinburgh library. In 2009 Richard Witts created a simple catalogue of the archival material available from the University on-line.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

(from Wikipedia entry and ODNB article by M. K. C. MacMahon)
Henry Sweet (15 September 1845 – 30 April 1912) was an English philologist, phonetician and grammarian.

As a philologist, he specialized in the Germanic languages, particularly Old English and Old Norse. In addition, Sweet published works on larger issues of phonetics and grammar in language and the teaching of languages. Many of his ideas have remained influential, and a number of his works continue to be in print, being used as course texts at colleges and universities.

Henry Sweet was born at 11 Mecklenburgh Street, London, the eldest of the three sons of George Sweet (1814–1879), a barrister, and his wife, Alice Nicholson (d. in or after 1879). On his father's side the family had connections with the west country, and on his mother's, with Scotland. He was educated at Bruce Castle School and King's College School, London. In 1864, he spent a short time studying at the Heidelberg University. Upon his return to England, he took up an office job with a trading company in London. Five years later, aged twenty-four, he won a scholarship in German and entered Balliol College in Oxford.

Sweet neglected his formal academic coursework, concentrating instead on pursuing excellence in his private studies. Early recognition came in his first year at Oxford, when the prestigious Philological Society (whose President he was destined to become later on) published a paper of his on Old English. In 1871, still an undergraduate, he edited King Alfred's translation of the Cura Pastoralis for the Early English Text Society (King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care: With an English Translation, the Latin Text, Notes, and an Introduction), his commentary establishing the foundation for Old English dialectology. He graduated, nearly thirty years old, with a fourth-class degree in literae humaniores. Subsequent works on Old English included An Anglo-Saxon Reader (1876), The Oldest English Texts (1885) and A Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon (1896).

Sweet, like his contemporary Walter Skeat, felt under particular pressure from German scholars in English studies who, often state-employed, tenured, and accompanied by their comitatus of eager graduate students, "annexed" the historical study of English. Dismayed by the "swarms of young program-mongers turned out out every year by German universities," he felt that "no English dilettante can hope to compete with them—except by Germanizing himself and losing all his nationality."

In 1877, Sweet published A Handbook of Phonetics, which attracted international attention among scholars and teachers of English in Europe. He followed up with the Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch (1885), which was subsequently adapted as A Primer of Spoken English (1890). This included the first scientific description of educated London speech, later known as received pronunciation, with specimens of connected speech represented in phonetic script. In addition, he developed a version of shorthand called Current Shorthand, which had both orthographic and phonetic modes. His emphasis on spoken language and phonetics made him a pioneer in language teaching, a subject which he covered in detail in The Practical Study of Languages (1899). In 1901, Sweet was made reader in phonetics at Oxford. The Sounds of English (1908) was his last book on English pronunciation.

Other books by Sweet include An Icelandic Primer with Grammar, Notes and Glossary (1886), The History of Language (1900), and a number of other works he edited for the Early English Text Society. Sweet was also closely involved in the early history of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Despite the recognition he received for his scholarly work, Sweet never received a university professorship, a fact that disturbed him greatly; he had done poorly as a student at Oxford, he had annoyed many people through bluntness, and he failed to make every effort to gather official support. His relationship with the Oxford University Press was often strained.

Sweet died on 30 April 1912 in Oxford, of pernicious anemia; he left no children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sweet or Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

(from Wikipedia entry)

James Sully (3 March 1842 - 1 November 1923) was an English psychologist.

He was born at Bridgwater, the son of J.W. Sully, a merchant and colliery owner. He was educated at the Independent College, Taunton, the Regent's Park College, University of Göttingen, where he studied under Lotze, and at Humboldt University, Berlin where he studied under DuBois-Reymond and Helmholtz. Originally destined for the Nonconformist ministry and in 1869 he became classical tutor at the Baptist College, Pontypool. In 1871 he adopted a literary and philosophic career. He was Grote professor of the philosophy of mind and logic at University College, London, from 1892 to 1903, when he was succeeded by Carveth Read. An adherent of the associationist school of psychology, his views had great affinity with those of Alexander Bain. He wrote monographs on subjects such as pessimism, and psychology textbooks, some of the first in English, including The Human Mind (1892). His 1881 Ilusions was commended by Freud and Wundt.

Sully opened an experimental psychology laboratory at University College London in January 1889. In 1901 he was one of the founder members of the British Psychological Society and in fact called the meeting at which the Society was formed.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sully .

Rev. Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart (9 July 1856 - 28 February 1932) was the son of Sir Michael Robert Shaw-Stewart of Greenock and Blackhall, and Lady Octavia Grosvenor. He married Ida Fannie Caroline Afken (daughter of H.W. Afken) on 2 January 1890. They had two children, Una and Katherine. He graduate from Christ Church, Oxford with an MA in 1882, and after holding various curacies from 1880-1892 settled as rector at Cowden, Kent.

Also mentioned that a C. R. Shaw Steward of Coventry was involved in the Walsall and District Gospel Temperance Union.

Listed in The Harrow School Register (1801-1893) as Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart, son of Sir Michael R. Shaw-Stewart, 7th baronet Ardgowan, Greenock, N.B.
received his BA 1880, MA 1882, held various curacies from 1880-1892 and current vicar of Temple Balsall (1892).

Author of several articles published in Hibbert Journal

Most likely Rev. Simon Stephen (1865-1946) who was the vicar of Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire from 1904 to 1946.
He may have also published in 1909 an Arabic translation of John Wordsworth's "
Some Points in the Teaching of the Church of England, set forth for the Information of Orthodox Christians
of the East in the form of an answer to questions."
For more information see: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/stephen/stephen.html .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Robertson Smith FRSE (8 November 1846 - 31 March 1894) was a Scottish orientalist,Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was an editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica and contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica. He is also known for his book Religion of the Semites, which is considered a foundational text in the comparative study of religion. Smith was born in Aberdeenshire and demonstrated a quick intellect at an early age. He entered Aberdeen University at fifteen, before transferring to New College, Edinburgh, to train for the ministry, in 1866. After graduation he took up a chair in Hebrew at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1870. In 1875 he wrote a number of important articles on religious topics in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He became popularly known because of his trial for heresy in the 1870s, following the publication of an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Smith's articles approached religious topics without endorsing the Bible as literally true. The result was a furore in the Free Church of Scotland, of which he was a member. As a result of the heresy trial, he lost his position at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1881 and took up a position as a reader in Arabic at the University of Cambridge, where he eventually rose to the position of University Librarian, Professor of Arabic and a fellow of Christ's College. It was during this time that he wrote The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (1881) and The Prophets of Israel (1882), which were intended to be theological treatises for the lay audience.

In 1887 Smith became the editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica after the death of his employer Thomas Spencer Baynes left the position vacant. In 1889 he wrote his most important work, Religion of the Semites, an account of ancient Jewish religious life which pioneered the use of sociology in the analysis of religious phenomena. He was Professor of Arabic there with the full title 'Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic' (1889-1894). He died in 1894 of tuberculosis.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Most likely Mary Amelia St. Clair. May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 - 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' Suffrage League. May Sinclair was also a significant critic, in the area of modernist poetry and prose and she is attributed with first using the term stream of consciousness) in a literary context, when reviewing the first volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915-67), in The Egoist, April 1918.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Sinclair .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry Sidgwick (31 May 1838 - 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence. He also founded Newnham College in Cambridge in 1875. Newnham College is a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women after Girton College. The co-founder of the college was Millicent Garrett Fawcett. He joined the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society in 1856.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick .

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.

He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.

In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he survived. They settled in Ayot St Lawrence in a house now called Shaw's Corner. Shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder.

He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on the film Pygmalion (adaptation of his play of the same name), respectively. Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance translation of fellow playwright August Strindberg's works from Swedish to English.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw .

Most likely author of "Lillian Duff" and "I. Lillias Trotter". President of the Young Women's Christian Association.
Died a spinster in The Old House, Upper Sheringham, Norfolk in 1930.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 - 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social critic and political activist. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.
Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell .

The Bertrand Russell archives are held at McMaster University. See: http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/r/russell.htm .

(from Wikiipedia entry)
Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 - 29 December 1894) was an English poet who wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. She is perhaps best known for her long poem Goblin Market, her love poem Remember, and for the words of the Christmas carol In the Bleak Midwinter.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Rossetti .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Carl Pearson, later known as Karl Pearson (1857-1936), was born to William Pearson and Fanny Smith, who had three children, Arthur (later Arthur Pearson-Gee, Carl (Karl) and Amy. William Pearson also sired an illegitimate son, Frederick Mockett.

