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William Ernest Johnson (23 June 1858 - 14 January 1931) was a British logician mainly remembered for his Logic (1921-1924), in 3 volumes. In 1924, in volume III he introduced the important concept of exchangeability.
He taught at King's College, Cambridge for nearly thirty years. He wrote a bit on economics, and John Maynard Keynes was one of his students. Johnson was a colleague of Keynes's father, John Neville Keynes.
Logic was dated at the time of its publication, and Johnson
can be seen as a member of the British logic "old guard" pushed aside by
the Principia Mathematica of Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell.
Yet an article entitled "The Logical Calculus" (Johnson 1892) reveals
that he had nontrivial technical capabilities in his youth, and that he
was significantly influenced by the formal logical work of Charles Sanders Peirce. The article begins as follows:

"As a material machine economises the exertion of force, so a
symbolic calculus economises the exertion of intelligence ... the more
perfect the calculus, the smaller the intelligence compared to the
results."

A.N. Prior's Formal Logic cites this article several times.
John Passmore tells us:

"His neologisms, as rarely happens, have won wide acceptance: such
phrases as

(from Wikipedia entry)

Lester F. Ward (June 18, 1841 - April 18, 1913) was an American botanist, paleontologist, and sociologist. He served as the first president of the American Sociological Association.

Ward was a pioneer who promoted the introduction of sociology courses into American higher education. His belief that society could be scientifically controlled was especially attractive to intellectuals during the Progressive Era. His influence in certain circles (see: the Social Gospel) was affected by his opinions regarding organized priesthoods, which he believed had been responsible for more evil than good throughout human history.

Ward emphasized the importance of social forces which could be guided at a macro level by the use of intelligence to achieve conscious progress, rather than allowing evolution to take its own erratic course as proposed by William Graham Sumner and Herbert Spencer. Ward emphasized universal and comprehensive public schooling to provide the public with the knowledge a democracy needs to successfully govern itself. Lester Frank Ward was born in Joliet, Illinois, the youngest of 10 children born to Justus Ward and his wife Silence Rolph Ward. Justus Ward (d.1858) was of old New England colonial stock, but he wasn't rich, and farmed to earn a living. Silence Ward was the daughter of a clergyman; she was a talented perfectionist, educated and fond of literature.

When Lester Frank was one year of age the family moved closer to Chicago, to a place called Cass, now known as Downers Grove, Illinois about twenty-three miles from Lake Michigan. The family then moved to a homestead in nearby St. Charles, Illinois where his father built a saw mill business making railroad ties. Ward first attended a formal school at St. Charles, Kane Co., IL, in 1850 when he was nine years old. He was known as Frank Ward to his classmates and friends and showed a great enthusiasm for books and learning, liberally supplementing his education with outside reading.

Four years after Ward started attending school, his parents, along with Lester and an older bother, Erastus, traveled to Iowa in a covered wagon for a new life on the frontier. Four years later, in 1858, Justus Ward unexpectedly died, and the boys returned the family to the old homestead they still owned in St. Charles. Ward's estranged mother, who lived two miles away with Ward's sister, disapproved of the move, and wanted the boys to stay in Iowa to continue their father's work.

The two brothers lived together for a short period of time in the old family homestead they dubbed "Bachelor's Hall," doing farm work to earn a living, and encouraged each other to pursue an education and abandon their father's life of physical labor.

In late 1858 the two brothers moved to Pennsylvania at the invitation of Lester Frank's oldest brother Cyrenus (9 years Lester Frank's senior) who was starting a business making wagon wheel hubs and needed workers. The brothers saw this as an opportunity to move closer to civilization and to eventually attend college.

The business failed, however, and Lester Frank, who still didn't have the money to attend college, found a job teaching in a small country school; in the Summer months he worked as a farm laborer. He finally saved the money to attend college and enrolled in the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute in 1860. While he was at first self-conscious about his spotty formal education and self learning, he soon found that his knowledge compared favorably to his classmates, and he was rapidly promoted. It was while attending the Susquehanna Collegiate Institute that he met Elizabeth "Lizzie" Carolyn Vought (some sources cite Bought), and fell deeply in love. Their "rather torrid love affair" was documented in Ward's first journal Young Ward's Diary. They married on Aug. 13, 1862.

Almost immediately afterward, Ward enlisted in the Union Army and was sent to the Civil War front where he was wounded three times. After the end of the war he successfully petitioned for work with the federal government in Washington, DC, where he and Lizzie then moved.

Lizzie assisted him in editing a newsletter called "The Iconoclast," dedicated to free thinking and attacks on organized religion. She gave birth to a son, but the child died when he was less than a year old. Lizzie died in 1872. Rosamond Asenath Simons was married to Lester F. Ward as his second wife in the year 1873. By the early 1880s the new field of sociology had become dominated by ideologues of the left and right, both determined to claim "the science of society" as their own. The champion of the conservatives and businessmen was Herbert Spencer; he was opposed on the left by Karl Marx. Although Spencer and Marx disagreed about many things they were similar in that their systems were static: they both claimed to have divined the immutable stages of development that a society went through and they both taught that mankind was essentially helpless before the force of evolution.

With the publication of the two volume, 1200 page, Dynamic Sociology--Or Applied Social Science as Based Upon Statical Sociology and the Less Complex Sciences(1883), Lester Ward hoped to restore the central importance of experimentation and the scientific method to the field of sociology. For Ward science wasn't cold or impersonal; it was human-centered and results-oriented. As he put it in the Preface to Dynamic Sociology, "The real object of science is to benefit man. A science which fails to do this, however agreeable its study, is lifeless. Sociology, which of all sciences should benefit man most, is in danger of falling into the class of polite amusements, or dead sciences. It is the object of this work to point out a method by which the breath of life may be breathed into its nostrils."

Ward theorized that poverty could be minimized or eliminated by the systematic intervention of society. Mankind wasn't helpless before the impersonal force of nature and evolution - through the power of Mind, man could take control of the situation and direct the evolution of human society. This theory is known as telesis. Also see: meliorism, sociocracy and public sociology. A sociology which intelligently and scientifically directed the social and economic development of society should institute a universal and comprehensive system of education, regulate competition, connect the people together on the basis of equal opportunities and cooperation, and promote the happiness and the freedom of everyone. Ward was a strong advocate for equal rights for women and even theorized that women were naturally superior to men, much to the scorn of mainstream sociologists. In this regard, Ward presaged the rise of feminism, and especially the difference feminism of writers such as Harvard's Carol Gilligan, who have developed the claims of female superiority. Ward is now considered a feminist writer by historians such as Ann Taylor Allen. However, Clifford H. Scott claims that some suffragists ignored him. Ward's persuasion on the question of female intelligence as described by himself: "And now from the point of view of intellectual development itself we find her side by side, and shoulder to shoulder with him furnishing, from the very outset, far back in prehistoric, presocial, and even prehuman times, the necessary complement to his otherwise one-sided, headlong, and wayward career, without which he would soon have warped and distorted the race and rendered it incapable of the very progress which he claims exclusively to inspire. And therefore again, even in the realm of intellect, where he would fain reign supreme, she has proved herself fully his equal and is entitled to her share of whatever credit attaches to human progress hereby achieved." Clifford H. Scott argues that practically all the suffragists ignored him. Ward's views on the question of race and the theory of white supremacy underwent considerable change throughout his life.

Ward was a Republican Whig and supported the abolition of the American system of slavery. He enlisted in the Union army during the Civil war and was wounded three times. However, a close reading of his "Dynamic Sociology" will uncover several statements that would be considered racist and ethnocentric by today's standards. There are references to the superiority of Western culture and the savagery of the American Indian and black races, made all the more jarring by the modern feel of much of the rest of the book.

However, Ward lived in Washington D.C., then the center of anthropological research in the US; he was always up-to-date on the latest findings of science and in tune with the developing zeitgeist, and by the early twentieth century, perhaps influenced by W.E.B. Du Bois and German-born Franz Boas he began to focus more on the question of race.

During this period his views on race were arguably more progressive and in tune with modern standards than any other white academic of the time, with, of course, the exception of Boas, who is sometimes credited with doing more than any other American in combating the theory of White supremacy. Ward, given his age and reputation, could afford to take a somewhat radical stand on the politically explosive question of White supremacy, but Boas did not have those advantages.

After Ward's death in 1913, and with the approach of World War I, Franz Boas came to be seen by some, including W.H. Holmes, the head of National Research Council (and who had worked with Ward for many years at the U.S. Geological Survey), as possibly being an agent of the German government determined to sow revolution in the US and among its troops.

The NRC had been set up by the Wilson administration in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I, and soon Boas's influence over the field of anthropology the US began to wane. By 1919, Boas was censured by the American Anthropological Association for his political activities, a censure which would not be lifted until 2005. (See also: Scientific racism, Master race, and Institutional racism) (the source for the information about Boas is Gossett, Thomas F.; Race: The History of an Idea in America) Ward is often categorized as been a follower of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Ward's article "Neo-Darwinism and Neo-Lamarckism" shows Ward had a sophisticated understanding of this subject. While he clearly described himself as being a Neo-Lamarckian, he completely and enthusiastically accepted Darwin's findings and theories. On the other hand, he believed that, logically, there had to be a mechanism that would allow environmental factors to influence evolution faster than Darwin's rather slow evolutionary process. The modern theory of Epigenetics suggests that Ward was correct on this issue, although old-school Darwinians continue to ridicule Larmarkianism. While Durkheim is usually credited for updating Comte's positivism to modern scientific and sociological standards, Ward accomplished much the same thing 10 years earlier in the United States. However, Ward would be the last person to claim that his contributions were somehow unique or original to him. As Gillis J. Harp points out in "The Positivist Republic", Comte's positivism found a fertile ground in the democratic republic of the United States, and there soon developed among the pragmatic intellectual community in New York City, which featured such thinkers as William James and Charles Sanders Peirce and, on the other hand, among the federal government scientists in Washington D.C. (like Ward) a general consensus regarding positivism. In "Pure Sociology: A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society"(1903) Ward theorizes that throughout human history conflict and war has been the force that is most responsible for human progress. It was through conflict that hominids gained dominance over animals. It was through conflict and war that Homo Sapiens wiped out the less advanced hominid species and it was through war that the more technologically advanced races and nations expanded their territory and spread civilization. Ward sees war as a natural evolutionary process and like all natural evolutionary processes war is capricious, slow, often ineffective and shows no regard for the pain inflicted on living creatures. One of the central tenets of Wards world view is that the artificial is superior to the natural and thus one of the central goals of Applied Sociology is to replace war with a system that retains the progressive elements that war has provided but without the many downsides. Ward influenced a rising generation of progressive political leaders, such as Herbert Croly. In the book Lester Ward and the Welfare State, Commager details Ward's influence and refers to him as the "father of the modern welfare state".

As a political approach, Ward's system became known as social liberalism, as distinguished from the classical liberalism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries which featured such thinkers as Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. While classical liberalism had sought prosperity and progress through laissez-fare, Ward's "American social liberalism" sought to enhance social progress through direct government intervention. Ward believed that in large, complex and rapidly growing societies human freedom could only be achieved with the assistance of a strong democratic government acting in the interest of the individual. The characteristic element of Ward's thinking was his faith that government, acting on the empirical and scientifically based findings of the science of sociology, could be harnessed to create a near Utopian social order.

Progressive thinking had a profound impact on the administrations of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson and on the liberal wing of the modern Democratic Party. Ward's ideas were in the air but there are few direct links between his writings and the actual programs of the founders of the welfare state and the New Deal.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward .

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Frederick Stout (G. F. Stout) (1860, South Shields - 18 August 1944, Sydney) was a leading English philosopher and psychologist. Born in South Shields, he studied psychology at Cambridge University from under James Ward. Like Ward, Stout employed a philosophical approach to psychology and opposed the theory of associationism.

It was as a fellow of St. John’s College, Cambridge (1884-96), that Stout published his first work in 1896: the two-volume Analytic Psychology, whose view of the role of activity in intellectual processes was later verified experimentally by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. Stout was appointed to a new lectureship in Comparative Psychology at the University of Aberdeen in 1896, before becoming reader in mental philosophy at the University of Oxford (1898-1902), where he published his Manual of Psychology in 1899. This work formulated many principles later developed experimentally by the Gestalt school of psychology. Leaving Oxford, from 1903 to 1936, Stout served as professor of logic and metaphysics at St. Andrews, Fife, where he published another major work, Mind and Matter in 1931. He remained at St. Andrews until his retirement thirty years later, in 1936.

Upon his retirement, George Frederick Stout left for Australia to be with his son. He died in Sydney in 1944.

Over the course of his career, Stout taught a number of notable students, including G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell at Cambridge University. In addition, from 1891 to 1920, he served as editor of Mind, a leading philosophical journal, and was president of Aristotelian Society from 1899 to 1904.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stout .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson (6 August 1862 – 3 August 1932), known as Goldie, was a British political scientist and philosopher. He led most of his life at Cambridge, where he wrote a dissertation on Neoplatonism before becoming a fellow. He was closely associated with the Bloomsbury Group.

Dickinson was deeply distressed by Britain's involvement in the First World War. Within a fortnight of the war's breaking out he drew up the idea of a League of Nations, and his subsequent writings helped to shape public opinion towards the creation of the League.

Dickinson was born in London, the son of Lowes Cato Dickinson (1819–1908), a portrait painter, by his marriage to Margaret Ellen Williams, a daughter of William Smith Williams who was literary advisor to Smith, Elder & Company and had discovered Charlotte Brontë. When the boy was about one year old his family moved to the Spring Cottage in Hanwell, then a country village. The family also included his brother, Arthur, three years older, an older sister, May, and two younger sisters, Hester and Janet.

His education included attendance at a day school in Somerset Street, Portman Square, when he was ten or eleven. At about the age of twelve he was sent to Beomonds, a boarding school in Chertsey, and his teenage years from 14 to 19 were spent at Charterhouse School in Godalming, where his brother Arthur had preceded him. He was unhappy at Charterhouse, although he enjoyed seeing plays put on by visiting actors, and he played the violin in the school orchestra. While he was there, his family moved from Hanwell to a house behind All Souls Church in Langham Place.

In 1881 Dickinson went up to King's College, Cambridge, as an exhibitioner, where his brother, Arthur, had again preceded him. Near the end of his first year he received a telegram informing him that his mother had died from asthma. During his college years, his tutor, Oscar Browning, was a strong influence on him, and Dickinson became a close friend of his fellow King's undergraduate C. R. Ashbee. Dickinson won the chancellor's English medal in 1884 for a poem on Savonarola, and in graduating that summer he was awarded a first-class degree in the Classical Tripos.

After travelling in the Netherlands and Germany, Dickinson returned to Cambridge late that year and was elected to the Cambridge Conversazione Society, better known as the Cambridge Apostles. In a year or two he was part of the circle that included Roger Fry, J. M. E. McTaggart, and Nathaniel Wedd.