Pearson's mother came from a family of master mariners who sailed their own ships from Hull; his father came from Crambe, North Riding of Yorkshire, read law at Edinburgh and eventually became a successful barrister and Queen's Counsel (QC).

"Carl Pearson" inadvertently became "Karl" when he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg in 1879, which changed the spelling. He used both variants of his name until 1884 when he finally adopted Karl. Eventually was universally known as "KP".

KP was an accomplished historian and Germanist. He spent much of the 1880s in Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna[citation needed], Saig bei Lenzkirch, and Brixlegg. He wrote on Passion plays, religion, Goethe, Werther, as well as sex-related themes, and was a founder of the Men and Women's Club.

In 1890 he married Maria Sharpe, who was related to the Kenrick, Reid, Rogers and Sharpe families, late 18th century and 19th century non-conformists largely associated with north London; they included:
Samuel Rogers, poet (1763-1855); Sutton Sharpe (1797-1843), barrister;-Samuel Sharpe, Egyptologist and philanthropist (1799-1881); and John Kenrick, a non-Conformist minister (1788-1877).

Karl and Maria Pearson had two daughters, Sigrid Loetitia Pearson and Helga Sharpe Pearson, and one son, Egon Sharpe Pearson, who became an eminent statistician himself and succeeded his father as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College. Maria died in 1928 and in 1929 Karl married Margaret Victoria Child, a co-worker in the Biometric Laboratory.

He and his family lived at 7 Well Road in Hampstead, now marked with a blue plaque. Karl Pearson was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to King's College, Cambridge in 1876 to study mathematics, graduating in 1879 as Third Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos. He then travelled to Germany to study physics at the University of Heidelberg under G H Quincke and metaphysics under Kuno Fischer. He next visited the University of Berlin, where he attended the lectures of the famous physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond on Darwinism (Emil was a brother of Paul du Bois-Reymond, the mathematician). Other subjects which he studied in Berlin included Roman Law, taught by Bruns and Mommsen, medieval and 16th century German Literature, and Socialism. He was strongly influenced by the courses he attended at this time and he became sufficiently expert on German literature that he was offered a Germanics post at Kings College, Cambridge. When the 23 year-old Albert Einstein started a study group, the Olympia Academy, with his two younger friends, Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht, he suggested that the first book to be read was Pearson's The Grammar of Science. This book covered several themes that were later to become part of the theories of Einstein and other scientists. Pearson asserted that the laws of nature are relative to the perceptive ability of the observer. Irreversibility of natural processes, he claimed, is a purely relative conception. An observer who travels at the exact velocity of light would see an eternal now, or an absence of motion. He speculated that an observer who traveled faster than light would see time reversal, similar to a cinema film being run backwards. Pearson also discussed antimatter, the fourth dimension, and wrinkles in time.

Pearson's relativity was based on idealism, in the sense of ideas or pictures in a mind. "There are many signs," he wrote, "that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." (Preface to 2nd Ed., The Grammar of Science) Further, he stated, "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind..." "In truth, the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world." (Ibid., Ch. II, § 6) "Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man." (Ibid., Ch. III, § 4) A eugenicist who applied his social Darwinism to entire nations, Pearson saw "war" against "inferior races" as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view - and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races." He reasoned that, if August Weismann's theory of germ plasm is correct, the nation is wasting money when it tries to improve people who come from poor stock.

Weismann claimed that acquired characteristics could not be inherited. Therefore, training benefits only the trained generation. Their children will not exhibit the learned improvements and, in turn, will need to be improved. "No degenerate and feeble stock will ever be converted into healthy and sound stock by the accumulated effects of education, good laws, and sanitary surroundings. Such means may render the individual members of a stock passable if not strong members of society, but the same process will have to be gone through again and again with their offspring, and this in ever-widening circles, if the stock, owing to the conditions in which society has placed it, is able to increase its numbers."

"History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race. If you want to know whether the lower races of man can evolve a higher type, I fear the only course is to leave them to fight it out among themselves, and even then the struggle for existence between individual and individual, between tribe and tribe, may not be supported by that physical selection due to a particular climate on which probably so much of the Aryan's success depended."

Pearson was known in his lifetime as a prominent "freethinker" and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragist movement in the UK) and upon Karl Marx. His commitment to socialism and its ideals led him to refuse the offer of being created an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1920 and also to refuse a knighthood in 1935.

In The Myth of the Jewish Race Raphael and Jennifer Patai cite Karl Pearson's 1925 opposition (in the first issue of the journal Annals of Eugenics which he founded) to Jewish immigration into Britain. Pearson alleged that these immigrants "will develop into a parasitic race. [...] Taken on the average, and regarding both sexes, this alien Jewish population is somewhat inferior physically and mentally to the native population".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Croom Robertson (10 March 1842 - 20 September 1892) was a Scottish philosopher.

He was born in Aberdeen. In 1857 he gained a bursary at Marischal College, and graduated MA in 1861, with the highest honours in classics and philosophy. In the same year he won a Fergusson scholarship of £100 a year for two years, which enabled him to pursue his studies outside Scotland. He went first to University College, London; at the University of Heidelberg he worked on his German; at the Humboldt University in Berlin he studied psychology, metaphysics and also physiology under Emil du Bois-Reymond, and heard lectures on Hegel, Kant and the history of philosophy, ancient and modern. After two months at the University of Göttingen, he went to Paris in June 1863. In the same year he returned to Aberdeen and helped Alexander Bain with the revision of some of his books.

In 1864 he was appointed to help William Duguid Geddes with his Greek classes, but he devoted his vacations to working on philosophy. In 1866 he was appointed professor of philosophy of mind and logic at University College, London. He remained there until he was forced by ill-health to resign a few months before his death, lecturing on logic, deductive and inductive, systematic psychology and ethics.

He left little published work. A comprehensive work on Hobbes was never completed, though part of the materials were used for an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and another portion was published as one of Blackwood's "Philosophical Classics." Together with Bain, he edited George Grote's Aristotle, and was the editor of Mind from its foundation in 1876 till 1891. Robertson had a keen interest in German philosophy, and took every opportunity to make German works on English writers known in the United Kingdom. In philosophy he was principally a follower of Bain and John Stuart Mill. He and his wife (a daughter of Mr Justice Crompton) were involved in many kinds of social work; he sat on the Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage, and was actively associated with its president, John Stuart Mill. He also supported the admission of women students to University College.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Croom_Robertson .

Rev. Frederick John Norman was the son of Richard Norman and Lady Elizabeth Isabela Manners. He married Lady Adeliza Elizabeth Gertrude Manners, the dauther of John Henry Manners, the 5th Duke of Rutland and Lady Elizabeth Howard on 22 February 1848. The couple had one child, Elizabeth.
He was the rector at Bottesford, Leicestershire.
He died 29 December 1888.

Possibly a philosopher?

Rev. Philip Mules (d. 1892) was the Chaplain to Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, Cratham for over 40 years.
It is evident that he attended Exeter College and also spent time in Malta and Gibralter in the 1840s ministering to English Anglicans.
Rev. Philip Mules married Anne Eyles Egerton in 1855. Anne was the daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton and his second wife Emily Caroline (daughter of Rev. J.W. Cunningham, vicar of Harrow).
He is listed as living in Knipton Cottage and Belvoir in Grantham and Belvoir Castle in the Diocese of Peterborough in 1873.
He died at the age of 80 in 1892.

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Henry Muirhead (28 April 1855 – 24 May 1940) was a British philosopher best known for having initiated the Muirhead Library of Philosophy in 1890. He became the first person named to the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Birmingham in 1900.

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, he was educated at the Glasgow Academy (1866–70), and proceeded to Glasgow University, where he was deeply influenced by the Hegelianism of Edward Caird, the Professor of Moral Philosophy. He graduated MA in 1875. The same year he won a Snell exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, to which he went up in Trinity Term 1875. His Library was originally published by Allen & Unwin and continued through to the 1970s. His Library is seen as a crucial landmark in the history of modern philosophy, publishing a number of prominent 20th Century philosophers including Ernest Albee, Brand Blanshard, Francis Herbert Bradley, Axel Hagerstrom, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, Bernard Bosanquet, Irving Thalberg, Jr., Georg Wilhelm Hegel, Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Muirhead .

Benjamin Jowett (April 15, 1817 – October 1, 1893) was renowned as an influential tutor and administrative reformer in the University of Oxford, a theologian and translator of Plato. He was Master of Balliol College, Oxford.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett.

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn OM, PC (24 December 1838 - 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist, he was elected a Member of Parliament in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895, Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911 and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. Morley was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. Morley is best known for his writings and for his "reputation as the last of the great nineteenth-century Liberals". He opposed imperialism and the Boer War, and his opposition to British entry into the First World War led him to leave government in 1914. Morley was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of Jonathan Morley and Priscilla Mary (née Duncan). He was educated at Cheltenham College, University College School and Lincoln College, Oxford. He quarrelled with his father over religion, and had to leave Oxford early without an honours degree; his father had wanted him to become a clergyman. He wrote, in obvious allusion to this rift, On Compromise (1874). Morley was called to the bar before deciding to pursue a career in journalism. He was the editor of the Fortnightly Review from 1867 to 1882 and of the Pall Mall Gazette from 1880-83 before going into politics. Morley was a prominent Gladstonian Liberal. In Newcastle, his constituency association chairman was Robert Spence Watson, indefatigable and effective local organiser, a leader of the National Liberal Federation and its chairman from 1890 to 1902. Morley thus had the advantage of a superior local electoral organisation and direct linkage to a prime mover in the Liberal caucus. However, Newcastle was a dual member constituency and his parliamentary colleague, Joseph Cowen, was a local radical in perpetual conflict with the Liberal Party, locally and nationally, with the advantage of owning the most influential local newspaper, the Chronicle. Cowen increasingly attacked Morley from the left, sponsoring working men candidates on his retirement from the seat, whilst simultaneously showing favour to the local Tory candidate, Charles Frederic Hamond.

Morley, with Watson's machine, withstood the Cowen challenge until the 1895 general election, when the tactics of the one time revolutionary radical Cowen caused the ejection of Morley and the loss of Newcastle to the Tories. In February 1886, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Chief Secretary for Ireland, only to be turned out when Gladstone's government fell over Home Rule in July of the same year and Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister. After the severe defeat of the Gladstonian party at the 1886 general election, Morley divided his life between politics and letters until Gladstone's return to power at the 1892 general election, when he resumed as Chief Secretary for Ireland.

He had during the interval taken a leading part in parliament, but his tenure of the chief secretaryship of Ireland was hardly a success. The Irish gentry made things as difficult for him as possible, and the path of an avowed Home Ruler installed in office at Dublin Castle was beset with pitfalls. In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, Morley sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898. He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs. From 1889 onwards, Morley resisted the pressure from labour leaders in Newcastle to support a maximum working day of eight hours enforced by law. Morley objected to this because it would interfere in natural economic processes. It would be "thrusting an Act of Parliament like a ramrod into all the delicate and complex machinery of British industry". For example, an Eight Hours Bill for miners would impose on an industry with great diversity in local and natural conditions a universal regulation. He further argued that it would be wrong to "enable the Legislature, which is ignorant of these things, which is biased in these things—to give the Legislature the power of saying how many hours a day a man shall or shall not work" His legacy was a purely moral one; although in May 1870 he married Mrs. Rose Ayling, the union produced no heirs. Mrs. Ayling was already married when she met John Morley and the couple waited to marry until her first husband died several years later. She was never received into polite society, and many of his colleagues, including Asquith, never met her. Morley had three siblings, Edward Sword Morley (1828-1901), William Wheelhouse Morley (1840-Abt. 1870), and Grace Hannah Morley (1842-1825).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Raphael Meldola FRS (19 July 1849 – 16 November 1915) was a British chemist and entomologist. He was Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of London, 1912–15.

Born in Islington, London, he was descended from Raphael Meldola (1754–1828), a theologian who was acting minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in London, 1804. Meldola was the only son of Samuel Meldola; married (1886) Ella Frederica, daughter of Maurice Davis of London. He was educated in chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry, London.

Meldola worked in the private laboratory of John Stenhouse (FRS 1848). He was appointed Lecturer, Royal College of Science (1872) and assisted Norman Lockyer with spectroscopy. Meldola was in charge of the British Eclipse Expedition to the Nicobar Islands (1875) and was Professor of Chemistry, Technical College, Finsbury (1885). He was also an entomologist and natural historian.

Meldola was a member of many scientific societies: Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry; Fellow of the Chemical Society (London and Berlin); Member of the Pharmaceutical Society; The Geologists Association; The Royal Anthropological Institute; Entomological Society of London. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886 (Charles Darwin was one of his proposers), awarded the Davy Medal in 1913, and was Vice-President of the Council from 1914–1915.

Meldola was President of the Entomological Society, 1895–1897; the Chemical Society, 1905–1907; Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1907–1910; Society of Chemical Industry 1908-1909; Institute of Chemistry, 1912–1915. He was the first president of the Maccabaeans, 1891–1915. In his honour the Royal Society of Chemistry award the Meldola medal each year.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Meldola .

James Howard Kehler was a successful and innovative advertising executive based in Chicago.
He married Keith Ransom in October 1910. Born Nannie Keith Bean, she was previously married to painter Ralph Ransom, who had died 1908.
He had three children from a previous marriage, two sons Stewart and Gordon and a daughter Elizabeth.
Jim Kehler opened an advertising agency on Fifth Avenue in New York City by 1915.
Described by Nina Cust as "[o]ne of Stanley Lee's 'inspired millionaires'" (OD, 347).
Kehler died 19 June 1923.

Evelyn J. Hone was the only son of Archedeacon Home.
He married Constance Jane Munro, the eldest daughter of Henry Monro, a medical doctor on 28 July 1870.
He was listed as the head of St. John's Parish in the Diocese of Rochester in Kent in 1897.
His son, Campbell Richard Hone (1873-1967), became an Anglican bishop.

Constance Jane Munro was the eldest daughter of Henry Monro, a medical doctor. She married Rev. Evelyn J. Hone on 28 July 1870.
Her son, Campbell Richard Hone (1873-1967), became an Anglican bishop.

(from ODNB entry by William Sweet)

Reinhold Friedrich Alfred Hoernlé (1880-1943), philosopher and social reformer in South Africa, was born in Bonn, Germany, on 27 November 1880.

His parents were the Indologist and philologist (Augustus Frederic) Rudolf Hoernlé (1841–1918) and Sophie Fredericke Louise, daughter of R. Romig of Bonn.
R. F. A. Hoernlé was their only son and spent his early years in India, later being educated in Germany before attending Balliol College, Oxford in 1899 where he was encouraged to pursue philosophy. In 1904 he was elected to a senior demyship at Magdalen College, where he studied for a BSc (completed in 1907), but in late 1905 moved to the University of St Andrews to serve as assistant to the professor of moral philosophy, Bernard Bosanquet.

Recommended by Caird, Bosanquet, and Smith, as well as by F. H. Bradley and Henry Jones, Hoernlé was appointed professor of philosophy at the South African College in 1908. From 1912 until 1914 he held the newly established professorship at Armstrong College, Newcastle (England).

On 23 March 1914 Hoernlé married Agnes Winifred Tucker (1885–1960), a former philosophy student at South African College, and the daughter of the South African senator William Kidger Tucker. She later became a leading ethnographer and the doyenne of South African anthropologists. They had one son, Alwyn (1915–1991).

In the summer of 1914 Hoernlé was appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University, where he was able to engage at first hand some of the leading American philosophers. In 1920, however, he returned to his former chair at Newcastle.

Hoernlé left Newcastle in 1923 to succeed John Macmurray as professor of philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, where Winifred Hoernlé was appointed to a post in anthropology. With the exception of visiting professorships at Bowdoin College, Maine (1926), and at the University of Southern California (1930), he spent little time outside South Africa until his death.

Hoernlé's early work was in metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical psychology, and in 1916 he and his wife completed an authorized translation of Rudolf Steiner's Die Philosophie der Freiheit (‘The philosophy of freedom’). Hoernlé was particularly concerned with two issues: the relation between the mental and the physical (focusing on volition and mental states), and the current debates between idealists and the ‘new’ realists. He believed he could address these issues through the ‘empirical’ statement of idealism or ‘speculative philosophy’ represented by Bosanquet. In his Studies in Contemporary Metaphysics (1920) Hoernlé presented essays on scientific method and the ‘mechanism versus vitalism’ controversy, insisting that, in biology at least, teleology is dominant over mechanism. His Studies reflected a systematic philosophy, showing that ‘experience, taken as a whole, gives us clues which, rightly interpreted, lead to the perception of … a graded order of varied appearances [in the universe]’ (p. v). It also exhibited his ‘synoptic’ approach, ‘which itself rests on the assumption that truth has many sides, and that to the whole truth on any subject every point of view has some contribution to make’ (‘On the way to a synoptic philosophy’, 138).