In the summer of 1885 he worked at a co-operative farm, Craig Farm at Tilford near Farnham in Surrey. The farm had been started by Harold Cox as an experiment in simple living. Dickinson was proud of his hoeing, digging, and ploughing. That autumn, and continuing to the spring of 1886, Dickinson joined the University Extension Scheme to give public lectures that covered Carlyle, Emerson, Browning, and Tennyson. He toured the country, living for a term at Mansfield and for a second term at Chester and Southport. He spent a brief time in Wales afterwards.

With financial help from his father, Dickinson then began to study for a medical degree, beginning in October 1886 at Cambridge. Although he became dissatisfied with his new subject and nearly decided to drop out, he persevered and passed his M.B. examinations in 1887 and 1888. Yet he finally decided he was not interested in a career in medicine.

In March 1887 a dissertation on Plotinus helped his election to a fellowship at King's College. During Roger Fry's last year at Cambridge (1887–1888), Dickinson, a homosexual,[4] fell in love with him. After an initially intense relationship (which according to Dickinson's biography didn't include sex with Fry, a heterosexual), the two established a long friendship. Through Fry, Dickinson soon met Jack McTaggart and F. C. S. Schiller.

Dickinson then settled down at Cambridge, although he again lectured through the University Extension Scheme, travelling to Newcastle, Leicester, and Norwich. His fellowship at King's College (as an historian) was permanently renewed in 1896. That year his book The Greek View of Life was published. He later wrote a number of dialogues in the Socratic tradition.

Dickinson was a lecturer in political science from 1886 to his retirement in 1920, and the college librarian from 1893 to 1896. Dickinson helped establish the Economics and Politics Tripos and taught political science within the University. For 15 years he also lectured at the London School of Economics.

In 1897 he made his first trip to Greece, travelling with Nathaniel Wedd, Robin Mayor, and A. M. Daniel.

He joined the Society of Psychical Research in 1890, and served on its Council from 1904 to 1920.

In 1903 he helped to found the Independent Review. Edward Jenks was editor, and members of its editorial board included Dickinson, F. W. Hirst, C. F. G. Masterman, G. M. Trevelyan, and Nathaniel Wedd. Fry designed the front cover. Over the years Dickinson contributed a number of articles to it, some later reprinted in Religion: A Criticism and a Forecast (1905) and Religion and Immortality (1911).

E. M. Forster, by then a good friend, who had been influenced by Dickinson's books, accepted the appointment as Dickinson's literary executor. Dickinson's sisters then asked Forster to write their brother's biography, which was published as Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson in 1934. Forster has been criticised for refraining from publishing details of Dickinson's sexual proclivities, including his foot fetishism and unrequited love for young men.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsworthy_Lowes_Dickinson and http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F43635 .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Benchara Bertrand Patrick Branford (1868-1944) was a principal of the Sunderland Technical College (now the University of Sunderland) and later Divisional Inspector for Mathematics at the London County Council. His father was William Catton Branford (1837–1891), who worked as a veterinary surgeon in Oundle. His siblings included Mary Ann Kitchen (1861–1907), Lionel William Ernest Catton (1866–1947), John Frederick Kitchen (1869–1946), and Victor Verasis (1863-1930), the noted sociologist.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry for Victor Branford at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Branford.

John Newton Smith, filmmaker, was born in Montréal in 1943 and received a Bachelor of Arts from McGill University in 1964. He first became involved in film-making while working towards a Master's of Political Science when he created a film for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) with a fellow student in 1967. In 1968, Smith went to work for CBC Toronto as a researcher. One year later, he moved to Hobel-Leiterman Productions where he worked as a producer/director for several television series on the CTV network. In 1972 he joined the National Film Board (NFB) as executive producer of its television unit. With its closure in the mid-1970s, Smith turned his attention to drama and produced several films for the NFB. He directed and co-wrote "Dieppe" and "The Boys of St. Vincent" for which he received a Gemini Award for Best Direction in a Dramatic Program in 1994. More recently, Smith has directed films and television miniseries such as "Dangerous Minds" (1995), "Random Passage" (2002), "Prairie Giant : The Tommy Douglas Story"(2006), "The Englishman's Boy"(2008) and "Love & Savagery"(2009).

Smith has a long history of defending free speech and artists' rights. He protested the delay in broadcasting "The Boys of St.Vincent" fighting to expand the legal definition of freedom of expression for artists. He also fought efforts to have his miniseries "Prairie Giant : The Tommy Douglas Story" repressed, raising public awareness about de-facto censorship by CBC executives due to protests about the depiction of James Gardiner in the work.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir William Henry Flower KCB FRCS FRS (30 November 1831 – 1 July 1899) was an English comparative anatomist and surgeon. Flower became a leading authority on mammals, and especially on the primate brain. He supported Thomas Henry Huxley in an important controversy with Richard Owen about the human brain, and eventually succeeded Owen as Director of the Natural History Museum. lower was born at his father's house in Glade Valley "The Hill", Stratford-upon-Avon. His father, Edward Fordham Flower, had lived in America and was an opponent of the slave trade; the family's antecedents were Puritan. When Edward Flower returned to England, he founded a brewery in Stratford-on-Avon and married Celina Greaves. William was at first taught by his mother, and went to a boarding school in Edgbaston at 11.

In 1844 at 13 William was sent to a school in Worksop run by a German headmaster, Dr. Heldenmaier. There were ten hours daily schooling, and this included science (rare at that time). Flower was made Curator of the school museum, and for almost the rest of his life he was a museum curator of one kind or another.

William's interest in natural history appears to have been further fostered in early life by interactions with Rev. P.B. Brodie, an enthusiastic zoologist and geologist. William wrote later in life in his book, Essays on Museums, that he was pleased to create a museum as a boy with a miscellaneous collection of natural history objects, kept at first in a cardboard box, but subsequently housed in a cupboard. In 1854 Flower joined the Army Medical Service, and went out to serve in the Crimean War. He was gazetted as Assistant-Surgeon to the 63rd Regiment of Foot; and in July 1854 embarked with his regiment at Cork for Constantinople. In four months Flower's Regiment was reduced in strength by almost one half, from cold and exposure, infectious diseases and enemy action.

Flower resigned from the army in 1855 due to ill-health. In recognition of his services, he received from the hands of Queen Victoria the Crimea Medal with clasps for Alma, Inkerman, Balaclava, and Sebastopol; he received the Turkish medal later. In the spring of 1857 Flower took the diploma for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS); and joined the staff of the Middlesex Hospital as Demonstrator in Anatomy. In 1859 he was made Assistant-Surgeon at the Middlesex, Curator of the Anatomical Museum and also Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy. His 1859 lecture to the Royal United Services Institute on practical surgery for naval and military officers was the direct result of his Crimean experience. It summarised the first aid knowledge needed by all soldiers to help the wounded before a surgeon was available (see also field hospital; military medicine).

He married Georgina Rosetta, the youngest daughter of Admiral William Henry Smyth, an astronomer, and sometime Hydrographer to the Admiralty and Foreign Secretary to the Royal Society. The wedding took place on 15 April 1858 at the church of Stone, in Buckinghamshire. In 1860 London intellectual life was alive with talk of evolution. Flower had long been interested in natural history, and now he decided to move his career in that direction, probably under the influence of Thomas Henry Huxley, who was also a comparative anatomist, and Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution at the time. Flower's first contact with Huxley came about from his early friendship with George Busk, Surgeon to the Seamen's Hospital of HMS Dreadnought (a land base near Portsmouth). Busk was an FRS, became PRCS, and a member of the X Club. Flower succeeded John Thomas Quekett as Conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on the recommendation of Huxley and others. He started work in January 1862 and held the post for 22 years.

Flower became associated with Huxley's controversy with Richard Owen concerning the human brain. Owen had erroneously said that the human brain had structures that were not present in other mammals, and separated man off into a Sub-Class of its own instead of a genus in the primates. Huxley contradicted this in a debate at the BA meeting in 1860, and promised a demonstration in due course.

Back in London, Huxley consulted with every expert on the brain that he knew, and that included Flower. His conclusions were made public in 1860 in lectures and publications, but most of the demonstrations were done by Flower using monkey brains rather than the scarce ape brains. Over the years, Flower published papers on the brains of four species of monkey, and acted as Huxley's partner in demonstrations at subsequent BA meetings. At the 1862 meeting in Cambridge when Owen read a paper maintaining his claims, Flower stood up and said "I happen to have in my pocket a monkey's brain" — and produced the object in question! (report in the Times). Few doubted that the small object had Huxley's finger-prints on it...

Another interesting angle on Flower was his combination of religious belief with complete and unequivocal acceptance of evolution. His point of view was close to that of Asa Gray, the American botanist, who wrote a pamphlet entitled Natural Selection not inconsistent with Natural Theology. As the years passed this co-existence of ideas became ever more common with those Christians who were not wedded to literal belief in all aspects of the Bible. In 1883 Flower gave an address to the Church Congress in Reading on evolution: "The bearing of science on religion" (reprinted in his Essays on Museums).

In 1870 he became Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy in succession to Huxley and commenced a series of lectures that ran for fourteen years, all on aspects of the Mammalia. The essence was published in his books of 1870 and 1891. He was President of the Zoological Society of London from 1879 to 1899. In 1882 he was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Flower .

Author of theological and philosophical works.

Keith Ross Leckie, writer and director, was born in Toronto, Canada on 26 April 1952 and graduated from Ryerson Polytechnic Institute with a Photo Arts Degree in 1975. As a writer, he has written numerous scripts for television productions including "Crossbar" (1979), "Special Delivery" (1985), "Where the Spirit Lives" (1988), "Lost in the Barrens" (1989), "Journey into Darkness : The Bruce Curtis Story" (1989), "The Price of Vengeance" (1993), "Fortitude Bay" (1994), "The Arrow" (1996), "To Walk with Lions" (1998), "Hard Time: The David Milgaard Story" (1998), "Children Of My Heart" (2000), "Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion" (2003), "Everest" (2007), "Committed" (2011) and "An Officer and a Murderer" (2012) which have been aired variously for CBC, CTV and NBC. He has been awarded with one Emmy Award and has received several Gemini Awards for his work in addition to receiving a San Francisco International Festival Special Jury Award (1987), a Columbus Film Festival Chris Award (1987) and a New York Film Festival Blue Ribbon (1988). As a director, Leckie has worked on an episode of “The Beachcombers”, several episodes of the television program “Traders", and an episode of “Spirit Bay”, ‘Words on a Page’, which won several festival awards. He is also the author of the novels The Seventh Gate (1989) and Coppermine (2010).

Rohinton Mistry, writer, was born in Bombay (now known as Mumbai), India, in 1952, and immigrated to Canada in 1975. He earned a degree in mathematics and economics at the University of Bombay before continuing his education in Canada. He attended York University and the University of Toronto, where he received his B.A. in English and philosophy. Mistry began his career as a writer by winning two Hart House literary prizes in 1983 and 1984, and Canadian Fiction Magazine’s Annual Contributor’s Prize in 1985 for his short stories. Mistry’s first book, a collection of short stories entitled “Tales from Firozsha Baag,” was published in 1987. His first novel, “Such a Long Journey” (1991), won the Governor General's Award, the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize for Best Book, and the W.H. Smith/Books in Canada First Novel Award, and was short listed for the Booker Prize and the Trillium Award. It was adapted for film and released as a major motion picture in 1999. His 1995 novel, “A Fine Balance,” won the Giller Prize, the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize, the Los Angeles Times Book Award and the Royal Society of Literature's Winifred Holtby Prize, in addition to an award by the Danish Literature Council. It was also short listed for the Booker Prize, the IMPAC Dublin Literary Award, and the Irish Times International Fiction Prize. His latest novel, “Family Matters” (2002), was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize, and was the winner of the Kiriyama Prize and the Canadian Authors Association's Award for Fiction. Mistry received the Trudeau Fellows Prize from the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation in 2004, and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2005. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2009, was a finalist for the 2011 Man Booker International Prize, and in 2012 was awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature. In 2013, on the twentieth anniversary of the Giller Prize, he won the CBC Books’ “Giller of All Gillers” for “A Fine Balance.” Mistry’s work has been published in more than thirty languages.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, KG, OM, PC, DL (/ˈbælfʊər/; 25 July 1848 – 19 March 1930) was a British Conservative politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from July 1902 to December 1905. When he came into his inheritance at 21, Balfour became one of the wealthiest young men in Britain. He rose to prominence by suppressing agrarian unrest in Ireland through punitive action combined with measures against absentee landlords. After being influential in government, he succeeded his uncle, Lord Salisbury as Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader in July 1902.

Balfour was seen as an ambivalent personality and a weak Prime Minister. His embrace of the imperial preference championed by Joseph Chamberlain was nuanced, but brought resignations and the end of his spell as party leader. He opposed Irish Home Rule, saying there could be no half-way house between Ireland remaining within the United Kingdom or becoming independent. He oversaw the Entente Cordiale, an agreement with France that influenced Britain's decision to join the First World War. In 1915 he became Foreign Secretary in David Lloyd George's wartime administration, but was frequently left out of the inner workings of government, although the declaration of 1917 promising Jews a "national home" in Palestine bore his name. He resigned as Foreign Secretary following the Versailles Conference in 1919, dying 19 March 1930 aged 81, having spent an inherited fortune. He never married.

Balfour trained as a philosopher – he originated an argument against believing that human reason could determine truth – and had a detached attitude to life, epitomised by a remark attributed to him: "Nothing matters very much and few things matter at all".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Balfour .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Leslie Stephen, KCB (28 November 1832 - 22 February 1904) was an English author, critic and mountaineer, and the father of Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. Stephen was born at Kensington Gore in London, the brother of James Fitzjames Stephen and son of Sir James Stephen. His family had belonged to the Clapham Sect, the early 19th century group of mainly evangelical Christian social reformers. At his father's house he saw a good deal of the Macaulays, James Spedding, Sir Henry Taylor and Nassau Senior. After studying at Eton College, King's College London and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (20th wrangler) in 1854 and M.A. in 1857, Stephen remained for several years a fellow and tutor of his college. He recounted some of his experiences in a chapter in his Life of Fawcett as well as in some less formal Sketches from Cambridge: By a Don (1865). These sketches were reprinted from the Pall Mall Gazette, to the proprietor of which, George Smith, he had been introduced by his brother. It was at Smith's house at Hampstead that Stephen met his first wife, Harriet Marian (1840-1875), daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray, with whom he had a daughter, Laura Makepeace Stephen (1870-1945); after her death he married Julia Prinsep Jackson (1846-1895), widow of Herbert Duckworth. With her he had four children: Vanessa (1879-1961) married Clive Bell
Thoby (1880-1906)
Virginia (1882-1941) married Leonard Woolf
Adrian (1883-1948)
In the 1850s, Stephen and his brother James Fitzjames Stephen were invited by Frederick Denison Maurice to lecture at The Working Men's College. Leslie Stephen became a member of the College's governing College Corporation.

Stephen was an Honorary Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and received the honorary degree Doctor of Letters (D. Litt.) from the University of Cambridge and from the University of Oxford (November 1901).

He died in Kensington. While at Cambridge, Stephen became an Anglican clergyman. In 1865, having renounced his religious beliefs, and after a visit to the United States two years earlier, where he had formed lasting friendships with Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., James Russell Lowell and Charles Eliot Norton, he settled in London and became a journalist, eventually editing the Cornhill Magazine in 1871 where R. L. Stevenson, Thomas Hardy, W. E. Norris, Henry James, and James Payn figured among his contributors.