Hoernlé's Matter, Life, Mind, and God (1923), based on extramural lectures given in Newcastle to a popular audience, similarly discussed the limitations of both mechanistic and contemporary behaviouristic theories. Critics were somewhat receptive of the book, noting especially Hoernlé's ‘limpid clearness’ in style. In 1924 he published a short volume, Idealism as a Philosophical Doctrine, expanded in 1927 as Idealism as a Philosophy. Designed initially as a ‘map’ to guide students through the different schools of ‘idealism’ still current in Anglo-American philosophy, the key chapters trace the distinction between the idealism of Berkeley on the one hand and of Kant, Hegel, and their successors on the other.

When Hoernlé arrived at Witwatersrand in 1923 his teaching included courses in logic and psychology. He and his wife soon became actively involved in social issues. His wife was a pioneering social anthropologist and one of the first scholars of Bantu studies in South Africa, and Hoernlé himself developed an interest in the black peoples of the region and the impact of western civilizations on them.

Hoernlé was heavily involved in the South African Institute of Race Relations during the 1920s and 1930s. He was also chairman of the Bantu Men's Social Centre in Johannesburg, of the Johannesburg Joint Council of Europeans and Natives, and of the Society of Christians and Jews. In addition from 1934 he was a government-appointed member of the South African Council for Educational and Social Research. During the Second World War he was the initiator of the Army Educational Corps of which he became honorary lieutenant-colonel.

A ferocious critic of the policy of racial segregation proposed by the government of J. B. M. Hertzog from 1924 onwards, Hoernlé viewed segregation as entrenching white domination and the exploitation of the non-European peoples.

In 1941 he had an important correspondence with Geoffrey Hare Clayton, Anglican archbishop of Cape Town.

Hoernlé's death, following a heart attack and brief illness, in Johannesburg on 21 July 1943, was attributed largely to the stress of his extensive administrative work.

For more information see: William Sweet, ‘Hoernlé, (Reinhold Friedrich) Alfred (1880–1943)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/94419 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Charles Hallé (11 April 1819 – 25 October 1895) was an Anglo-German pianist and conductor, and founder of The Hallé orchestra in 1858.
Hallé was born Karl Halle on 11 April 1819 in Hagen, Westphalia. After settling in England, he changed his name to Charles Hallé.

His first lessons were from his father, an organist. As a child he showed remarkable gifts for pianoforte playing. He performed a sonatina in public at the age of four, and played percussion in the orchestra in his early years. In August 1828 he took part in a concert at Cassel, where he attracted the notice of Spohr.

He then studied under Christian Heinrich Rinck at Darmstadt, Germany in 1835, and as early as 1836 went to Paris, where for twelve years he often assoociated with Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and other musicians, and enjoyed the friendship of such great literary figures as Alfred de Musset and George Sand. He had started a set of chamber concerts with Jean-Delphin Alard and Auguste Franchomme with great success.

He had completed one series of them when the revolution of 1848 drove him from Paris, and he settled, with his first wife and two children, in London.

He conducted elsewhere in the country also, as well as performing as a pianist. He was the first pianist to play the complete series of Beethoven's piano sonatas in England. Hallé's piano recitals, given at first from 1850 in his own house, and from 1861 in St James's Hall, Piccadilly, were an important feature of London musical life, and it was due in great measure to them that a knowledge of Beethoven's pianoforte sonatas became general in English society.

At the Musical Union founded by John Ella, and at the Popular Concerts from their beginning, Hallé was a frequent performer.
He moved to Manchester in 1853 to direct Manchester's Gentleman's Concerts, which had its own orchestra and in May 1857 was asked to put together a small orchestra to play for Prince Albert at the opening ceremony of the Art Treasures of Great Britain, the biggest single exhibition Manchester had ever hosted. Hallé accepted the challenge and was so happy with the results that he kept the group together until October, forming the fledgling Hallé Orchestra.

He then started a series of concerts of his own, raising the orchestra to a pitch of perfection quite unknown in England at that time. Hallé decided to continue working with the orchestra as a formal organisation, and it gave its first concert under those auspices on 30 January 1858.

The orchestra's first home was the Free Trade Hall. By 1861 the orchestra was in financial trouble (it performed only two concerts that year), but has survived under a series of accomplished conductors.
Funerary monument of Sir Charles Hallé, Weast cemetery.

In 1888, Hallé was married for a second time to the violinist Wilma Neruda, widow of Ludvig Norman and daughter of Josef Neruda, members of whose family had long been famous for musical talent.

The same year, he was knighted; and in 1890 and 1891 he toured with his wife in Australia and elsewhere. In 1891, he also helped to found the Royal Manchester College of Music, serving as head and chief professor of pianoforte.

He died at Manchester on 25 October 1895, and was buried in Weaste Cemetery, Salford. Lady Hallé, who from 1864 was one of the leading solo violinists of the time, was constantly associated with her husband on the concert stage until his death.
He was twice married : first, on 11 Nov. 1841, to Desirée Smith de Rilieu, who died in 1866 ; and, secondly, on 26 July 1888, to Madame Wilma Neruda, the distinguished violinist.
Hallé exercised an important influence in the musical education of England; if his piano playing, by which he was mainly known to the public in London, seemed remarkable rather for precision than for depth, for crystal clearness rather than for warmth, and for perfect realization of the written text rather than for strong individuality, it was at least of immense value as giving the composer's idea with the utmost fidelity. Those who were privileged to hear him play in private, like those who could appreciate the power, beauty and imaginative warmth of his conducting, would have given a very different verdict; and they were not wrong in judging Hallé to be a man of the widest and keenest artistic sympathies, with an extraordinary gift of insight into music of every school, as well as a strong sense of humour. He fought a long and arduous battle for the best music, and never forgot the dignity of his art. Although his technique was that of his youth, of the period before Liszt, the ease and certainty he attained in the most modern music was not the less wonderful because he concealed the mechanical means so completely.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hall%C3%A9 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Harald Høffding (11 March 1843 – 2 July 1931) was a Danish philosopher and theologian.

Born and educated in Copenhagen, he became a schoolmaster, and ultimately in 1883 a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He was strongly influenced by Søren Kierkegaard in his early development, but later became a positivist, retaining and combining with it the spirit and method of practical psychology and the critical school. The physicist Niels Bohr studied philosophy from and became a friend of Høffding. The philosopher and author Ágúst H. Bjarnason was a student Høffding.

Høffding's great-nephew was the statistician Wassily Hoeffding.

Høffding died in Copenhagen.

His best-known work is perhaps his Den nyere Filosofis Historie (1894), translated into English from the German edition (1895) by B.E. Meyer as History of Modern Philosophy (2 vols., 1900), a work intended by him to supplement and correct that of Hans Brøchner, to whom it is dedicated. His Psychology, the Problems of Philosophy (1905) and Philosophy of Religion (1906) also have appeared in English.

Among Høffding's other writings, most of which have been translated into German, are: Den engelske Filosofi i vor Tid (1874); Etik (1876); Psychologi i Omrids paa Grundlag af Erfaring (ed. 1892); Psykologiske Undersøgelser (1889); Charles Darwin (1889); Kontinuiteten i Kants filosofiske Udviklingsgang (1893); Det psykologiske Grundlag for logiske Domme (1899); Rousseau und seine Philosophie (1901); Mindre Arbejder (1899).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Dr. J. G. Garson (c.1861–1932) was a British anthropologist.

Born at Orkney in Scotland, he obtained the degree Doctor of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh in 1878, having already been admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in that city. His education continued in Leipzig, Vienna and Berlin. He was widely recognised as an authority on anthropology, a long-serving and prominent council member of Royal Anthropological Institute, publishing in their journal, and attached to the anthropological section of the British Association, editing and revising their new edition of Notes and Queries on Anthropology (1892).[1] He read papers as a lecturer in comparative anatomy[2] and produced the chapter on osteology in H. Ling Roth's The Aborigines of Tasmania.[3]

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Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill GCB, GCMG, PC (20 February 1829 – 25 August 1884), styled Lord Odo Russell between 1872 and 1881, was a British diplomat and the first British Ambassador to the German Empire. Russell was born in Florence, Tuscany, into the Russell family, one of England's leading Whig aristocratic families. His father was Major-General Lord George Russell, second son of the 6th Duke of Bedford. His mother was Elizabeth Anne Rawdon, daughter of the Honourable John Theophilus Rawdon and niece of the 1st Marquess of Hastings. His uncle was the 1st Earl Russell, twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. His education, like that of his two brothers, Francis, who became eventually 9th Duke of Bedford, and Lord Arthur, was carried on entirely at home, under the general direction of his mother. In March 1849 Russell was appointed by Lord Malmesbury as attaché at Vienna. From 1850 to 1852 he was temporarily employed in the foreign office, whence he passed to Paris. He remained there, however, only about two months, when he was transferred to Vienna. In 1853 he became second paid attaché at Paris, and in August 1854 he was transferred as first paid attaché to Constantinople, where he served under Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. He had charge of the embassy during his chief's two visits to the Crimea in 1855, but left the East to work under Lord Napier at Washington in 1857. In the following year he became secretary of legation at Florence, but was detached from that place to reside in Rome, where he remained for twelve years, until August 1870. During all that period he was the real though unofficial representative of Britain at the Vatican. Lord Ampthill married Lady Emily Villiers, daughter of George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, on 5 May 1868. They had six children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at:

Lawrence 'Larry' Grossman, lawyer and politician, was born 2 December 1943 in Toronto. He graduated from the University of Toronto in 1964, Osgoode Hall Law School in 1967, and was called to the Ontario Bar in 1969. In 1975, he succeeded his father, Allan Grossman, as Member of Provincial Parliament for the Toronto riding of St. Andrew-St. Patrick. They represented the riding for a combined 32 years, from 1955-1987.

At Queens’ Park, he held numerous Cabinet portfolios: Minister of Consumer and Commercial Relations (Sep. 1977-Oct. 1978); Minister of Industry and Tourism (Oct. 1978-Feb. 1982); Minister of Health (Feb. 1982-Jul. 1983); Treasurer of Ontario and Minister of Economics (Jul. 1983-May 1985); Minister of Education and Colleges & Universities (May-June 1985); Provincial Secretary for Social Development (May-June 1985); Government House Leader (May-June 1985).

Following the resignation of Ontario Premier Bill Davis on 8 October 1984, Grossman campaigned to become leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario but lost to Frank Miller on the third ballot at the January 1985 Party Convention. Following the May 1985 Ontario general election and the formation of an NDP-Liberal coalition government, the Progressive Conservatives became the Official Opposition and Frank Miller resigned as Party Leader. Grossman succeeded Miller and became leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario and Leader of the Official Opposition in November 1985.

He resigned from politics following the Ontario general election of September 1987. Following his exit from politics, he resumed his legal career and served on corporate and charitable boards of directors including the Canada Post Corporation, Stadium Corporation of Ontario, CFMT-TV, Doctor's Hospital, and B'Nai Brith Canada.

Additionally, he was a frequent public speaker, giving talks on topical issues such as politics, education, insurance, financial institutions, and health care. He was the Barker Fairley Distinguished Visitor for 1993 at University College at the University of Toronto. He served as an adviser to Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leader Mike Harris during the Ontario general elections of 1990 and 1995. He was also an avid baseball and Toronto Blue Jays fan and authored the book "A baseball addict's diary : the Blue Jays' 1991 rollercoaster" (Toronto: Penguin Books, 1991). Larry Grossman died in Toronto on 22 June 1997.

Ian James Gentles (b. Kingston, Jamaica, 25 October 1941) is a professor of history at Glendon College, York University. Gentles earned a BA (Hons.) in English and History (1963) and an MA in Modern American History (1965) from the University of Toronto before completing a PhD in English History from the University of London (1969). His historical research, focused on early modern England, has been published in Historical Journal, English Historical Review, Historical Research, Economic History Review and others. His monograph, The New Model Army in England, Ireland and Scotland, 1645-1653, was published by Oxford University Press in 1992. He was the recipient of the Principal’s Teaching Excellence Award from Glendon College in 2001 and has received numerous research fellowships throughout his career. He is a fellow of the Royal Historical Society.

Gentles is an active pro-life advocate and researcher and Vice-President and Research Director of the deVeber Institute for Bioethics and Social Research (formerly the Human Life Research Institute), a pro-life thinktank based in Toronto.

Allan Grossman (1910-1991), politician, was born and educated in Toronto. Prior to his entry into Toronto's municipal politics in 1951 he was in the insurance business. In 1955 he won election to the Ontario Legislature as a Progressive Conservative for the Toronto riding of St. Andrew-St. Patrick, holding that seat in four subsequent elections. In 1960 he was named minister without portfolio, only the second Jewish person to be named a cabinet minister in Canada. He later served as minister of Correctional Services, Trade and Development, Revenue, and Provincial Secretary for Resource Development. Following his retirement from politics in 1975, Grossman was named chair of the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board in 1976, resigning from that post in 1985. He also served as president of the Jewish Immigrant Aid Services of Canada, president of the Toronto Lodge, B'nai B'rith, and served on the boards of several charities.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Carl Abel (25 November 1837 – 26 November 1906) was a German comparative philologist from Berlin who wrote Linguistic Essays in 1880. Abel also acted as Ilchester lecturer on comparative lexicography at the University of Oxford and as the Berlin correspondent of the Times and the Standard. His 400-page dictionary of Egyptian-Semitic-Indo-European roots appeared in 1884. His essay "On the antithetical meanings of primal words" (Ueber die Gegensinn der Urwoerte) was discussed by Sigmund Freud in an identically titled piece, which, in turn, was discussed by Jacques Derrida as a precursor to deconstruction's semantic insights.

He was a son of a successful banker Gerson Abel. Of Jewish descent, he converted to Christianity.

Abel died in Wiesbaden. His son Curt Abel-Musgrave (1860-?) was a writer and translator. His grandson was noted economist Richard Musgrave.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Abel .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Couch Adams FRS (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer. Adams was born in Laneast, near Launceston, Cornwall, and died in Cambridge. The Cornish name Couch is pronounced "cooch".

His most famous achievement was predicting the existence and position of Neptune, using only mathematics. The calculations were made to explain discrepancies with Uranus's orbit and the laws of Kepler and Newton. At the same time, but unknown to each other, the same calculations were made by Urbain Le Verrier. Le Verrier would assist Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle in locating the planet on 23 September 1846, which was found within 1° of its predicted location, a point in Aquarius. (There was, and to some extent still is, some controversy over the apportionment of credit for the discovery; see Discovery of Neptune.)

He was Lowndean Professor at the University of Cambridge for thirty-three years from 1859 to his death. He won the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1866. In 1884, he attended the International Meridian Conference as a delegate for Britain.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Couch_Adams .

William Hay Macdowall Hunter Aitken was born on September 21, 1841. His parents were Robert Aitken and Wilhelmina Day Macdowall (Grant) Aitken. His father was a minister of Zion Chapel of Liverpool.
In 1871, Aitken became the Vicar of Christ Church of Liverpool and remained there for five years.
He was also known as Canon Hay Aitken.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Samuel Alexander OM (6 January 1859, Sydney – 13 September 1938, Manchester) was an Australian-born British philosopher. He was the first Jewish fellow of an Oxbridge college. Professor of Philosophy at University of Manchester. Author of "Moral Order" and "Progress, Space Time and Deity".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alex.

Sir Thomas Clifford Allbutt (20 July 1836 – 22 February 1925) was an English physician and inventor of the clinical thermometer.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Clifford_Allbutt .

(from Wikipedia entry)

George John Douglas Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, KG, KT, PC, FRS, FRSE (30 April 1823 – 24 April 1900), styled Marquess of Lorne until 1847, was a Scottish peer and Liberal politician as well as a writer on science, religion, and the politics of the 19th century.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Campbell,_8th_Duke_of_Argyll .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William George Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong, CB, FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an effective Tyneside industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing empire. Married to Margaret Ramshaw. Author of "Electric Movement in Air and Water."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Armstrong,_1st_Baron_Armstrong .

1843-1905. Wrote about Martineau and was editor of The Modern Review.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Edwin Arnold KCIE CSI (10 June 1832 – 24 March 1904) was an English poet and journalist, who is most known for his work, The Light of Asia.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Arnold .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Matthew Arnold (24 December 1822 – 15 April 1888) was a British poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the famed headmaster of Rugby School, and brother to both Tom Arnold, literary professor, and William Delafield Arnold, novelist and colonial administrator. Matthew Arnold has been characterized as a sage writer, a type of writer who chastises and instructs the reader on contemporary social issues.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold .

Author of "Scientific fact and metaphysical reality" (1904).

Most likely, Arthur Saunders Gore, 5th Earl of Arran KP (6 January 1839 – 14 March 1901), known as Viscount Sudley from 1839 to 1884, was an Anglo-Irish peer and diplomat.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Talbot Baines Reed (3 April 1852 – 28 November 1893) was an English writer of boys' fiction who established a genre of school stories that endured into the second half of the 20th century. Among his best-known work is The Fifth Form at St. Dominic's. He was a regular and prolific contributor to The Boy's Own Paper (B.O.P.), in which most of his fiction first appeared. Through his family's business, Reed became a prominent typefounder, and wrote a classic History of the Old English Letter Foundries.