In his spare time, he participated in athletics and mountaineering. He also contributed to the Saturday Review, Fraser, Macmillan, the Fortnightly, and other periodicals. He was already known as a climber, as a contributor to Peaks, Passes and Glaciers (1862), and as one of the earliest presidents of the Alpine Club, when, in 1871, in commemoration of his own first ascents in the Alps, he published The Playground of Europe, which immediately became a mountaineering classic, drawing—together with Whymper's Scrambles Amongst the Alps—successive generations of its readers to the Alps.

During the eleven years of his editorship, in addition to three volumes of critical studies, he made two valuable contributions to philosophical history and theory. The first was The History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (1876 and 1881). This work was generally recognised as an important addition to philosophical literature and led immediately to Stephen's election at the Athenaeum Club in 1877. The second was The Science of Ethics (1882). It was extensively adopted as a textbook on the subject and made him the best-known proponent of evolutionary ethics in late-nineteenth-century Britain.

Stephen also served as the first editor (1885–91) of the Dictionary of National Biography.

He was President of the Alpine Club from 1865–1868.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Stephen .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Olive Schreiner (24 March 1855 - 11 December 1920) was a South African author, anti-war campaigner and intellectual. She is best remembered today for her novel The Story of an African Farm which has been highly acclaimed ever since its first publication in 1883 for the bold manner in which it dealt with some of the burning issues of the day, including agnosticism, existential independence, individualism and the professional aspirations of women; as well as its portrayal of the elemental nature of life on the colonial frontier. In more recent studies she has also been foregrounded as an apologist for those sidelined by the forces of British Imperialism, such as the Afrikaners, and later other South African groups like Blacks, Jews and Indians - to name but a few. Although she showed interest in socialism, pacifism, vegetarianism and feminism amongst other things, her true views escape restrictive categorisations. Her published works and other surviving writings promote implicit values like moderation, friendship and understanding amongst all peoples, avoiding the pitfalls of political radicalism which she consciously eschewed. Although she may be called a lifelong freethinker in terms of her Victorian background - as opposed to mainstream Christianity - she always remained true to the spirit of the Christian Bible and developed a secular version of the worldview of her missionary parents, with mystical elements.

Karel Schoeman, the South African historian and leading authority on Schreiner's life, has written in one of his books about her that she was an outstanding figure in a South African context, although perhaps not quite the same abroad. In the Preface to the same work, Schoeman acknowledges that although The Story of an African Farm is by no means perfect, it is still unique and gripping even to the modern reader. He also outlines the basic pattern of her life which serves as a useful guide to this article, and the pursuit of further interest in the subject:

"From a chronological viewpoint, Olive Schreiner's life shows an interesting pattern. After she spent the first twenty-five thereof in South Africa ... she was in England for more than seven years, and also lived during this time in Europe. After this she lived in South Africa for twenty-four years, the time of her friendship with Rhodes, the Anglo-Boer war and her growing involvement in issues like racism and the lot of women, after which another exile followed in England for seven years; it was only shortly before her death in 1920 that she returned to South Africa" (Olive Schreiner: A Life in South Africa 1855-1881, Human & Rousseau, Cape Town, 1989). Olive Emilie Albertina Schreiner (1855-1920) was the ninth of twelve children born to a missionary couple at the Wesleyan Missionary Society station at Wittebergen in the Eastern Cape, near Herschel in South Africa. Her parents, Gottlob Schreiner and Rebecca Lyndall, married in England in 1837. She was named after her three older brothers, Oliver (1848-1854), Albert (1843-1843) and Emile (1852-1852), who died before she was born. Her childhood was a harsh one as her father was loving and gentle, though impractical; but her mother Rebecca was intent on teaching her children the same restraint and self-discipline that had been a part of her upbringing. Olive received virtually all her initial education from her mother, who was well-read and gifted.[clarification needed] Her eldest brother Frederic Samuel (1841-1901) obtained a BA at London University and founded New College in Eastbourne in 1873/4. He remained as headmaster until late 1897 but continued to run the junior school until 1901. He died in 1901 at the Grand Hotel in Eastbourne and was interred in the town.

When Olive was six, Gottlob transferred to Healdtown in the Eastern Cape to run the Wesleyan training institute there. As with so many of his other projects, he simply was not up to the task and was expelled in disgrace for trading against missionary regulations. He was forced to make his own living for the first time in his life, and tried a business venture. Again, he failed and was insolvent within a year. The family lived in abject poverty as a result.

However, Olive was not to remain with her parents for long. When her older brother Theophilus (1844-1920) was appointed headmaster in Cradock in 1867, she went to live with him along with two of her siblings. She also attended his school and received a formal education for the first time. Despite that, she was no happier in Cradock than she had been in Wittebergen or Healdtown. Her siblings were very religious, but Olive had already questioned the Christianity of her parents like many learned Victorians, and it was the cause of many arguments that she had with her family.

Therefore, when Theo and her brother left Cradock for the diamond fields of Griqualand West, Olive chose to become a governess . On the way to her first post at Barkly East, she met Willie Bertram, who shared her views of religion and who lent her a copy of Herbert Spencer’s First Principles. This text was to have a profound impact on her. While rejecting religious creeds and doctrine, Spencer also argued for a belief in an Absolute that lay beyond the scope of human knowledge and conception. This belief was founded in the unity of nature and a teleological universe, both of which Olive was to appropriate for herself in her attempts to create a morality free of organized religion.

After this meeting, Olive travelled from place to place, accepting posts as a governess with various families, later leaving them because of personal conflict with her employers. One issue which always surfaced, was her unusual view of religion. Her apostasy didn't sit well with the traditional farm folk she worked amongs.

Another factor was that she was somewhat unconventional in her relationships, for she was uncertain as to how to relate sexually to her male employers in many cases, and men in general. During this time she met Julius Gau, to whom she became engaged under doubtful circumstances. For whatever reason, their engagement did not last long and she returned to live with her parents and then with her brothers. She read widely and began writing seriously. She started Undine at this time. As in the case of her later husband, Cronwright, she may have been attracted to Gau, as other men, for his dominant personality, maturity and physicality...However, her brothers’ financial situation soon deteriorated, as diamonds became increasingly difficult to find. Olive had no choice but to resume her transient lifestyle, moving between various households and towns, until she returned briefly to her parents in 1874. It was there that she had the first of the asthma attacks that would plague her for the rest of her life. Since her parents were no more financially secure than before and because of her ill-health, Olive was forced to resume working in order to support them.

Over the next few years, she accepted the position of governess at a number of farms, most notably the Fouchés who provided inspiration for certain aspects of The Story of an African Farm, which she published under the pseudonym “Ralph Iron,” as well as a small collection of stories and allegories called Dream Life and Real Life.

However, Olive’s real ambitions did not lie in the direction of writing. She had always wanted to be a doctor, but had never had enough money to pay for the training. Undaunted, she decided that she would be a nurse as that did not require her to pay anything. By 1880, she had saved enough money for an overseas trip and she applied to the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh in Scotland. In 1881, she traveled to Southampton in England. Once there, she was never to realize her dream of becoming a medical practitioner, as her ill-health prevented her from completing any form of training or studying. She was forced to concede that writing would and could be her only work in life.

Despite that, she still had a passion to heal society’s ills and set out to do with her pen what she could not with pills. Her Story of an African Farm was acclaimed for the manner it tackled the issues of its day, ranging from agnosticism to the treatment of women. It was also the cause of one of her most significant and long-lasting friendships, as the renowned sexologist Havelock Ellis wrote to her about her novel. Their relationship soon developed beyond intellectual debate to a genuine source of support for Schreiner.

She finally met him in 1884 when she went with him to a meeting of the Progressive Organisation, a group for freethinkers to discuss political and philosophical views. This was one of a number of radical discussion groups to which she was to belong and brought her into contact with many important socialists of the time. A friendship as influential as that with Ellis was with Edward Carpenter, the founder Socialist and gay rights activist, which, as Stephen Gray shows, remains hardly explored.[3] In addition to the Progressive Organisation, she also attended meetings of the Fellowship of the New Order and Karl Pearson’s Men and Women's Club, where she was insistent on the critical importance of woman’s equality and the need to consider men as well as women when looking at gender relationships.

However, her own relationships with men were anything but happy. She had refused a proposal from her doctor, Bryan Donkin, but he was irritatingly persistent in his suit of her. To make matters worse, despite her reservations about Karl Pearson and her intentions just to remain his friend, she soon conceived an attraction for him. He did not reciprocate her feelings, preferring Elizabeth Cobb. In 1886, she left England for the Continent under something of a cloud, traveling between Switzerland, France and Italy before returning to England. During this time, she was tremendously productive, working on From Man to Man and publishing numerous allegories. She also worked on an introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Women. Given the situation in England, it is perhaps unsurprising that Schreiner chose to return to South Africa, sailing back to Cape Town in 1889. The return home was unsettling for her - she felt extremely alienated from the people around her, but at the same time experienced a great affinity for the land itself. In an attempt to reconnect with her surroundings, she became increasingly involved in local politics as well as produced a series of articles on the land and people around her, published posthumously as Thoughts on South Africa. Through her work with local politics she became intimate friends with Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno, influential women activists with similar opinions on civil and women's rights.

Her involvement with Cape politics led her into an association with Cecil John Rhodes, with whom she would soon become disillusioned and against whom she would write her bitterly satirical allegory Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland. This disillusionment began with his support of the “strop bill” that would allow black and coloured servants to be flogged for relatively small offenses.

Her opposition to the “strop bill” also brought her into contact with Samuel Cronwright, a politically active farmer. They were of the same mind on the “Native Question” and on Rhodes, and Schreiner soon fell in love with him. During a brief visit to England in 1893, she discussed with her friends the possibility of marrying him, although she was concerned that she would find marriage restrictive. She put aside these doubts, however, and they were married in 1894, after which they settled at Cronwright’s farm.

The next few years were difficult and unsettled ones for them. Schreiner’s worsening health forced the couple to move constantly, while her first and only child, a daughter, died within a day. This loss was only worsened by the fact that all her other pregnancies would end in miscarriages. However, she found solace in work, publishing a pamphlet with her husband on the political situation in 1896 and Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland the next year. Both of these isolated her from her family and the people around her, and she was given to long spells of loneliness during that period of her life. hen Woman and Labour was finally published in 1911, Schreiner was severely ill, her asthma worsened by attacks of angina. Two years later, she sailed alone to England for treatment, where she was trapped by the outbreak of World War I. During this time, her primary interest was in pacifism - she was in contact with Gandhi and other prominent activists like Emily Hobhouse and Elizabeth Maria Molteno - and she started a book on war, which was abbreviated and published as The Dawn of Civilisation. This was the last book she was to write. After the war, she returned home to the Cape, where she died in her sleep in a boarding house in 1920. She was buried later in Kimberley. After the death of her husband, Samuel Cronwright, her body was exhumed. Olive Schreiner, along with her baby, dog and husband were buried atop Buffelskop mountain, on the farm known as Buffelshoek, near Cradock, in the Eastern Cape.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Schreiner .

Edith Louisa Sitwell (1887-1964), author, was born in England. She attracted literary attention in 1916 as the editor of 'Wheels,' a poetry anthology which was continued in 1917, 1918 and 1921. She was the author of several works of poetry and prose, as well as criticism, chief among them being 'The mother and other poems,' (1915), 'Elegy on dead fashion,' (1926), 'Selected poems,' (1936), 'Song of the cold,' (1948), 'A poet's notebook,' (1943), 'The pleasures of poetry,' (1930-32), and several others. In 1954 she was named Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II, and subsequently received many honorary degrees from universities, including Oxford (1951).

Sir Osbert Sitwell (1892-1969), author, was born in England, and served with a Guards regiment in the World War, 1914-1918. His satirical poems of the war, published in 'Argonaut and Juggernaut,' (1919), and 'Out of the flame,' (1923). He was the author of numerous books, including a four-volume autobiography (1944-1950), 'Miracle on Sinai,' (1933), a novel, 'Winters of content,' (1932), and 'Escape with me,' (1939), travel books, and 'Pound wise,' (1963), a collection of essays.

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Manuel was born to Maria and Rainbow in 1921, on the Secwepemc territory of the Shuswap people. Maria later married Louie Manuel and George took his last name. He was first educated at the Kamloops Indian Residential School, but contracted tuberculosis and was transferred to an Indian TB hospital on an Indian reservation near Chilliwack, British Columbia. It was there that Manuel met the woman who would become his first wife, Marceline Paul, a Kootenai woman from St. Mary's Indian Band. Together Manuel and Paul would have six children.

Unfortunately, Manuel's developing responsibilities as a political leader began to be a growing strain on his marriage. He was elected chief of the Neskonlith Indian Band. In 1959, following the death of his mentor Andy Paull, Manuel was elected head of the North American Indian Brotherhood. Soon after, he and Marceline separated. Not long after this, the federal Department of Indian Affairs hired Manuel for a position with the Cowichan Tribes government at Duncan. Manuel worked as a Community Development Officer, and increased the awareness of problems and conditions the Cowichan people were experiencing.

Manuel moved on from this position to a role with the Alberta Brotherhood, and developed a strong working relationship with the Cree political leader Harold Cardinal. Manuel networked extensively with chiefs across Canada during his time with the Alberta Brotherhood. Eventually Cardinal approached him to run for the position of national chief of the newly created National Indian Brotherhood, a body that would represent almost 250,000 Indians. After some time the National Indian Brotherhood would rename itself as the Assembly of First Nations, and Manuel would serve as its national chief from 1970 to 1976.

Building on this experience, in 1975 Manuel helped found and became the president of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples, a position he kept until 1981. In this role he travelled internationally, meeting with and advocating for the indigenous people of nations like Argentina, Chile, and Peru. This work was inspired by his thinking on the impact of successive waves of European expansion on Indigenous societies, a group he termed "the Fourth World." Manuel wrote a book expanding on this idea, co-written with Michael Posluns, which was published in 1975.

George Manuel was President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs[3] from 1979 to 1981, where he continued to inspire many into action. He developed the Aboriginal Rights Position Paper and organized what came to be regarded as one of the UBCIC's most ambitious projects – the Indian Constitutional Express. Under his leadership, the UBCIC worked hard to fulfil its mandate to the people. Under his leadership, the UBCIC grew in esteem of indigenous people for whom it was created and gained stature in the eyes of the general public. His legacy lives on at the UBCIC today.

Manuel was honoured several times for his lifetime of work representing both First Nations peoples in Canada and indigenous peoples worldwide. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was repeatedly recognized for his international work with the World Council of Indigenous Peoples. In 1983 he received an honorary degree from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. In 1984, Manuel and Dr. Rudolph C. Ryser formed the Center for World Indigenous Studies.

His sons Robert Manuel and Arthur Manuel became active in indigenous politics.

His eldest daughter Vera Manuel became an internationally known playwright, and poet, as well as a highly respected leader in the community.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Manuel .

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The Very Rev William Page Roberts, DD (2 January 1836 - 17 August 1928) was an eminent English clergman in the Church of England and Dean of Salisbury from 1907 until 1919.