Reed's father, Charles Reed, was a successful London printer who later became a Member of Parliament (MP). Talbot attended the City of London School before leaving at 17 to join the family business at the Fann Street type foundry. His literary career began in 1879, when the B.O.P. was launched. The family were staunchly Christian, pillars of the Congregational Church, and were heavily involved in charitable works. However, Reed did not use his writing as a vehicle for moralising, and was dismissive of those early school story writers, such as Dean Farrar, who did. Reed's affinity with boys, his instinctive understanding of their standpoint in life and his gift for creating believable characters, ensured that his popularity survived through several generations. He was widely imitated by other writers in the school story genre.

In 1881, following the death of his father, Reed became head of the Fann Street foundry. By then he had begun his monumental Letter Foundries history which, published in 1887, was hailed as the standard work on the subject. Along with his B.O.P. obligations Reed wrote regular articles and book reviews for his cousin Edward Baines's newspaper, the Leeds Mercury. He was busy elsewhere, as a co-founder and first honorary secretary of the Bibliographical Society, as a deacon in his local church, and as a trustee for his family's charities. All this activity may have undermined his health; after struggling with illness for most of 1893, Reed died in November that year, at the age of 41. Tributes honoured him both for his contribution to children's fiction and for his work as the definitive historian of English typefounding.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Baines_Reed .

(from Wikipedia entry)
James Mark Baldwin (January 12, 1861, Columbia, South Carolina – November 8, 1934, Paris)[1][2] was an American philosopher and psychologist who was educated at Princeton under the supervision of Scottish philosopher James McCosh and who was one of the founders of the Department of Psychology at the university. He made important contributions to early psychology, psychiatry, and to the theory of evolution.

For more information, see Wikipedia article at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC, DL (/ˈbælfʊər/; 25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from July 1902 to December 1905. When he came into his inheritance at 21, Balfour became one of the wealthiest young men in Britain. He rose to prominence by suppressing agrarian unrest in Ireland through punitive action combined with measures against absentee landlords. After being influential in government, he succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in July 1902.

Balfour was seen as an ambivalent personality and a weak Prime Minister. His embrace of the imperial preference championed by Joseph Chamberlain was nuanced, but brought resignations and the end of his spell as party leader. He opposed Irish Home Rule, saying there could be no half-way house between Ireland remaining within the United Kingdom or becoming independent. He oversaw the Entente Cordiale, an agreement with France that influenced Britain's decision to join the First World War. In 1915 he became Foreign Secretary in David Lloyd George's wartime administration, but was frequently left out of the inner workings of government, although the declaration of 1917 promising Jews a "national home" in Palestine bore his name. He resigned as Foreign Secretary following the Versailles Conference in 1919, dying 19 March 1930 aged 81, having spent an inherited fortune. He never married.

Balfour trained as a philosopher – he originated an argument against believing that human reason could determine truth – and had a detached attitude to life, epitomised by a remark attributed to him: "Nothing matters very much and few things matter at all".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Thomas Barclay LL.D., Ph.D. (20 February 1853 – 20 January 1941) was a distinguished authority on International Law, a writer on economic subjects and a British Liberal politician.

Barclay was born at Dunfermline in 1853, the eldest son of George Barclay, LL.D. of Cupar. he was educated at Cupar Academy, the College of Dunkirk, the Johanneum Classical School, Hamburg, University College, London, and the Universities of Paris and Jena. Initially he followed his father's footsteps in being a journalist for The Times having written articles for various newspapers from 1876 and he was posted to their Paris office. When he was called to the bar in 1881, he then devoted himself to a legal practice.

A former Liberal Unionist, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Blackburn (UK Parliament constituency) between the two general elections of 1910. He was also a deputy Chairman of the International Law Association. From 1899 to 1900 he headed the British Chamber of commerce and economic work in France involving that helped lead to the Entente cordiale. For these works he would be nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1914, 1923, 1925, and 1928.

Barclay was knighted in the birthday honours of 1904. He was married to Marie Thérèse Teuscher, the translator of Villiers de l'Isle Adam's "La Révolte", with whom he had three children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(economic_writer) .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Samuel Augustus Barnett (8 February 1844 – 17 June 1913[1]) was an Anglican cleric and social reformer who was particularly associated with the establishment of the first university settlement, Toynbee Hall, in east London in 1884.He was born in Bristol, the son of Francis Augustus Barnett, an iron manufacturer. After leaving Wadham College, Oxford, in 1866, he visited the United States. In the following year he was ordained as a deacon and became the curate of St Mary's, Bryanston Square before being ordained as a priest in 1868.

In 1873, he married Henrietta Octavia Weston Rowland (1851–1936), heiress, social reformer and author, who had been a co-worker of Octavia Hill. Both were social reformers and philanthropists with broad cultural interests. Later that year, the Barnetts moved to the impoverished Whitechapel parish of St. Jude’s intent on improving social conditions in one of London's worst slums.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barnett_(reformer) .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish author and dramatist, best remembered today as the creator of Peter Pan. The child of a family of small-town weavers, he was educated in Scotland. He moved to London, where he developed a career as a novelist and playwright. There he met the Llewelyn Davies boys who inspired him in writing about a baby boy who has magical adventures in Kensington Gardens (included in The Little White Bird), then to write Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up, a "fairy play" about this ageless boy and an ordinary girl named Wendy who have adventures in the fantasy setting of Neverland. This play quickly overshadowed his previous work and although he continued to write successfully, it became his best-known work, credited with popularising the name Wendy, which was very uncommon previously. Barrie unofficially adopted the Davies boys following the deaths of their parents.

Barrie was made a baronet by George V in 1913, and a member of the Order of Merit in 1922. Before his death, he gave the rights to the Peter Pan works to London's Great Ormond Street Hospital, which continues to benefit from them.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._M._Barrie .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Bateson (Robin Hood's Bay, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was an English geneticist and a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity and biological inheritance, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel following their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vriesand Carl Correns. In his later years he was a friend and confidant of the German Erwin Baur. Their correspondence includes their discussion of eugenics.

His son was the anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bateson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Ada Ellen Bayly (March 25, 1857 - February 8, 1903), a.k.a. Edna Lyall, was an English novelist. Bayly was born in Brighton, the youngest of four children of a barrister. At an early age, she lost both her parents and she spent her youth with an uncle in Surrey and in a Brighton private school. Bayly never married and she seems to have spent her adult life living with her two married sisters and her brother, a clergyman in Bosbury in Herefordshire. In 1879, she published her first novel, Won by Waiting, under the pen name of "Edna Lyall" (apparently derived from transposing letters from Ada Ellen Bayly). The book was not a success. Success came with We Two, based on the life of Charles Bradlaugh, a social reformer and advocate of free thought. Her historical novel In the Golden Days was the last book read to John Ruskin on his deathbed. Bayly wrote eighteen novels.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Ellen_Bayly .

Author of "The Way of the Buddha" (1906).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Dorothea Beale LLD (21 March 1831 – 9 November 1906) was a suffragist, educational reformer, author and Principal of the Cheltenham Ladies' College.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Beale .

Archival material related to Beale held in several institutions across the UK. See: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/results/r?_q=Beale%2C%20Dorothea .

Lady Adeline Russell (nee Somers-Cocks), the Duchess of Bedford of Penal reform advocate. Education supervised directly by mother Virginia Pattle,wife of Charles Somers Somers-Cocks, third earl of Somers.

"The duchess of Bedford became one of those aristocratic and middle-class Victorian and Edwardian women who distinguished themselves in charity work, one of the few fields of public activity open to women. Early in her married life she led a movement to rescue women who were street dwellers or prostitutes around Victoria Station, London. At this time she was closely involved with the Associated Workers' League, which was concerned with the well-being of women at work."

Chair of Ladies' Committee of the Order of St. John after 1914.

"During the First World War the duchess of Bedford worked on a joint committee of the Red Cross and the order of St John of Jerusalem to provide nursing care for wounded service personnel. Between 1918 and 1920 she helped to establish a Sunshine Home for blind babies at Chorleywood near her home." (The Spectator, 1 May 1920).

For more information, see obituary at: http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/1st-may-1920/8/adeline-duchess-of-bedford-a-character-study-t .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Alfred William Benn (1843–1915) was an agnostic and an honorary associate of the Rationalist Press Association. His book A History of Modern Philosophy was published in the Thinker's Library series in 1930.

He was the author of The Greek Philosophers (2 vols, 1882); The History of English Rationalism in the Nineteenth Century (2 vols, 1906); and The History of Ancient and Modern Philosophy (2 vols, 1912).