He was educated at Liverpool College and St John's College, Cambridge. Ordained in 1862, his first post was a curacy in Stockport. He then held incumbencies at Eye and St Peter’s, Vere Street. Later he was a Canon Residentiary at Canterbury Cathedral before his elevation to the Deanery.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Page_Roberts .

Robert Henry Winters (1910-1969), politician and businessman, was member of parliament for Lunenburg (1945-1957) and served as minister of Reconstruction & Supply, Resources and Development, and of Public Works (1948-1957). Defeated in 1957, he became president of Rio Tinto Mining Co. (Rio Algom Mines). In 1965 he returned to politics as the member for York and to the cabinet as Minister of Trade and Commerce. Defeated in his bid for the Liberal Party leadership (1968), he retired from politics and became president of Brazilian Light and Power Co. (now Brascan). Winters also served as chairman of the Board of Governors of York University (1960-1965) and that school named one of its first colleges in his honour.

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Lady Frederick Cavendish (Lucy Caroline; née Lyttelton; 5 September 1841 – 22 April 1925) was a pioneer of women's education.
A daughter of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, she married into another aristocratic family, the Cavendishes, in 1864. Eighteen years later her husband, Lord Frederick Cavendish, was murdered in Dublin by Irish nationalists. After his death she devoted much of her time to the cause of girls' and women's education, for which she was honoured in her lifetime with an honorary degree, and posthumously when, in 1965, Cambridge University named its first post-graduate college for women after her.

Fore more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Cavendish .

Dr. J.W. Slaughter was associated with the Sociological Society. According to Nina Cust, Slaughter was born in 1878, was a lecturer on Civic and Sociology at the Rice Institute in Texas and was author of "The Adolescent", "Social Forces in Latin-America" and other works.

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John Henry Overton, VD, DD (hon) (1835-1903) was an English cleric, known as a church historian. Born at Louth, Lincolnshire, on 4 January 1835, he was the only son of Francis Overton, a surgeon of Louth, by his wife Helen Martha, daughter of Major John Booth, of Louth. Educated first (1842-5) at Louth grammar school, and then at a private school at Laleham, Middlesex under the Rev. John Buckland, Overton went to Rugby School in February 1849. He obtained an open scholarship at Lincoln College, Oxford. A sportsman, he was placed in the first class in classical moderations in 1855 and in the third class in the final classical school in 1857. He graduated B.A. in 1858, and proceeded M.A. in 1860.

In 1858 Overton was ordained to the curacy of Quedgeley, Gloucestershire, and in 1860 was presented by J. L. Fytche, a friend of his father, to the vicarage of Legbourne, Lincolnshire. He took pupils, and studied English church history. Overton was collated to a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral by Bishop Christopher Wordsworth in 1879, and in 1883, on William Gladstone's recommendation, was presented by the crown to the rectory of Epworth, Lincolnshire. While at Epworth he was rural dean of Axholme.

In 1889 Overton was made hon. D.D. of Edinburgh University. From 1892 to 1898 he was proctor for the clergy in Convocation. In 1898 he was presented by the dean and chapter of Lincoln to the rectory of Gumley, near Market Harborough, and represented the chapter in convocation. He was a frequent speaker at church congresses. In 1901 he was a select preacher at Oxford, and from 1902 Birkbeck lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. Early in 1903 Carr Glyn, the bishop of Peterborough, made him a residentiary canon of his cathedral; he was installed on 12 February.

Overton was for more than 20 years an Honorary Chaplain to the 1st Lincolnshire (Western Division) Artillery, for which he received the Volunteer Officers' Decoration (VD) 3 April 1894. Overton kept one period of residence at Peterborough, but did not live to inhabit his prebendal house. He died at Gumley rectory on 17 September 1903. He was buried in the churchyard of the parish church of Skidbrook near Louth. He was a high churchman and a member of the English Church Union.

As memorials of Overton a brass tablet was placed in Epworth parish church by the parishioners, a stained glass window and a reredos in Skidbrook church, and a two-light window in the chapter-house of Lincoln Cathedral. On 17 July 1862 Overton married Marianne Ludlam, daughter of John Allott of Hague Hall, Yorkshire, and rector of Maltby, Lincolnshire; she survived him with one daughter.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Overton .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Harry Allen Overstreet (October 25, 1875 - August 17, 1970) was an American writer and lecturer, and a popular author on modern psychology and sociology. His 1949 book, The Mature Mind, was a substantial best-seller that sold over 500,000 copies by 1952. From 1911 to 1936, he was chair of Department of Philosophy and Psychology at City College of New York. He lectured and worked frequently with his second wife, Bonaro Overstreet. Nina Cust describes him as "Professor of Philosophy and Head of Department Coll. of the City of New York. Author of "Influencing Human Behaviour", "About Ourselves", "The Enduring Quest" etc."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Allen_Overstreet .

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Herbert Hall Turner FRS (13 August 1861, Leeds - 20 August 1930, Stockholm) was a British astronomer and seismologist. Herbert Hall Turner was educated at Clifton College and Trinity College, Cambridge., In 1884 he accepted the post of Chief Assistant at Greenwich Observatory and stayed there for nine years. In 1893 he became Savilian Professor of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory at Oxford University, a post he held for 37 years until his sudden death in 1930.

He was one of the observers in the Eclipse Expeditions of 1886 and 1887. In seismology, he is credited with the discovery of deep focus earthquakes. He is also credited with coining the word parsec.

His 1897 Royal Society candidature citation read: " Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society. Was Chief Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich 1884-1894. Author of various papers among which may be mentioned:-

"On the correction of the Equilibrium theory of tides for the continents (with G H Darwin, Proc.RS. vol lx)
"Report of observations of total solar eclipse of Aug 29 1886" (Phil Trans. vol 180A),
"On Mr Edgeworth's method of reducing observations relating to several quantities" (Phil. Mag. Vol24).
"On Mr Leath's Intersects" (Monthly Notices R.A.S. vol xlvi).
"On observations for coincidence of collimators at Royal Observatory Greenwich" (M,N. Vols xlv and liii).
"On the variations of level against of the Transit Circle at Royal Observatory Greenwich" (M.N. Vol.xlvii).
"On the longitude of Paris" (M.N. vol li).
"on stellar Photography" (M.N. Vols xlix and liv)
On the R-D discordnace (M.N. vol Liii p. 374 and 424, vol Liv p. 486, Mem Part. 3. vol ii);
On new forms of levels (M.N. Vol Lii).
Conference of the Cape (1880) and Greenwich (1880)
Star Catalogues (Mem. Rs.F.S, vol Li).
On the reduction of measures of photographic plates (N.N. vol LiV)
He co edited the first official history of the Royal Astronomical Society along with John Louis Emil Dreyer, History of the Royal Astronomical Society 1820-1920 (1923, reprinted 1987).

He died of a brain haemorrhage in 1930 at a conference in Stockholm. He had married Agnes Margaret Whyte in 1899; they had one daughter, Dr Ruth Turner of St Mary's Hospital, London.

A few months before Turner's death in 1930, the Lowell Observatory announced the discovery of a new minor planet, and an eleven-year-old Oxford schoolgirl, Venetia Burney, proposed the name Pluto for it to her grandfather Falconer Madan, who was retired from the Bodleian Library, Madan passed the name to Turner, who cabled it to colleagues at the Lowell Observatory in the United States. The new minor planet was officially named "Pluto" on 24 March 1930.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hall_Turner .

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Johannes Sieveking (July 6 1869 in Hamburg , September 20th 1942 in Munich ) was a German Classic archaeologist. Johannes Sieveking belonged to the old Hanseatic family Sieveking , who had besides several mayors spawned many professors, senators, diplomats and merchants. He studied at the University of Bonn , then at the University of Berlin and then moved to the University of Munich , where he last pupil of Heinrich Brunn was. After this had passed away, he went together with Adam Flasch at the University of Erlangen , where he in 1894 with the Scriptures The cornucopia of the Romans was awarded his doctorate. Then travels took him to Greece and Italy. After returning Sieveking was briefly assistant at Würzburg Martin-von-Wagner-Museum , but then switched to wish Adolf Furtwängler at the Antiquarium in Munich . After Furtwängler's death in 1907, he took over the management of the Antiquarium and the collection of vases, which he in 1919 in the premises of the Alte Pinakothek was able to unite and regroup. In 1942 he took his own life.

Sieveking lent his particular the Munich Collection of Antiquities. So he ordered the hitherto often neglected large and rich collections of ancient cabaret new. Parts he restored by hand. With Rudolf Hackl he began in 1912 to develop the collection in a series of publications, but she could because of the First World War not be set forth. Were published by him thus in particular acquisitions and smaller reports. In a large four-volume publication also bronzes and has terracotta collection of James Loeb published. Thanks Sieveking Loeb bequeathed his collection including Munich antiquities collection. It was the largest increase in the collection since its inception and included some very high-quality pieces. His main research field of research was the Roman art . He is considered one of the pioneers in this field of research. He researched the Roman portrait, for relief and the architectural ornaments. Above all, he demanded an exact copy of criticism. Sieveking wrote no monographs on his research, but wrote many, mostly short essays, find themselves scattered across many different journals.

Sieveking was described as humble, shy, unassuming and very withdrawn. Literally was his punctuality. Although Munich had become his second home, which he left reluctantly, but he was by nature his whole life Hanseat. He had personal discretion is very important, so his colleagues learned only after years on the occasion of a disease that Sieveking was married. He did not pursue an academic career, but was the only scientist. He never attended lectures and never held any. His work was strictly regulated. In the morning he worked at the Museum, in the afternoon at the Archaeological Department of the University. Ludwig Curtius wrote in an obituary Sieveking " realized in his own way a modern, unromantic, but horazistisches Romanism, not one of the victors and proconsuls , but one of the legacies and military tribunes whose punctual, to the great subordinating them following work also the empire of our science can not exist without ".[translation]

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sieveking .

Smith College, A.B., 1886. She taught at Wheaton Academy, Grant Collegiate Institute in Chicago, Vassar College and the Western Reserve Univerity before coming to Smith in 1901 to teach English. She left in 1913. American novelist and poet. Married Gerald Stanley Lee in 1896, a pastor, author and editor.

(from Wikipedia entry)

The Most Rev Edward Francis Paget was an eminent Anglican Bishop in the middle part of the 20th century. Francis Edward Paget (1806-1882) was an English clergyman and author. Born on 24 May 1806, he was eldest son of Sir Edward Paget by his first wife, Frances, daughter of William Bagot, 1st Baron Bagot. On 16 September 1817 he was admitted to Westminster School; he then went to Christ Church, Oxford, matriculating on 3 June 1824. From 1825 to 1836 he held a studentship there, and graduated B.A. in 1828, and M.A. in 1830.

Paget was a supporter of the Oxford movement of 1833 he lent his earnest support. In 1835 he was presented to the rectory of Elford near Lichfield, and for some years was chaplain to Richard Bagot, bishop of Bath and Wells. Elford Church was restored under his auspices in 1848, and its dedication festival was made an occasion of annual reunion among Staffordshire churchmen. He published an account of the church in 1870.

Paget died at Elford on 4 Aug. 1882, and was buried there on the 8th. On 2 June 1840 he married Fanny, daughter of William Chester, rector of Denton, Norfolk. While examining manuscripts at Levens Hall, Westmoreland, Paget came across some letters from Richard Graham (1679-1697), youngest son of Colonel James Graham (1649-1730), who died prematurely while keeping terms at University College, Oxford, and his tutor, Hugh Todd. These formed the basis of A Student Penitent of 1695, London, 1875. He also published sermons, prayers, and religious treatises. His last work, entitled Homeward Bound, London, 1876, attracted some attention. In 1840 he edited Simon Patrick's Discourse concerning Prayer and Treatise of Repentance and of Fasting, to rank with the series of reprints from the writings of English bishops issued by John Henry Newman.

The privately printed Some Records of the Ashtead Estate and of its Howard Possessors: with Notices of Elford, Castle Rising, Levens, and Charlton, Lichfield, 1873, was a compilation from family papers and other sources.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edward_Paget .

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Caleb Williams Saleeby (1878 - 9 December 1940) was an English physician, writer, and journalist known for his support of eugenics. During World War I, he was an adviser to the Minister of Food and advocated the establishment of a Ministry of Health. Saleeby was born in Sussex, the son of E. G. Saleeby. At Edinburgh University, he took First Class Honours and was an Ettles Scholar and Scott Scholar in Obstetrics. In 1904, he received his Doctor of Medicine degree. He was a resident at the Maternity Hospital and the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, and briefly at the York City Dispensary.

He became a prolific freelance writer and journalist, with strong views on many subjects. He became known in particular as an advocate of eugenics: in 1907 he was influential in launching the Eugenics Education Society, and in 1909 he published (in New York) Parenthood and Race Culture.

He was a contributor to the first edition of Arthur Mee's The Children's Encyclopædia. Like Mee, he was a keen temperance reformer. Saleeby's contributions to the Encyclopedia were explicitly race realist: he saw mankind as the pinnacle of evolution, and white men as superior to other men, based on "craniometry".

He predicted the use of atomic power, "perhaps not for hundreds of years". He favoured the education of women, but primarily so they should become better mothers. In Woman and Womanhood (1912), he wrote: "Women, being constructed by Nature, as individuals, for her racial ends, are happier and more beautiful, live longer and more beautiful lives, when they follow, as mothers or foster-mothers the role of motherhood". Yet, at this time when the suffragette movement was at its peak, he also wrote that he could see no good reason against the vote for women: "I believe in the vote; I believe it will be eugenic".

During World War I, he was an adviser to the Minister of Food and argued in favour of the establishment of a Ministry of Health. Later, he moved away from eugenics, and did not publish any further writings on this subject after 1921—though he continued to write on health matters in particular. He also campaigned for clean air and the benefits of sunlight, founding a Sunlight League in 1924.

He died on 9 December 1940 from heart failure at Apple Tree, Aldbury, near Tring.
For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caleb_Saleeby .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Wilfred Batten Lewis Trotter, FRS (1872-1939) was a British surgeon, a pioneer in neurosurgery. He was also known for his studies on social psychology, most notably for his concept of the herd instinct, which he first outlined in two published papers in 1908, and later in his famous popular work Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War. Trotter argued that gregariousness was an instinct, and studied beehives, flocks of sheep and wolf packs. Born in Coleford, Gloucestershire in 1872, Trotter moved to London to attend college at age 16. An excellent medical student, he decided to specialize in surgery and was appointed Surgical Registrar at University College Hospital in 1901 and Assistant Surgeon in 1906. He opened his own practice after obtaining his medical degree. He was also a keen writer, with an interest in science and philosophy. In 1908, he published two papers on the subject of herd mentality, which were precursors to his later, more famous, work.

Working at University College Hospital in London as professor of surgery, he held the office of honorary surgeon to King George V from 1928 to 1932. He was also a member of the Council of the Royal Society that conferred their Honorary Membership on Professor Freud, whom he attended after his move to England. Later he was consulted about Freud's terminal cancer, in 1938. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1931. In the last years of his life, he became professor and director of the surgical unit at UCH and turned to writing on a larger scale.

He died in Blackmoor, Hampshire in 1939. The Collected Papers of Wilfred Trotter, an anthology of his final essays, appeared two years after his death.

Trotter was also the surgeon, at University College London for whom Wilfred Bion worked as a resident in his own medical training, before he famously studied groups and trained as a psychoanalyst at the Tavistock Institute. In her account of Bion's life "The Days of our Years," his wife Francesca writes of the great influence Trotter had on the direction of Bion's work on group relations.

Edward Bernays, author of Propaganda and nephew to Freud, also refers to Trotter and Gustave Le Bon in his writings.

He met Sigmund Freud several times. According to Ernest Jones (Freud's first biographer), "he was one of the first two or three in England to appreciate the significance of Freud's work, which I came to know through him. He was one of the rapidly diminishing group who attended the first International Congress at Salzburg in 1908". Trotter's popular book, The Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War is an analysis of group psychology and the ability of large numbers of people to be swayed by innate tendency. In it he popularised in English the concept, first developed by French sociologist Gustave Le Bon, of an instinct overriding the will of the individual in favour of the group.

Trotter's writings about the herd mentality, which began as early as 1905 and were published as a paper in two parts in 1908 and 1909 are considered by some to represent a breakthrough in the understanding of group behaviour, long before its study became important in a variety of fields, from workplace relations to marketing. includes ltter from Trotter to Dr. F. van Eeden.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Trotter.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Talbot Baines Reed (3 April 1852 – 28 November 1893) was an English writer of boys' fiction who established a genre of school stories that endured into the second half of the 20th century. Among his best-known work is The Fifth Form at St. Dominic's. He was a regular and prolific contributor to The Boy's Own Paper (B.O.P.), in which most of his fiction first appeared. Through his family's business, Reed became a prominent typefounder, and wrote a classic History of the Old English Letter Foundries.

Reed's father, Charles Reed, was a successful London printer who later became a Member of Parliament (MP). Talbot attended the City of London School before leaving at 17 to join the family business at the Fann Street type foundry. His literary career began in 1879, when the B.O.P. was launched. The family were staunchly Christian, pillars of the Congregational Church, and were heavily involved in charitable works. However, Reed did not use his writing as a vehicle for moralising, and was dismissive of those early school story writers, such as Dean Farrar, who did. Reed's affinity with boys, his instinctive understanding of their standpoint in life and his gift for creating believable characters, ensured that his popularity survived through several generations. He was widely imitated by other writers in the school story genre.

In 1881, following the death of his father, Reed became head of the Fann Street foundry. By then he had begun his monumental Letter Foundries history which, published in 1887, was hailed as the standard work on the subject. Along with his B.O.P. obligations Reed wrote regular articles and book reviews for his cousin Edward Baines's newspaper, the Leeds Mercury. He was busy elsewhere, as a co-founder and first honorary secretary of the Bibliographical Society, as a deacon in his local church, and as a trustee for his family's charities. All this activity may have undermined his health; after struggling with illness for most of 1893, Reed died in November that year, at the age of 41. Tributes honoured him both for his contribution to children's fiction and for his work as the definitive historian of English typefounding.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_Baines_Reed .

John Scott Haldane CH FRS (2 May 1860 - 14/15 March 1936) was a Scottish physiologist famous for intrepid self-experimenting which led to many important discoveries about the human body and the nature of gases. He also used his son J. B. S. Haldane as a guinea pig, even when he was quite young. Haldane locked himself in sealed chambers breathing potentially lethal cocktails of gases while recording their effect on his mind and body.

Haldane visited the scenes of many mining disasters and investigated their causes. When the Germans used poison gas in World War I Haldane went to the front at the request of British secretary of state, Lord Kitchener and attempted to identify the gases being used. One outcome of this was his invention of the first gas mask. His son, J. B. S. Haldane became equally famous, both by extending his father's interest in diving and as a key figure in the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis. Haldane was born in Edinburgh. He was the son of Robert Haldane and the grandson of the Scottish evangelist James Alexander Haldane. His mother was Mary Elizabeth Burdon-Sanderson, the daughter of Richard Burdon-Sanderson and the granddaughter of Sir Thomas Burdon. His maternal uncle was the physiologist John Scott Burdon-Sanderson. He was the brother of Elizabeth Haldane, William Stowell Haldane and Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane.

Haldane attended Edinburgh Academy, Edinburgh University and the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. He graduated in medicine from Edinburgh University Medical School in 1884.

He married Louisa Kathleen Trotter in 1891 and had two children; the scientist J. B. S. Haldane and the author Naomi Mitchison.

Sir Frederic George Kenyon, GBE, KCB, TD, FBA, FSA (15 January 1863 - 23 August 1952) was a British paleographer and biblical and classical scholar. He occupied from 1889 to 1931 a series of posts at the British Museum. He was also the president of the British Academy from 1917 to 1921, and from 1918 to 1952 he was Gentleman Usher of the Purple Rod.
Kenyon was born in London, the son of John Robert Kenyon, the Vinerian Professor of English Law at Oxford. After graduating B.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford, where he was later a fellow, he joined the British Museum
in 1889 and rose to be its Director and Principal Librarian by 1909. He
was knighted for his services in 1912 and remained at his post until
1931.
In 1891, Kenyon edited the editio princeps of Aristotle's Constitution of Athens. In 1920, he was appointed president of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. He spent most of his retirement researching and publishing ancient papyri. He died on 23 August 1952.
Kenyon was a noted scholar of ancient languages, and made a lifelong study of the Bible, especially the New Testament as an historical text. His book Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (1895) shows one way that Egyptian papyri and other evidence from archeology
can corroborate the narrative of historical events in the Gospels. He
was convinced of the historical reality of the events described in the
New Testament:

According to Victoria Welby's published correspondence: "As a young woman, Alice Mary was involved with Octavia Hills' Southwark Womens University. She also became a member of the Froebelian Society, visiting the Pestalozzi-Froebel Haus in Germany. The Sesame Club was opened in 1895 with the intention of reforming education, and showing upper and middle class parents new methods of educating and bringing up their children. Children had been educated in the home prior to this time."
Additional information can be found at: http://bucktonfamily.co.uk/interesting-bucktons/alice-mary-buckton .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Mary Augusta Ward née Arnold; (11 June 1851 - 24 March 1920), was a British novelist who wrote under her married name as Mrs Humphry Ward. Mary Augusta Arnold was born in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, into a prominent intellectual family of writers and educationalists. Mary was the daughter of Tom Arnold, a professor of literature, and Julia Sorrell. Her uncle was the poet Matthew Arnold and her grandfather Thomas Arnold, the famous headmaster of Rugby School. Her sister Julia married Leonard Huxley, the son of Thomas Huxley, and their sons were Julian and Aldous Huxley. The Arnolds and the Huxleys were an important influence on British intellectual life. Mary's father Tom Arnold was appointed inspector of schools in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) and commenced his role on 15 January 1850. Tom Arnold was received into the Roman Catholic Church on 12 January 1856, which made him so unpopular in his job (and with his wife) that he resigned and left for England with his family in July 1856. Mary Arnold had her fifth birthday the month before they left, and had no further connection with Tasmania. Tom Arnold was ratified as chair of English literature at the contemplated Catholic university, Dublin, after some delay. Mary spent much of her time with her grandmother. She was educated at various boarding schools (from ages 11 to 15, in Shifnal, Shropshire) and at 16 returned to live with her parents at Oxford, where her father had a lecturership in history. Her schooldays formed the basis for one of her later novels, Marcella (1894).

On 6 April 1872, not yet 21 years old, Mary married Humphry Ward, a fellow and tutor of Brasenose College, and also a writer and editor. For the next nine years she continued to live at Oxford, at 17 Bradmore Road, where she is commemorated by a blue plaque. She had by now made herself familiar with French, German, Italian, Latin and Greek. She was developing an interest in social and educational service and making tentative efforts at literature. She added Spanish to her languages, and in 1877 undertook the writing of a large number of the lives of early Spanish ecclesiastics for the Dictionary of Christian Biography edited by Dr William Smith and Dr. Henry Wace. Her translation of Amiel's Journal appeared in 1887. Mary Augusta Ward began her career writing articles for Macmillan's Magazine while working on a book for children that was published in 1881 under the title Milly and Olly. This was followed in 1884 by a more ambitious, though slight, study of modern life, Miss Bretherton, the story of an actress. Ward's novels contained strong religious subject matter relevant to Victorian values she herself practised. Her popularity spread beyond Great Britain to the United States. Her book Lady Rose's Daughter was the best-selling novel in the United States in 1903, as was The Marriage of William Ashe in 1905. Ward's most popular novel by far was the religious "novel with a purpose" Robert Elsmere, which portrayed the emotional conflict between the young pastor Elsmere and his wife, whose over-narrow orthodoxy brings her religious faith and their mutual love to a terrible impasse; but it was the detailed discussion of the "higher criticism" of the day, and its influence on Christian belief, rather than its power as a piece of dramatic fiction, that gave the book its exceptional vogue. It started, as no academic work could have done, a popular discussion on historic and essential Christianity. Ward helped establish an organisation for working and teaching among the poor. She also worked as an educator in the residential settlement movements she founded. Mary Ward's declared aim was "equalisation" in society, and she established educational settlements first at Marchmont Hall and later at Tavistock Place in Bloomsbury. This was originally called the Passmore Edwards Settlement, after its benefactor John Passmore Edwards, but after Ward's death it became the Mary Ward Settlement. It is now known as the Mary Ward Centre and continues as an adult education college; affiliated with it is the Mary Ward Legal Centre.

She was also a significant campaigner against women getting the vote. In the summer of 1908 she was approached by George Nathaniel Curzon and William Cremer, who asked her to be the founding president of the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League. Ward took on the job, creating and editing the Anti-Suffrage Review. She published a large number of articles on the subject, while two of her novels, The Testing of Diana Mallory and Delia Blanchflower, were used as platforms to criticise the suffragettes. In a 1909 article in The Times, Ward wrote that constitutional, legal, financial, military, and international problems were problems only men could solve. However, she came to promote the idea of women having a voice in local government and other rights that the men's anti-suffrage movement would not tolerate.

During World War I, Ward was asked by United States President Theodore Roosevelt to write a series of articles to explain to Americans what was happening in Britain. Her work involved visiting the trenches on the Western Front, and resulted in three books, England's Effort - Six Letters to an American Friend (1916), Towards the Goal (1917), and Fields of Victory (1919). Mary Augusta Ward died in London, England, and was interred at Aldbury in Hertfordshire, near her beloved country home Stocks.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Ward

(from Wikipedia entry)

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 - 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.

Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was "an enthusiastic exponent of evolution" and even "wrote about evolution before Darwin did." As a polymath, he contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, biology, sociology, and psychology. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. "The only other English philosopher to have achieved anything like such widespread popularity was Bertrand Russell, and that was in the 20th century." Spencer was "the single most famous European intellectual in the closing decades of the nineteenth century" but his influence declined sharply after 1900; "Who now reads Spencer?" asked Talcott Parsons in 1937.

Spencer is best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest", which he did in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. This term strongly suggests natural selection, yet as Spencer extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, he also made use of Lamarckism. Herbert Spencer was born in Derby, England, on 27 April 1820, the son of William George Spencer (generally called George). Spencer's father was a religious dissenter who drifted from Methodism to Quakerism, and who seems to have transmitted to his son an opposition to all forms of authority. He ran a school founded on the progressive teaching methods of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and also served as Secretary of the Derby Philosophical Society, a scientific society which had been founded in the 1790s by Erasmus Darwin, the grandfather of Charles Darwin.

Spencer was educated in empirical science by his father, while the members of the Derby Philosophical Society introduced him to pre-Darwinian concepts of biological evolution, particularly those of Erasmus Darwin and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. His uncle, the Reverend Thomas Spencer, vicar of Hinton Charterhouse near Bath, completed Spencer's limited formal education by teaching him some mathematics and physics, and enough Latin to enable him to translate some easy texts. Thomas Spencer also imprinted on his nephew his own firm free-trade and anti-statist political views. Otherwise, Spencer was an autodidact who acquired most of his knowledge from narrowly focused readings and conversations with his friends and acquaintances.

As both an adolescent and a young man Spencer found it difficult to settle to any intellectual or professional discipline. He worked as a civil engineer during the railway boom of the late 1830s, while also devoting much of his time to writing for provincial journals that were nonconformist in their religion and radical in their politics. From 1848 to 1853 he served as sub-editor on the free-trade journal The Economist, during which time he published his first book, Social Statics (1851), which predicted that humanity would eventually become completely adapted to the requirements of living in society with the consequential withering away of the state.

Its publisher, John Chapman, introduced Spencer to his salon which was attended by many of the leading radical and progressive thinkers of the capital, including John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, George Henry Lewes and Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), with whom he was briefly romantically linked. Spencer himself introduced the biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, who would later win fame as 'Darwin's Bulldog' and who remained his lifelong friend. However it was the friendship of Evans and Lewes that acquainted him with John Stuart Mill's A System of Logic and with Auguste Comte's positivism and which set him on the road to his life's work. He strongly disagreed with Comte.

The first fruit of his friendship with Evans and Lewes was Spencer's second book, Principles of Psychology, published in 1855, which explored a physiological basis for psychology. The book was founded on the fundamental assumption that the human mind was subject to natural laws and that these could be discovered within the framework of general biology. This permitted the adoption of a developmental perspective not merely in terms of the individual (as in traditional psychology), but also of the species and the race. Through this paradigm, Spencer aimed to reconcile the associationist psychology of Mill's Logic, the notion that human mind was constructed from atomic sensations held together by the laws of the association of ideas, with the apparently more 'scientific' theory of phrenology, which located specific mental functions in specific parts of the brain. Spencer argued that both these theories were partial accounts of the truth: repeated associations of ideas were embodied in the formation of specific strands of brain tissue, and these could be passed from one generation to the next by means of the Lamarckian mechanism of use-inheritance. The Psychology, he believed, would do for the human mind what Isaac Newton had done for matter. However, the book was not initially successful and the last of the 251 copies of its first edition was not sold until June 1861.

Spencer's interest in psychology derived from a more fundamental concern which was to establish the universality of natural law. In common with others of his generation, including the members of Chapman's salon, he was possessed with the idea of demonstrating that it was possible to show that everything in the universe - including human culture, language, and morality - could be explained by laws of universal validity. This was in contrast to the views of many theologians of the time who insisted that some parts of creation, in particular the human soul, were beyond the realm of scientific investigation. Comte's Système de Philosophie Positive had been written with the ambition of demonstrating the universality of natural law, and Spencer was to follow Comte in the scale of his ambition. However, Spencer differed from Comte in believing it was possible to discover a single law of universal application which he identified with progressive development and was to call the principle of evolution. In 1858 Spencer produced an outline of what was to become the System of Synthetic Philosophy. This immense undertaking, which has few parallels in the English language, aimed to demonstrate that the principle of evolution applied in biology, psychology, sociology (Spencer appropriated Comte's term for the new discipline) and morality. Spencer envisaged that this work of ten volumes would take twenty years to complete; in the end it took him twice as long and consumed almost all the rest of his long life.