Benn was also a member of the London Positivist Society and a friend of the lawyer and positivist Vernon Lushington. Lushington's daughter Susan recorded in her diary on 3 September 1889 that Benn and his wife visited the Lushington's Surrey home - Pyports, Cobham - and how Mrs Benn told her "how she came to be a positivist."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Benn .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Mary Benson (née Sidgwick; 1842 - 1918) was an English hostess of the Victorian era. She was the wife of Revd. Edward Benson, who during their marriage became Archbishop of Canterbury, i.e. chief bishop of the Church of England and of the world-wide Anglican communion. Their children included several prolific authors and contributors to cultural life. When she was widowed, she became involved with Lucy Tait, daughter of the previous Archbishop of Canterbury. She was described by Gladstone, the British Prime Minister, as the 'cleverest woman in Europe'.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sidgwick_Benson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edward White Benson (14 July 1829 – 11 October 1896) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1883 until his death. Married to Mary Sidgwick, the sister of philosopher Henry Sidgwick.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Benson_(bishop).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 - 4 January 1941) was a French continental philosopher often associated with French Spiritualism. Bergson was born in Paris. In 1891, he married Louise Neuberger, a cousin of Marcel Proust, who was the best man at Bergsons wedding. Bergsons philosophy professed the importance of intuition, perception, and experience over abstract rationalism. One of his most lasting concepts, later taken up by French philosopher Gilles Deleuze, is that of multiplicity. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927 and the Grand-Croix de la Legion d`Honneur in 1930. His wife destroyed his writings (at his request) resulting in decline in interest in his works throughout the 20thC.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Annie Besant (1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a prominent British socialist, theosophist, women's rights activist, writer and orator and supporter of Irish and Indian self-rule.

At age 20 she married Frank Besant, but separated from him over religious differences. She then became a prominent speaker for the National Secular Society (NSS) and writer and a close friend of Charles Bradlaugh. In 1877 they were prosecuted for publishing a book by birth control campaigner Charles Knowlton. The scandal made them famous, and Bradlaugh was elected M.P. for Northampton in 1880.

She became involved with union actions including the Bloody Sunday demonstration and the London matchgirls strike of 1888. She was a leading speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation (SDF). She was elected to the London School Board for Tower Hamlets, topping the poll even though few women were qualified to vote at that time.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant .

Archival material held at several institutions in the UK. See listing here: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F37089 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Edwyn Robert Bevan OBE, FBA (15 February 1870, London – 18 October 1943, London) was a versatile English philosopher and historian of the Hellenistic world. He was the fourteenth of sixteen children of Robert Cooper Lee Bevan, a partner in Barclays Bank, and his second wife Frances Emma Shuttleworth, daughter of Philip Nicholas Shuttleworth, Bishop of Chichester.

He had an academic position at King's College London. The Arabist Anthony Ashley Bevan was his brother, the conspiracy theorist Nesta Helen Webster was his youngest sister and the artist Robert Polhill Bevan a cousin. He married Daisy Waldegrave, daughter of Granville Waldegrave, 3rd Baron Radstock in 1896 and they had two daughters.

Bevan was awarded an honorary doctorate from St. Andrews in 1922 and an honorary D.Litt. from Oxford in 1923. In 1942 he became a Fellow of the British Academy.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Bevan .

Secretary of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Also Secretary of The British Association for the Advancement of Science.
In 1893, Bloxam published an Index of the Institutes' publications for the years 1843-1891.

May be Richard Blunt, the first Anglican bishop of Hull in the Church of England from 1891 to his death in 1910.

(from ODNB entry by G.S. Woods)

Body, George (1840–1911), Church of England clergyman, born at Cheriton Fitzpaine, Devon, on 7 January 1840, was the son of Josiah Body, surgeon, and his wife, Mary Snell. He was educated at Blundell's School, Tiverton, from 1849 to 1857, and subsequently entered St Augustine's Missionary College, Canterbury. His intention of undertaking missionary work abroad had to be abandoned because of ill health. In 1859 he matriculated from St John's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1862 and proceeding MA in 1876. Subsequently he received from Durham University the degree of MA ad eundem (1884) and an honorary DD (1885). On 25 September 1864 he married Louisa Jane (b. c.1837), daughter of William Lewis of Sedgley.

Body was ordained deacon in 1863 and priest the following year. He served successively as curate of St James, Wednesbury (1863–5), Sedgley (1865–7), and Christ Church, Wolverhampton (1867–70). Like other ‘slum priests’, such as Charles Lowder and G. R. Prynne, he sought to bring the teaching and practices of the Oxford Movement to the working classes, combining evangelical fervour with Tractarian principles. Nominated rector of Kirby Misperton, Yorkshire, in 1870 he took an active part in the parochial mission movement. In 1883 he was appointed canon-missioner of Durham by Bishop Lightfoot, and for twenty-eight years carried on successful mission work among Durham miners. He had a fine reputation as a mission preacher: his sermons were remarkable for their directness and sincerity, an appeal enhanced by a west country burr which he retained to the end of his life.

Body's varied activities covered a wide area. He was proctor in convocation for Cleveland from 1880 to 1885, and for Durham in 1906, and vice-president of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1890), and succeeded his friend Bishop G. H. Wilkinson as warden of the Sisterhood of the Epiphany, Truro, in 1891. He was select preacher at Cambridge (1892–6 and 1900–06) and lecturer in pastoral theology at King's College, London, in 1909. He also acted as examining chaplain to the bishop of St Andrews from 1893 to 1908. Although he was a member of the English Church Union his sympathies were broad, and his conciliatory attitude during the ritualist crisis of 1898–9 exercised a moderating influence on the militant section of the high-church party. He published many sermons and devotional works.

Body died at The College, Durham, on 5 June 1911. He was survived by his wife and his three sons and four daughters, among whom was (Mary) Agnes Body (1866–1952). A memorial fund was raised after his death for the maintenance of the diocesan mission house and a home for mission workers among the Durham miners.

For more information, see http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/31945 .

(from Wikipedia entry)
Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus (Gerald) Bolland) was a Dutch auto didact, philosopher and linguist.
Born in Groningen to a working class Catholic family, Bolland later obtained a job as a teacher in Katwijk and later an English and German teacher in Batavia. He applied successfuly to a a position as professor of philsophy a the University of Leiden in 1896.
He was responsible for reviving Hegelianism in the Netherlands, writing new works, and in general encouraging a revival in philosophy in the Netherlands.

His papers are held a the DBNL Archives. See: http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=boll004 .

For more information, see: https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Bolland .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Mary Everest Boole (1832, Wickwar, Gloucestershire – 1916) was a self-taught mathematician who is best known as an author of didactic works on mathematics, such as Philosophy and Fun of Algebra, and as the wife of fellow mathematician George Boole. Her progressive ideas on education, as expounded in The Preparation of the Child for Science, included encouraging children to explore mathematics through playful activities such as 'curve stitching'. Her life is of interest to feminists as an example of how women made careers in an academic system that did not welcome them. She was born Mary Everest in England, the daughter of Revd Thomas Roupell Everest, Rector of Wickwar, and Mary nee Ryall. Her uncle George Everest gave his name to Mount Everest. She spent the first part of her life in France where she received an education in mathematics from a private tutor. On returning to England at the age of 11 she continued to pursue her interest in mathematics through self-instruction. George Boole became her tutor in 1852 and on the death of her father in 1855 they married and moved to Cork County, Ireland. Mary greatly contributed as an editor to Boole's The Laws of Thought, a work on algebraic logic. She had five daughters by him.

She was widowed in 1864, at the age of 32, and returned to England where she was offered a post as a librarian at Queen's College, London. She also tutored privately in mathematics and developed a philosophy of teaching that involved the use of natural materials and physical activities to encourage an imaginative conception of the subject. Her interest extended beyond mathematics to Darwinian theory, philosophy and psychology and she organised discussion groups on these subjects among others.

Her five daughters made their marks in a range of fields. Alicia Boole Stott (1860–1940) became an expert in four-dimensional geometry. Ethel Lilian (1864–1960) married the Polish revolutionary Wilfrid Michael Voynich and was the author of a number of works including The Gadfly. Mary Ellen married mathematician Charles Hinton and Margaret (1858–1935) was the mother of mathematician G. I. Taylor. Lucy Everest (1862–1905) was a talented chemist and became the first woman Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry.[10]
Mary Everest Boole's husband fell ill in 1864, after he had walked two miles in the drenching rain and then lectured wearing his wet clothes. He developed a severe cold and high fever. Mary put her husband to bed and - since she believed in the principle of analogies and like cures like - thought pouring buckets of water over him might help. Tragically, this made him worse; on 8 December 1864, he died of fever-induced pleural effusion.

She died in 1916 at the age of 84.

For more information, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Everest_Boole .

Boole family papers available at Bristol University. See: http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/76688652-e423-4266-bdaa-91c4e66efad4 .