Despite Spencer's early struggles to establish himself as a writer, by the 1870s he had become the most famous philosopher of the age. His works were widely read during his lifetime, and by 1869 he was able to support himself solely on the profit of book sales and on income from his regular contributions to Victorian periodicals which were collected as three volumes of Essays. His works were translated into German, Italian, Spanish, French, Russian, Japanese and Chinese, and into many other languages and he was offered honors and awards all over Europe and North America. He also became a member of the Athenaeum, an exclusive Gentleman's Club in London open only to those distinguished in the arts and sciences, and the X Club, a dining club of nine founded by T.H. Huxley that met every month and included some of the most prominent thinkers of the Victorian age (three of whom would become presidents of the Royal Society).

Members included physicist-philosopher John Tyndall and Darwin's cousin, the banker and biologist Sir John Lubbock. There were also some quite significant satellites such as liberal clergyman Arthur Stanley, the Dean of Westminster; and guests such as Charles Darwin and Hermann von Helmholtz were entertained from time to time. Through such associations, Spencer had a strong presence in the heart of the scientific community and was able to secure an influential audience for his views. Despite his growing wealth and fame he never owned a house of his own.

The last decades of Spencer's life were characterized by growing disillusionment and loneliness. He never married, and after 1855 was a perpetual hypochondriac who complained endlessly of pains and maladies that no physician could diagnose.[citation needed] By the 1890s his readership had begun to desert him while many of his closest friends died and he had come to doubt the confident faith in progress that he had made the center-piece of his philosophical system. His later years were also ones in which his political views became increasingly conservative. Whereas Social Statics had been the work of a radical democrat who believed in votes for women (and even for children) and in the nationalization of the land to break the power of the aristocracy, by the 1880s he had become a staunch opponent of female suffrage and made common cause with the landowners of the Liberty and Property Defence League against what they saw as the drift towards 'socialism' of elements (such as Sir William Harcourt) within the administration of William Ewart Gladstone - largely against the opinions of Gladstone himself. Spencer's political views from this period were expressed in what has become his most famous work, The Man versus the State. The exception to Spencer's growing conservativism was that he remained throughout his life an ardent opponent of imperialism and militarism. His critique of the Boer War was especially scathing, and it contributed to his declining popularity in Britain.[12]

Spencer also invented a precursor to the modern paper clip, though it looked more like a modern cotter pin. This "binding-pin" was distributed by Ackermann & Company. Spencer shows drawings of the pin in Appendix I (following Appendix H) of his autobiography along with published descriptions of its uses.

In 1902, shortly before his death, Spencer was nominated for the Nobel Prize for literature. He continued writing all his life, in later years often by dictation, until he succumbed to poor health at the age of 83. His ashes are interred in the eastern side of London's Highgate Cemetery facing Karl Marx's grave. At Spencer's funeral the Indian nationalist leader Shyamji Krishnavarma announced a donation of £1,000 to establish a lectureship at Oxford University in tribute to Spencer and his work.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer .

Carol Malyon is a Canadian author and poet born in Toronto in 1933. She was educated at the University of Toronto where she completed her BScN. Malyon has worked as a nurse, in health research, and was the owner of the Beaches Book Shop during the 1980s. She is now a full-time author of novels, short stories, poetry and fiction for young children. She spent the fall of 1997 as writer-in-residence at the University of New Brunswick. Malyon was shortlisted for the SmithBooks/Books in Canada First Novel Award for "If I knew I'd tell you", as well as for the Commonwealth Writer's Prize, Best First Book of Fiction (Canada & Caribbean), for "The edge of the world." Her work has also appeared in various anthologies including "Vivid : stories by five women," "91 : best Canadian stories," "Vintage 91," "Porcupine's Quill reader," and "Side by side : new poems inspired by art from around the world" edited by Jan Greenberg, 2008.

Celia Haig-Brown is a Euro-Canadian ethnographer, researcher, professor, and university administrator based at York University. She is best known for her research working with former students of the Kamloops Indian Residential School, updated in 2022 with Indigenous collaborators and published as "Tsqelmucwílc: The Kamloops Indian Residential School, Resistance and a Reckoning." Her research and scholarship focuses on the indigenization of education in the Canadian context and interrelations between Euro-Canadian and Indigenous Haig-Brown has also directed and co-produced film documentaries, including Peq'ilc: Coming Home (2011), Cowboys, Indians and Education: Regenerating Secwepemc Culture (2012), and Listen to the Land (2018). Her most recent project, Rodeo Women: Behind the Scenes, a documentary on the role women play in the rodeo circuit.

Haig-Brown completed a BA in Zoology and English at the University of British Columbia in 1968. She completed her teaching certificate (Science and English) in 1970 at the University of British Columbia. She later completed a MA in Curriculum and Instruction in 1986, writing a thesis "Invasion and Resistance: Surviving the Kamloops Indian Residential School" which would later form the basis for her 1988 monograph "Resistance and Renewal: Surviving the Indian Residential School." Her PhD in Social Foundations of Educational Policy from UBC was completed in 1991. Her thesis, "Taking Control: Power and Contradiction in First Nations Adult Education" would later form the basis for a 1995 monograph published by UBC Press.

She served as a researcher, curriculum developer and instructor in several educational programs tied to Indigenous education and adult learning facilities in British Columbia before joining the Faculty of Education at Simon Fraser University in 1990. She taught various courses on feminist pedagogical practices, educational theory and practice, social issues in education, and gender equity in teacher education. She later joined York University in 1997 and taught graduate courses in the Faculty of Education, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, and the School of Women's Studies in the area of feminist research methods, decolonization, indigenization of school curriculum, Indigenous pedagogies, land-based pedagogy; and the Indian Residential Schools and the impact of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission and undergraduate courses on the foundations of education and models for education.

Beginning in about 2007, Haig-Brown shifted into roles in university administration, university governance, and research ethics. She served on York University's Senate, chairing from 2009-2010. She served as a member of numerous committees related to research ethics, and York's' Indigenous Research Ethics Board. From 2013-2015, she served a three year term as Associate Dean, Research and Professional Learning within the Faculty of Education. From 2015-2020, Haig-Brown served a five-year term as Associate Vice-President Research for the university.

Beginning in the early 2000s, Haig-Brown began developing her research outputs as documentary films, many in partnership with her niece Helen Haig-Brown. In 2008 she produced and co-directed with Helen Haig-Brown "Pelq'ilc: Coming Home", a film focusing on the place of education in renewing Indigenous culture and tradition. The piece focuses on the children and grandchildren of residential school survivors first interviewed by Haig-Brown for her MA thesis.

In 2012 she produced and co-directed with Helen Haig-Brown "Cowboys, Indians and Education: Regenerating Secwepemc Culture" which again focused on the experience of children and grandchildren of former Kamloops Indian Residential School students working on traditional knowledge revitalization efforts.

In 2018 she produced and directed "Listen to the Land" a documentary focusing on the experience of members of the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach and their complex relationship with the land and contemporary economic realities of mining exploration in the territory.

Haig-Brown was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2022. She retired from York University in January 2024.

Most likely Rev. Phillip Napier Waggett (1862-1939) author of "Knowledge and Virtue," "St.Anthony an the Greyfriars."

The Office of Research Administration was established in 1970 (as the University Research Office) as a clearinghouse of information on the availability of and application procedures for grants from external agencies. In 1972 the office was re-named Research Administration Office and was moved from the Faculty of Graduate Studies to the Vice-President (Academic Affairs) for reporting purposes. The Office currently reports to the Associate Vice-President (Research).The Office assists faculty members in the application for external grants and contracts, reviews research budgets, processes and forwards all research requests to the appropriate agencies, administers University policies and regulations pertaining to research and provides administrative support for various University committees concerned with research policy and the administration of internal research grants (Senate Committee on Research, Animal Care sub-committee, Human Participants sub-committee, President' s Advisory Committee on Biological Safety, President's NSERC Fund sub-committee, SSHRC Small Grants sub-committee, etc.).

In 1972 the Research Administration Office was created from the former University Research Office as a clearinghouse of information on the availability of and application procedures for grants from external agencies. At the same time responsibility for it was moved from the Faculty of Graduate Studies to the Vice-President (Academic Affairs) for reporting purposes.

The Alumni Association (formerly Alumnus Society) was begun in 1964 as a social and benevolent organization dedicated to the maintenance of relations between graduates, attendees and the University. Membership is open to graduates and those people who attended York University, as well as Associate members who have made a significant contribution to the University, received honourary degrees from the University, or acquired degrees or diplomas from any institution which has subsequently affiliated with York. There is an annual general meeting of the Association, as well as meetings of chapters. Chapters of the Association can be formed by any twenty-five members having a common association, while branches may be established by any ten members living in a given locality. Currently there are chapters for all of the colleges of the University, as well as the professional faculties, Environmental Studies, Fine Arts and Graduate Studies.

"Black Sparrow Books, formerly known as Black Sparrow Press, is a book publisher originally founded in 1966 by John Martin of Santa Rosa, California. He founded this company in order to publish the works of Charles Bukowski and other avant-garde authors. He initially financed this company by selling his large collection of rare first editions. Typography and printing were the work of Graham Mackintosh of San Francisco, Noel Young and Edwards Brothers, Inc. Barbara Martin oversaw all of the title page and cover designs, which are still unique today.

Black Sparrow Press most prominently published the work of authors Charles Bukowski, John Fante, and Paul Bowles. A more complete list is shown below. These artists, now considered part of a contemporary 'alternative tradition,' were first established and nurtured under the auspices of Black Sparrow Press. Many of its titles are now highly collectible.

Black Sparrow Press sold the rights to publish Bukowski, Bowles and Fante to HarperCollins Publishers in 2002. At this point, John Martin retired. Martin then sold the remainder of his inventory for $1.00 to David R. Godine, Publisher who adopted the name Black Sparrow Books. Godine is now the exclusive licensed distributor of Black Sparrow Books while HarperCollins continues to print and reprint the books by Bukowski, Fante and Bowles, replicating the original designs. In 2010, Black Sparrow published Door to the River, a collection of essays by Aram Saroyan; Well Then There Now, a collection of poems by Juliana Spahr; and Cheyenne Madonna, a collection of linked short stories by Eddie Chuculate. Copies of all editions of Charles Bukowski's works published by the Black Sparrow Press are held at Western Michigan University, which purchased the archive of the publishing house after its closure in 2003."
-from Wikipedia entry available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sparrow_Books .

Robert Johnston Drummond was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1945 and earned his BA at York University in 1968, followed by an MA and PhD at Northwestern University (Illinois) in 1968 and 1975 respectively. Starting in 1968 as a research assistant, Drummond has progressed up the academic ladder in his career at York to the rank of University Professor in 2009, as well as having served in a variety of administrative positions within his home faculty including Chair of the Department of Political Science (1986-88), Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts (1988-93), Acting Dean of the Faculty of Arts (1993-94), Associate Director for the Centre for Research on Work and Society (1999-2001), and Dean of the Faculty of Arts (2001-2009). In addition, Drummond has served in various pan-university capacities including as Chair of Senate (2000-2001), and with the York University Faculty Association (YUFA) in various roles, in particular with committees concerned with pay equity, retirement and pension issues. Drummond's writing reflects his teaching interests in the Canadian government, Ontario politics, the politics of aging, public policy and research methods.

Johanna Heather Stuckey, educator and author, was born and largely educated in Canada. She also attended Yale University, receiving a PhD in 1965. She joined the staff of York University in 1964 and has served in administrative positions as advisor to the president on the status of women (1981-1985), chair of the Senate Task Force on the Status of Women (1972-1975), co-ordinator of the Women's Studies Programme (1986-1989), chair of the Division of Humanities (1974-1979), acting master of Founders College (1972-1973) and as vice-chair, York University Faculty Association (1973-1974). Stuckey died on 15 February 2024.

The Department of Instructional Aid Resources was instituted in 1967 to provide new communications techniques, including television, filmstrips, slides and motion pictures, for instruction purposes. The Department was to produce educational television programs, motion pictures, photographs and related material, develop closed circuit television for classrooms, and provide equipment. In the intervening years the Department has added computer graphic design, opened a television studio for production and instruction purposes, and now offers full photographic services to the university community. Audio Visual Services operates a 120-seat cinema (Nat Taylor Cinema), a screening room and a teleconference room for distance education. During the period covered by these records the following men served as Director of the Department: A.F. Knowles (1967-1974), David A. Homer (1974-1990).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Felicia Mary Frances Skene (1821-1899) was a Scottish author, philanthropist and prison reformer in the Victorian era.

Skene used the pseudonym Erskine Moir and was a friend of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910).She was the youngest daughter of James Skene of Rubislaw and his wife, Jane Forbes, daughter of Sir William Forbes, sixth baronet of Pitsligo. She was born on 93 May 1821 at Aix in Provence. As a child, she played with the children of the exiled king, Charles X, at Holyrood ; as a girl she was the guest of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe at the embassy at Constantinople; and later was the friend of, among others, Sir John Franklin, Pusey, Landor, and Aytoun. Her father was a great friend of Sir Walter Scott, and it is said that Miss Skene as a child used to sit on the great novelist's knee and tell him fairy tales. In 1838, the family moved to Greece on account of Mrs. Skene 's health. Skene built a villa near Athens, in which they lived for some time. They returned to England in 1845, and lived first at Leamington and afterwards at Oxford.

Miss Skene was a very accomplished woman and devoted to good works. When, in 1854, cholera broke out at Oxford, she took part, under Sir Henry Acland, in organising a band of nurses. Some of them were sent afterwards to the Crimea, and during the war Miss Skene remained in constant correspondence with Miss Nightingale. She took much interest in rescue work in Oxford, and was one of the first 'lady visitors' appointed by the home office to visit the prison. Some of her experiences were told in a series of articles in Blackwood's Magazine, published in book form in 1889, and entitled Scenes from a Silent World.

Her earliest published work was Isles of Greece, and other Poems, which appeared in 1843. A devotional work, The Divine Master, was published in 1852, memoirs of her cousin Alexander Penrose Forbes, bishop of Brechin, and Alexander Lycurgus, archbishop of the Cyclades, in 1876 and 1877 respectively. In 1866, she published anonymously a book called Hidden Depths. It was republished with her name and an introduction by Mr. W. Shepherd Allen in 1886. Though to all appearance a novel, the author states that it is not a work of fiction in the ordinary acceptation of the term, as she herself witnessed many of the scenes described. She was a constant contributor to the magazines, and edited the Churchman's Companion, 1862-80. She died at 34 St. Michael Street, Oxford, on 6 October 1899.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia_Skene .

Arthur Forer, scientist and professor, was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, graduating in 1957 with a B.Sc. in biology. He completed a PhD in molecular biology in 1964 at Dartmouth Medical School in Hanover, New Hampshire. His PhD dissertation is entitled “Evidence for two spindle fiber components: a study of chromosome movement in living crane fly (Nephrotoma suturalis) spermatocytes, using polarization microscopy and ultraviolet microbeam”.

Forer’s career as a biologist began as an American Cancer Society research fellow at the Carlsberg Foundation Biological Institute in Copenhagen, Denmark, a position he held from 1964 to 1966. He then took a position as a research fellow in the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge between 1966 and 1967 before serving as the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation research fellow in the same department from 1967 to 1969. Forer returned to the United States between 1969 and 1970 to work again as a Helen Hay Whitney Foundation research fellow and Hargitt research fellow at the Department of Zoology at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. Forer’s teaching career began in earnest in 1970, when he took a lecturer position at Odense University in Denmark, a position he held until 1972. He arrived in Canada in 1972 and began his long career as a professor in the Department of Biology at York University, first as an associate professor (1972-1975), professor (1975-2001) and then professor emeritus (2001- ).

Forer has been a member of the American Society for Cell Biology and a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

J.D. (Jack) Keehn, author and psychology professor, was born in England in 1925. He married Nancy L. Cooper in 1953. His education included a B.Sc. from the University of London (1945), an M.A. from Stanford University (1950), and a Ph.D. from London University (1953). He taught psychology at American University, Beirut; Washington State University; University of Montana; Lethbridge University; and York University, Atkinson College (1967-1990). He died in 1995.

James McPhail Gillies (1924- ), educator, author, and politician, was the first dean of the Faculty of Administrative Studies at York University, 1966-1972, and served as University vice president, 1966-1969. Prior to that time he had been on the faculty of the University of California at Los Angeles, 1951-1965. While in Los Angeles, he served as vice chairman of the Redevelopment Agency of the City of Los Angeles and other boards. Gillies has been a director of several industrial and commercial companies. He was chairman of the Ontario Economic Council, 1971-1972. Elected to the House of Commons in 1972, Gillies served as a member of the Progressive Conservative caucus and as that party's Energy and Finance critic during his seven years in the Commons. He resigned his seat in 1979 and served as senior policy advisor to the Prime Minister (Clark), 1979-1980. In the latter year he returned to York to take up responsibilities as professor of policy studies and director of the Max Bell Business Government Studies Programme in the Faculty of Administrative Studies. Gillies is the author of studies on metropolitan land use, industrial policy and economic questions, including 'Boardroom renaissance: power, morality and performance in the modern corporation,' 'Where business fails,' (1981), 'Facing reality: consultation, consensus and making economic policy for the 21st century,' (1986), and others.

(from Wikipedia and ODNB entries)

Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare (1856–1924), biblical and Armenian scholar, was born at Coulsdon, Surrey, on 14 September 1856, the third son of John Charles Conybeare (1818/19–1884), barrister, of Coulsdon, and his wife, Mary Catharine, née Vansittart. He was educated at Tonbridge School from 1868 to 1876 (his father having moved to Tonbridge), and in January 1876 he proceeded with a scholarship to University College, Oxford. He resigned from the college in 1887 to focus on his research and the Armenian language.

He was elected fellow of his college in 1880 and praelector in philosophy and history. ON 12 December 1883 he married Mary Emily (1882-1886), the second daughter of Friedrich Max Müller, the philologist; she accompanied him on his travels and assisted him in translating R. H. Lotze's Outlines of a Philosophy of Religion (1892). He married secondly, in Nice on 22 January 1888, Jane (1859/60–1934), daughter of Edward Macdowell of Belfast; they had one son and one daughter.

The frankness with which Conybeare expressed his opinions endeared him to his friends but involved him in controversies. Having obtained private information about the Dreyfus affair Conybeare published in 1898 his much noticed pro-Dreyfus book, The Dreyfus Case. In 1904 he joined the Rationalist Press Association, which published his Myth, Magic, and Morals, a Study of Christian Origins (1909); its somewhat cynical scepticism elicited a rejoinder from William Sanday in A New Marcion (1909). But Conybeare also attacked the rationalist school, which denied the historicity of Jesus Christ, in The Historical Christ, published by the same association in 1914.

Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 Conybeare, against the advice of friends, wrote a letter in reply to Professor Kuno Meyer in which he blamed the outbreak of war on Sir Edward Grey and H. H. Asquith.

He died at his home, 21 Trinity Gardens, Folkestone, Kent, on 9 January 1924.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cornwallis_Conybeare and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry here: http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/32537 .

Donald Solitar, educator, was born in the United States and graduated from New York University (PhD). He was professor and chair of the Department of Mathematics at York University (chair 1968-1974). He sat on the University Senate during the period, 1968-1972.

Eadweard James Muybridge (/??dw?rd ?ma?br?d?/; 9 April 1830 - 8 May 1904, birth name Edward James Muggeridge) was an English photographer important for his pioneering work in photographic studies of motion, and early work in motion-picture projection. He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name.

He emigrated to the United States as a young man and became a bookseller. He returned to England in 1861 and took up professional photography, learning the wet-plate collodion process, and secured at least two British patents for his inventions. He went back to San Francisco in 1867, and in 1868 his large photographs of Yosemite Valley made him world famous. Today, Muybridge is known for his pioneering work on animal locomotion in 1877 and 1878, which used multiple cameras to capture motion in stop-motion photographs, and his zoopraxiscope, a device for projecting motion pictures that pre-dated the flexible perforated film strip used in cinematography.

In 1874 he shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover, but was acquitted in a jury trial on the grounds of justifiable homicide. He travelled for more than a year in Central America on a photographic expedition in 1875. In the 1880s, Muybridge entered a very productive period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, producing over 100,000 images of animals and humans in motion, capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate movements. He spent much of his later years giving public lectures and demonstrations of his photography and early motion picture sequences, traveling back to England and Europe to publicise his work. He also edited and published compilations of his work, which greatly influenced visual artists and the developing fields of scientific and industrial photography. He returned to his native England permanently in 1894, and in 1904, the Kingston Museum, containing a collection of his equipment, was opened in his hometown. In an accident in 1860, suffered severe head injury. Arthur P. Shimamura, a psychologist at the University of California, Berkeley, has speculated that Muybridge suffered substantial injuries to the orbitofrontal cortex that probably also extended into the anterior temporal lobes, which may have led to some of the emotional, eccentric behavior reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions. Today, there still is little effective treatment for this kind of injury. Many have speculated that Muybridge became an acquired savant from this injury. In 1872, Muybridge married Flora Shallcross Stone, a divorcee 21 years old and half his age. In 1874, Muybridge discovered that his young wife Flora's friend, a drama critic known as Major Harry Larkyns, might have fathered their seven-month-old son Florado. On 17 October, he travelled north of San Francisco to Calistoga to track down Larkyns. Upon finding him, Muybridge said, "Good evening, Major, my name is Muybridge and here's the answer to the letter you sent my wife", and shot him point-blank. Larkyns died that night, and Muybridge was arrested without protest and put in the Napa jail. He was tried for murder. His defence attorney pleaded insanity due to the severe head injury which Muybridge had suffered in the 1860 stagecoach accident. At least four long-time acquaintances testified under oath that the accident had dramatically changed Muybridge's personality, from genial and pleasant to unstable and erratic. During the trial, Muybridge undercut his own insanity case by indicating that his actions were deliberate and premeditated, but he also showed impassive indifference and uncontrolled explosions of emotion. The jury dismissed the insanity plea, but acquitted the photographer on the grounds of "justifiable homicide", disregarding the judge's instructions. The episode interrupted his horse photography studies, but not his relationship with Stanford, who had arranged for his criminal defence

(from Wikipedia entry and ODNB article by M. K. C. MacMahon)
Henry Sweet (15 September 1845 – 30 April 1912) was an English philologist, phonetician and grammarian.

As a philologist, he specialized in the Germanic languages, particularly Old English and Old Norse. In addition, Sweet published works on larger issues of phonetics and grammar in language and the teaching of languages. Many of his ideas have remained influential, and a number of his works continue to be in print, being used as course texts at colleges and universities.

Henry Sweet was born at 11 Mecklenburgh Street, London, the eldest of the three sons of George Sweet (1814–1879), a barrister, and his wife, Alice Nicholson (d. in or after 1879). On his father's side the family had connections with the west country, and on his mother's, with Scotland. He was educated at Bruce Castle School and King's College School, London. In 1864, he spent a short time studying at the Heidelberg University. Upon his return to England, he took up an office job with a trading company in London. Five years later, aged twenty-four, he won a scholarship in German and entered Balliol College in Oxford.

Sweet neglected his formal academic coursework, concentrating instead on pursuing excellence in his private studies. Early recognition came in his first year at Oxford, when the prestigious Philological Society (whose President he was destined to become later on) published a paper of his on Old English. In 1871, still an undergraduate, he edited King Alfred's translation of the Cura Pastoralis for the Early English Text Society (King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care: With an English Translation, the Latin Text, Notes, and an Introduction), his commentary establishing the foundation for Old English dialectology. He graduated, nearly thirty years old, with a fourth-class degree in literae humaniores. Subsequent works on Old English included An Anglo-Saxon Reader (1876), The Oldest English Texts (1885) and A Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon (1896).

Sweet, like his contemporary Walter Skeat, felt under particular pressure from German scholars in English studies who, often state-employed, tenured, and accompanied by their comitatus of eager graduate students, "annexed" the historical study of English. Dismayed by the "swarms of young program-mongers turned out out every year by German universities," he felt that "no English dilettante can hope to compete with them—except by Germanizing himself and losing all his nationality."

In 1877, Sweet published A Handbook of Phonetics, which attracted international attention among scholars and teachers of English in Europe. He followed up with the Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch (1885), which was subsequently adapted as A Primer of Spoken English (1890). This included the first scientific description of educated London speech, later known as received pronunciation, with specimens of connected speech represented in phonetic script. In addition, he developed a version of shorthand called Current Shorthand, which had both orthographic and phonetic modes. His emphasis on spoken language and phonetics made him a pioneer in language teaching, a subject which he covered in detail in The Practical Study of Languages (1899). In 1901, Sweet was made reader in phonetics at Oxford. The Sounds of English (1908) was his last book on English pronunciation.

Other books by Sweet include An Icelandic Primer with Grammar, Notes and Glossary (1886), The History of Language (1900), and a number of other works he edited for the Early English Text Society. Sweet was also closely involved in the early history of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Despite the recognition he received for his scholarly work, Sweet never received a university professorship, a fact that disturbed him greatly; he had done poorly as a student at Oxford, he had annoyed many people through bluntness, and he failed to make every effort to gather official support. His relationship with the Oxford University Press was often strained.

Sweet died on 30 April 1912 in Oxford, of pernicious anemia; he left no children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sweet or Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Frederic Harrison (18 October 1831 - 14 January 1923) was a British jurist and historian. Born at 17 Euston Square, London, he was the son of Frederick Harrison (1799-1881), a stockbroker and his wife Jane, daughter of Alexander Brice, a Belfast granite merchant. He was baptised at St. Pancras Church, Euston, and spent his early childhood at the northern London suburb of Muswell Hill, to which the family moved soon after his birth. He received a scholarship to Wadham College, Oxford in 1849. It was at Oxford that he was to embrace positive philosophy, under the influence of his tutor Richard Congreve and the works of John Stuart Mill and George Henry Lewes. Harrison found himself in conflict with Congreve as to details, and eventually led the Positivists who split off and founded Newton Hall in 1881, and he was president of the English Positivist Committee from 1880 to 1905; he was also editor and part author of the Positivist New Calendar of great Men (1892), and wrote much on Comte and Positivism. For more than three decades, he was a regular contributor to The Fortnightly Review, often in defense of Positivism, especially Comte's version of it.

Among his contemporaries at Wadham were Edward Spencer Beesly, John Henry Bridges, and George Earlam Thorley who were to become the leaders of the secular Religion of Humanity or "Comtism" in England. He received a second class in Moderations in 1852 and a first class in Literae Humaniores in 1853. In the following year he was elected a fellow of the college and became a tutor, taking over from Congreve. He became part of a liberal group of academics at Oxford that also included Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, Goldwin Smith, Mark Pattison and Benjamin Jowett.

As a religious teacher, literary critic, historian and jurist, Harrison took a prominent part in the life of his time, and his writings, though often violently controversial on political, religious and social subjects, and in their judgment and historical perspective characterized by a modern Radical point of view, are those of an accomplished scholar, and of one whose wide knowledge of literature was combined with independence of thought and admirable vigour of style. In 1907 he published The Creed of a Layman, which included his Apologia pro fide mea, in explanation of his Positivist religious position. In 1870 he married Ethel Berta, daughter of William Harrison, by whom he had four sons. George Gissing, the novelist, was at one time their tutor; and in 1905 Harrison wrote a preface to Gissing's Veranilda. One of his sons was killed in World War I.

Rev. Hon. Edward Lyttelton (23 July 1855 - 26 January 1942) was an English sportsman, schoolmaster and cleric. He played first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Middlesex as well as representing the England national football team. Lyttelton was educated at Eton College followed by Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, he was a member and club librarian of the University Pitt Club.

He came from a sporting family, with five brothers playing first-class cricket, Alfred, Charles, George, Arthur ("Right") and Robert. His father, George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, was a British aristocrat and Tory politician. His brother-in-law, Cyril Alington, was a scholar who later wrote a book called Edward Lyttelton: An Appreciation.

From 1880 to 1892, Lyttelton worked as the Assistant Master at Wellington College, during which time he was ordained. He was appointed Headmaster of Haileybury College in 1890, where he remained until 1905. Lyttelton was a canon of St Albans Cathedral from 1895 to 1905 and of Norwich in 1931. Between 1905 and 1916 he was the Headmaster of Eton College.

A right-handed middle order batsman, Lyttelton had his best season in 1878 when he amassed 779 runs at 29.96, helping Middlesex to finish as joint Champions. He scored his only first-class hundred that year, an innings of 113 which he made while playing for Middlesex against the touring Australian side, at Lord's. His century stood out as it occurred in the fourth innings, was double the next highest score in the match by either team (56) and was made despite Middlesex being bowled out for just 185. According to Wisden, Lyttelton's last 76 runs came in only 74 minutes. In the same season, Lyttelton took the only wicket of his first-class career, Yorkshire opening batsman George Ulyett, who also batted for England. He dismissed him, caught and bowled, in a match for Cambridge University against Yorkshire. Aside from Cambridge University and Middlesex he also represented the Gentlemen cricket team, I Zingari, Marylebone Cricket Club and the South of England cricket team.

Lyttelton's only full football international came in a 7-2 defeat by Scotland on 2 March 1878. Another significant achievement in the sport was playing in the 1876 FA Cup Final with the Old Etonians F.C., as a defender, which they lost to the Wanderers on a replay. When picked for England he had been representing Cambridge University.

Gerald Stanley Lee (1862-1944) was an American Congregational clergyman and the author of numerous books and essays. Lee was "a frequent contributor of reviews to the Critic and other periodicals and wrote books on religion, modern culture, and physical fitness.

Lee was opposed to U.S. entry into World War I, writing essays and editorials characterizing the War as a clumsy effort of the nations involved to communicate their desires, and one that could be settled without any U.S. intervention. This drew a harsh rebuke from G. K. Chesterton, who criticized Lee for imagining that the war then underway could be ended by mere discussion, and for treating the warring forces as if they were on equal moral footing.
Lee and his wife Jennette and daughter Geraldine summered on Monhegan Island, Maine for over 30 years. He published a 10 cent magazine called Mount Tom in Northamptom, MA. A collection of his writings from this period is in the new book Thoughts from a Driftwood Desk by P. Kent Royka. NC: "Author of "Inspired Millionaires", "The Voice of the Machines", "Crowds" etc. Editor of the American Magazine "Mount Tom".