President of Liverpool Conference of Mothers.

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Charles James Booth (30 March 1840 – 23 November 1916) was an English philanthropist and social researcher. He is most famed for his innovative work on documenting working class life in London at the end of the 19th century, work that along with that of Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree influenced government intervention against poverty in the early 20th century and led to the founding of Old Age pensions.[1] and free school meals for the poorest children.

Booth was a cousin of the Fabian socialist and author Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield (née Potter; 1858–1943). Booth worked closely with Potter for his research on poverty.

St Paul's Cathedral is the grateful recipient of his gift of Holman Hunt's painting: The Light of The World. On 29 April 1871, Booth married Mary Macaulay, who was niece of the celebrated historian Thomas Babington Macaulay. His eldest daughter married the Hon Sir Malcolm Macnaghten, and others married into the Ritchie and Gore Browne families.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist) .

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Henry Pickering Bowditch (April 4, 1840 – March 13, 1911) was an American soldier, physician, physiologist, and dean of the Harvard Medical School. Following his teacher Carl Ludwig, he promoted the training of medical practitioners in a context of physiological research. His teaching career at Harvard spanned 35 years.

Henry P. Bowditch was born to the Massachusetts Bowditch family, noted for the mathematician Nathaniel Bowditch, his grandfather, and the archaeologist Charles Pickering Bowditch, his brother. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Jonathan Ingersoll Bowditch and Lucy Orne Nichols Bowditch. In 1861, he graduated from Harvard College, and then entered Harvard’s Lawrence Scientific School. His studies there were interrupted by his service for the Union army in the United States Civil War, where he rose to the rank of major in the Fifth Massachusetts Cavalry. After graduation from Harvard Medical School in 1868, he went to Paris to study with Claude Bernard. In Bernard’s lab he worked alongside Louis-Antoine Ranvier, later known for neuroanatomy, and Étienne-Jules Marey who promoted the use of photography to capture physiological dynamics. According to Walter Bradford Cannon, when in Paris, Bowditch joined with fellow Bostonians John Collins Warren, Jr., William James, and Charles Emerson for frog-hunting parties. In 1875-1876, Bowditch, William James, Charles Pickering Putnam (1844-1914), and James Jackson Putnam (1846-1918) founded the Putnam Camp at St. Huberts, Essex County, New York.

Bowditch continued his European studies in Bonn with Wilhelm Kuhne and Max Schultze. Ultimately he proceeded to Leipzig where Carl Ludwig was conducting the program that Bowditch would emulate at Harvard. Bowditch impressed Ludwig by constructing an improvement on the kymograph then in use. His studies in Leipzig brought him into contact with, among others, Ray Lankester, Angelo Mosso, Hugo Kronecker and Carl von Voit.

Bowditch was appointed assistant professor of physiology at Harvard in 1871. While still in Germany, he purchased European materials to support the investigative training program he planned. And dramatically, on 9 September 1871, just days before sailing for Boston, he married Selma Knuth of Leipzig. The Bowditch laboratory at Harvard, the first physiological laboratory in the United States, began modestly in attic rooms allotted to him. Bowditch's career at Harvard was parallel to that of William James who instituted his program of experimental psychology in 1875. Bowditch and James represented the New Education espoused by Charles William Eliot, Harvard's President. In 1876 Bowditch was promoted to full professor. In 1887 he co-founded and was the first president of the American Physiological Society. At Harvard he rose to the position of dean of the medical school, serving from 1883 to 1893. In 1903 he was honoured with the George Higginson chair. After 35 years teaching for Harvard, he retired in 1906, and died in Jamaica Plains, Massachusetts in 1913. His students included Walter Bradford Cannon, Charles Sedgwick Minot and G. Stanley Hall.

Manfred Bowditch, Henry's son, gave a personal description of the man he knew as father. Bowditch did much experimentation in a cottage at an Adirondack camp at the head of Keene Valley which bore his name. There, with a well-equipped workshop the son witnessed considerable "inventiveness and manual skill" that Henry also applied in the physiology lab.

Bowditch was granted honorary degrees from five universities: Cambridge, Edinburgh, Toronto, Pennsylvania, and Harvard.

Henry Pickering Bowditch was known for his physiological work on cardiac contraction and knee jerk. He also developed an interest in anthropometry, and showed that nutrition and environmental factors contribute to physiological development. Bowditch can be seen as a link between the milieu interieur of Claude Bernard, his teacher, and homeostasis as developed by his student Walter Cannon.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pickering_Bowditch .

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Bernard Bosanquet (/ˈboʊzənˌkɛt, -kɪt/; 14 June[1] 1848 – 8 February 1923) was an English philosopher and political theorist, and an influential figure on matters of political and social policy in late 19th and early 20th century Britain. His work influenced – but was later subject to criticism by – many thinkers, notably Bertrand Russell, John Dewey and William James. Bernard was the husband of Charity Organisation Society leader Helen Bosanquet.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher) .

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Sir Charles Vernon Boys, FRS (15 March 1855 – 30 March 1944) was a British physicist, known for his careful and innovative experimental work.

Boys was the eighth child of the Reverend Charles Boys, the Anglican vicar of Wing, Rutland. He was educated at Marlborough College and the Royal School of Mines, where he learned physics from Frederick Guthrie and taught himself higher mathematics while completing a degree in mining and metallurgy. As a student at the School of Mines he invented a mechanical device (which he called the "integraph") for plotting the integral of a function. He worked briefly in the coal industry before accepting Guthrie's offer of a position as "demonstrator."

Boys achieved recognition as a scientist for his invention of the fused quartz fibre torsion balance, which allowed him to measure extremely small forces. He made the fused quartz fibres for his instrument by attaching a quartz rod to a crossbow quarrel, heating the rod to the point of melting, and firing the crossbow. By this means he produced fibre so thin that it could not be resolved with an optical microscope. He used this invention to build a radiomicrometer capable of responding to the light of a single candle more than one mile away, and used that device for astronomical observations. In 1895 he published a measurement of the gravitational constant G that improved upon the accuracy achieved by Cavendish. Boys' method relied on the same theory as Cavendish's, but used two masses suspended at one height and two nearby masses suspended at a different height, to minimize the unwanted interaction between opposite masses.

He was a critic of the solar design of Frank Shuman, so Shuman hired him, and together they patented a "Sun-Boiler", which is similar to modern day parabolic trough solar power plants.

In 1897 Boys became a Metropolitan Gas Referee, charged with assessing a fair price for coal gas. He initially worked on the replacement of the standard candle, used to determine the quality of the gas for lighting, by the Harcourt pentane lamp. As heating grew to become the principal use of coal gas, Boys undertook fundamental work on calorimetry to measure and record the heat content of the gas, achieving a substantial increase in precision of measurement. At this time the national gas bill for the United Kingdom was fifty million pounds, so a one-percent correction to the bill represented a very significant amount of money.

Boys also worked on high-speed photography of lightning and bullets in flight, and conducted public lectures on the properties of soap films, which were gathered into the book Soap Bubbles: Their Colours and the Forces Which Mould Them, a classic of scientific popularization. The first edition of Soap Bubbles appeared in 1890 and the second in 1911; it has remained in print to this day. The book deeply impressed French writer Alfred Jarry, who in 1898 wrote the absurdist novel Exploits and Opinions of Dr. Faustroll, Pataphysician, in which the title character, who was born at the age of 63 and sails in a sieve, is described as a friend of C.V. Boys (see also 'Pataphysics). The book was also a favourite of American poet, Elizabeth Bishop.

He married Marion Amelia Pollock in 1892. She caused a scandal by having an affair with the Cambridge mathematician Andrew Forsyth, as a result of which Forsyth was forced to resign his chair. Boys divorced Marion in 1910 and she later married Forsyth.

He died at St Mary Bourne, Andover in Hampshire on 30 March 1944.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Boys .

Rev. H. A. Boys, M.A. appears to have been a member of the clergy based in the village of Easton Mauduit Northampton in the Midlands.
Mr. Boys was English Chaplain at Patras, in Greece, from 1870 to 1875. He was also a chaplain in Algiers.
He was involved in tracking rainfall which he contributed to surveys by the British Meteorological Office, and published several articles on flooding and droughts in the area, including "The Drought of 1895" and "The November Floods, 1894" in the Journal of the Northamptonshire Natural History Society & Field Club.

(From Wikipedia entry)

Margaret Louisa Woods (1856 - 1945) was an English writer, known for her novels and poetry. She was the daughter of the scholar George Granville Bradley and sister to fellow writer Mabel Birchenough. She married Henry George Woods, who became President of Trinity College, Oxford and Master of the Temple.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Louisa_Woods .