(from Wikipedia and ODNB)

Edvard Alexander Westermarck (20 November 1862 – 3 September 1939) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist. Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.

The phenomenon of reverse sexual imprinting is when two people live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one, and both become desensitised to sexual attraction, now known as the Westermarck effect, was first formally described by him in his book The History of Human Marriage (1891).

He has been described as "first Darwinian sociologist" or "the first sociobiologist".
He helped found academic sociology in the United Kingdom, becoming the first professor of sociology (with Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse) in 1907 in the University of London.

In the UK, his name is often spelled Edward. His sister, Helena Westermarck, was a writer and artist.

His published works include:
1891: The History of Human Marriage. 3 Vol, Macmillan, London.
1906: The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2 Vol, MacMillan, London
1907: Siveys ja kristinusko: Esitelmä. Ylioppilasyhdistys Prometheus, Helsinki.
1914: Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Macmillan, London.
1919: Tapojen historiaa: Kuusi akadeemista esitelmää: Pitänyt Turussa syksyllä 1911 Edward Westermarck. 2nd edition. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, Helsinki.
1926: Ritual and Belief in Morocco. 2 Vol.
1926: A short History of Human Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1930: Wit and Wisdom in Morocco. Routledge, London.
1932: Ethical Relativity.
1932: Avioliiton historia. WSOY, Helsinki.
1932: Early Beliefs and Their Social Influence. London: Macmillan.
1933: Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation. London: Macmillan.
1933: Moraalin synty ja kehitys. WSOY, Helsinki.
1934: Three Essays on Sex and Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1934: Freuds teori on Oedipuskomplexen i sociologisk belysning. Vetenskap och bildning, 45. Bonnier, Stockholm.
1936: The future of Marriage in Western Civilisation. Macmillan, London.
1937: "Forward" in The Wandering Spirit: A Study of Human Migration. Macmillan, London
1939: Kristinusko ja moraali (Christianity and Morals). Otava, Helsinki.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (2 October 1832 - 2 January 1917), was an English anthropologist.

Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Lyell. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. Tylor is considered by many to be a founding figure of the science of social anthropology, and his scholarly works helped to build the discipline of anthropology in the nineteenth century. He believed that "research into the history and prehistory of man... could be used as a basis for the reform of British society."

Tylor reintroduced the term animism (faith in the individual soul or anima of all things, and natural manifestations) into common use. He considered animism to be the first phase of development of religions. E. B. Tylor was born in 1832, in Camberwell, London. He was the son of Joseph Tylor and Harriet Skipper, part of a family of wealthy Quakers who owned a London brass factory. His elder brother Alfred Tylor became a geologist.

He was educated at Grove House School, Tottenham, but due to the deaths of Tylor's parents during his early adulthood he never gained a university degree. After his parents’ deaths, he prepared to help manage the family business, but had to set this plan aside when he developed symptoms consistent with the onset of tuberculosis (TB). Following advice to spend time in warmer climes, Tylor left England in 1855, travelling to Mexico and Central America. The experience proved to be an important and formative one, sparking his lifelong interest in studying unfamiliar cultures.

During his travels, Tylor met Henry Christy, a fellow Quaker, ethnologist and archaeologist. Tylor's association with Christy greatly stimulated his awakening interest in anthropology, and helped broaden his inquiries to include prehistoric studies. Tylor’s first publication was a result of his 1856 trip to Mexico with Christy. His notes on the beliefs and practices of the people he encountered were the basis of his work Anahuac: Or Mexico and the Mexicans, Ancient and Modern (1861), published after his return to England. Tylor continued to study the customs and beliefs of tribal communities, both existing and prehistoric (based on archaeological finds). He published his second work, Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization, in 1865. Following this came his most influential work, Primitive Culture (1871). This was important not only for its thorough study of human civilization and contributions to the emergent field of anthropology, but for its undeniable influence on a handful of young scholars, such as J. G. Frazer, who were to become Tylor's disciples and contribute greatly to the scientific study of anthropology in later years.

Tylor was appointed Keeper of the University Museum at Oxford in 1883, and, as well as serving as a lecturer, held the title of the first “Reader in Anthropology” from 1884-1895. In 1896 he was appointed the first Professor of Anthropology at Oxford University. He was involved in the early history of the Pitt Rivers Museum, although to a debatable extent. Tylor’s notion is best described in his most famous work, the two-volume Primitive Culture. The first volume, The Origins of Culture, deals with ethnography including social evolution, linguistics, and myth. The second volume, Religion in Primitive Culture, deals mainly with his interpretation of animism. Fundamental to understanding Tylor’s notion is his negative feelings towards religion, and especially Christianity.

On the first page of Primitive Culture, Tylor provides a definition which is one of his most widely recognized contributions to anthropology and the study of religion:

"Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."

Unlike many of his predecessors and contemporaries, Tylor asserts that the human mind and its capabilities are the same globally, despite a particular society’s stage in social evolution. This means that a hunter-gatherer society would possess the same amount of intelligence as an advanced industrial society. The difference, Tylor asserts, is education, which he considers the cumulative knowledge and methodology that takes thousands of years to acquire. Tylor often likens primitive cultures to “children”, and sees culture and the mind of humans as progressive. His work was a refutation of the theory of social degeneration, which was popular at the time. At the end of Primitive Culture, Tylor writes, “The science of culture is essentially a reformers' science.” A term ascribed to Tylor was his theory of "survivals". Tylor asserted that when a society evolves, certain customs are retained that are unnecessary in the new society, like outworn and useless "baggage". His definition of survivals is

"processes, customs, and opinions, and so forth, which have been carried on by force of habit into a new state of society different from that in which they had their original home, and they thus remain as proofs and examples of an older condition of culture out of which a newer has been evolved."

"Survivals" can include outdated practices, such as the European practice of bloodletting, which lasted long after the medical theories on which it was based had faded from use and been replaced by more modern techniques. Critics argued that he identified the term but provided an insufficient reason as to why survivals continue. Tylor’s meme-like concept of survivals explains the characteristics of a culture that are linked to earlier stages of human culture.

Studying survivals assists ethnographers in reconstructing earlier cultural characteristics and possibly reconstructing the evolution of culture. Tylor argued that people had used religion to explain things that occurred in the world. He saw that it was important for religions to have the ability to explain why and for what reason things occurred in the world. For example, God (or the divine) gave us sun to keep us warm and give us light. Tylor argued that animism is the true natural religion that is the essence of religion; it answers the questions of which religion came first and which religion is essentially the most basic and foundation of all religions. For him, animism was the best answer to these questions, so it must be the true foundation of all religions. Animism is described as the belief in spirits inhabiting and animating beings, or souls existing in things. To Tylor, the fact that modern religious practitioners continued to believe in spirits showed that these people were no more advanced than primitive societies. For him, this implied that modern religious practitioners do not understand the ways of the universe and how life truly works because they have excluded science from their understanding of the world. By excluding scientific explanation in their understanding of why and how things occur, he asserts modern religious practitioners are rudimentary. Tylor perceived the modern religious belief in God as a “survival” of primitive ignorance. He claimed the contemporary belief in God to be a survival, because science could explain the phenomena previously justified by religion.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor .

Naomi Black is Professor Emerita of Political Science and Women's Studies at York University in Toronto, and an Adjunct Professor of Women's Studies at Mount Saint Vincent University in Nova Scotia. Her research interests have focused on international relations, nationalism and imperialism, women in politics and social feminism. Black was the first woman hired in York University's Department of Political Science in 1964 where she fought to legitimize the study of women and politics both within her department and without. She was a founder of both the undergraduate and graduate programmes in Women's Studies at York, and served on the Ontario Commission on the Status of Women. From 1985-1987, she served as the Status of Women adviser to the Office of the President at York University, during which time she founded "The Second Decade/La Deuxieme Decennie" newsletter in order to provide a voice to the women who work and study at York University, and to further the implementation of employment equity at York. Black also helped to establish York's Nellie Langford Rowell Women's Studies Library. Her publications include "Social Feminism" (1989), "Canadian Women: A History" (co-author; 1988, 1996 and 2011), "Feminist Politics on the Farm" (co-author; 1999), Virginia Woolf's "Three Guineas" (edited by Black in 2001), and "Virginia Woolf as Feminist" (2004). Black earned her BA from Cornell University, and her MA and PhD from Yale University. Her work was recognized with a honorary degree from York University in 2010.

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Michel Jules Alfred Bréal (French: [bʁeal]; 26 March 1832 – 25 November 1915), French philologist, was born at Landau in Rhenish Bavaria. He is often identified as a founder of modern semantics. After studying at Weissenburg, Metz and Paris, he entered the École Normale Supérieure in 1852. In 1857 he went to Berlin, where he studied Sanskrit under Franz Bopp and Albrecht Weber. On his return to France he obtained an appointment in the department of oriental manuscripts at the Bibliothèque Impériale. In 1864 he became professor of comparative grammar at the Collège de France, in 1875 member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, in 1879 inspecteur général for higher education until the abolition of the office in 1888. In 1890 he was made commander of the Legion of Honour. He died in Paris.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Br%C3%A9al .

Rishma Dunlop F.R.S.C. (née Singh), a fiction writer and professor, was born in Poona, India on October 19, 1956 and moved to Canada with her parents, at the age of one, growing up in Beaconsfield, Quebec. She died in Toronto on April 17, 2016.

Dunlop was Professor of Creative Writing, English and Education at York University. She completed a B.A. in English and Romance Languages and a B.Ed. After Degree Programme in Language Arts and French Immersion at the University of Alberta in 1982 and 1990 respectively; and an M.A. in Modern Languages Education and a Ph.D. in Language and Literacy Education from the University of British Columbia in 1994 and 1999 respectively. Her teaching and research philosophy was rooted in the belief that artistic practice is an effective method for knowledge acquisition and creation. Her novel ‘Boundary Bay’ was the first novel accepted as a doctoral dissertation in a Faculty of Education in Canada.

In addition to coordinating the Creative Writing programme at York University from 2007 to 2011, she also held appointments in the Graduate Schools of English, Education, Women’s Studies and Interdisciplinary Studies. Her work was supported by grants from the Fulbright Foundation, Canada Council, Ontario Arts Council and Toronto Arts Council. In 2009-2010, she was awarded the Canada-U.S. Fulbright Research Chair in Creative Writing at Arizona State University.

Dunlop was an award-winning poet, with poems in many anthologies and journals both in Canada and overseas, as well as five published collections of her own poetry: ‘Lover Through Departure: New and Selected Poems’ (2011), ‘White Album’ (2008), ‘Metropolis’ (2005), ‘Reading Like a Girl’ (2004), and ‘The Body of My Garden’ (2002). In 2004 she was appointed Juror for the Governor General’s Award for Poetry. Her other books and journals as editor include ‘An Ecopoetics Reader: Art, Literature and Place’ (2008), ‘White Ink: Poems on Mothers and Motherhood’ (2007) and ‘Red Silk: An Anthology of South Asian Canadian Women Poets’ (2004). Her radio drama, ‘The Raj Kumari’s Lullaby,’ was produced by CBC Radio in 2005. Her translations of Cuban poet Maria Elana Cruz Varela were published by Exile Editions, in ‘Twenty Canadian Poets Take on the World’ (2009). She served as Poet in Residence at the University of British Columbia in 2006-2007 and was a frequent public performer of poetry and prose and a keynote speaker for international conferences, on subjects such as interdisciplinarity in the arts, education and public pedagogy, human rights and literature.

For her achievements in the arts and humanities, Rishma Dunlop was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 2011.

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George Slythe Street (18 July 1867 - 31 October 1936) was a British critic, journalist and novelist. He was born in Wimbledon, London on 18 July 1867. He was associated with William Ernest Henley and the 'counter-Decadents' on the staff of the National Observer. His works were characterized by "whimsy, detachment, sympathy, tenderness, satire, humor, and occasionally cynicism". Street's satirical works assailed "snobbery, hypocrisy, vulgarity, and pretentiousness at all levels of society, especially among the aesthetes and the upper class". He is perhaps best known for his 1894 novel, the Autobiography of a Boy, which satirized contemporary aesthetes Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas, although Street would later write favorably of Wilde's De Profundis. He died on 31 October 1936.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._S._Street .

Born 1848. Author of "Mind and Memory", "An Agnostic's Progress", "The Diary of a Modernist" and "Michael Fairless, her life and writings" (1913). Wrote under the pseudonym of William Scott Palmer.

Elizabeth Kilbourn, broadcaster, journalist, and Anglican minister, was born in Hespeler, Ontario on 18 July 1926 to Violet M. Hill and Rev. Philip A. Sawyer. She attended Caledonia High School (1939-1944) and Trinity College at the University of Toronto (1944-1948), where she studied modern history. In the summer of 1946 and 1947, she worked in Alberta on the Western Canada Anglican Sunday School Caravan Mission. She studied for her Master's degree at Radcliffe College at Harvard University (1948-1949) and married her fellow Trinity alumnus William Morley Kilbourn (1926-1995) on 10 September 1949. The couple lived in the United States and England while William studied at Oxford and Harvard, and later lectured at Harvard, McMaster, and York universities. The couple had five children. During the late 1950s and 1960s, Kilbourn was an art critic for The Hamilton Spectator, CBC Radio, and The Toronto Star. Between 1972 and 1973 she was an art lecturer at the Art Gallery of Toronto. During this time, she also published articles in Art, Canadian Forum, and Tamarack Review. In 1975 Kilbourn returned to Trinity College and the Toronto School of Theology (TST) to study for her Master of Divinity degree. After graduating in 1977, she studied at St. George's College in Jerusalem. She was ordained deacon in 1977 and became one of the Anglican Church's first women clergy in 1978. In 1986 she was the first woman to be nominated for the position of Suffragan (assistant) Bishop in the Anglican Church of Canada. Between 1976 and 1984, Kilbourn studied for accreditation in clinical pastoral education, and worked as the Anglican chaplain at Toronto General Hospital and within the Diocese of Toronto (1977-1981). She was also active on the International Council for Pastoral Care and Counseling during the 1980s. Kilbourn qualified as practitioner of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator psychological assessments in 1981 and gave workshops on this procedure at TST for congregations, clergy, civil servants, and business people until 1999. She also taught interim ministry at TST from 1989 to 1999 and served as an interim minister for ten churches in the diocese of Toronto. Kilbourn moved to Warminster, England in 1999 to join Richard Ernest Mackie, who she had met when they were students at Trinity College in 1944-1945 but were separated when he returned to England at the end of the war. She received permission from the Church of England to officiate in the diocese of Salisbury in 2001, which was expanded to include Bath and Wells dioceses the following year. In addition to being attached to several parishes, she served as duty chaplain at Wells and Salisbury cathedrals. Kilbourn was granted the degree of Doctor of Divinity (honoris causa) by Trinity College on 15 May 2001. Kilbourn returned to Canada after Mackie’s death in 2011 and was active as a priest until her death on 5 April 2023.

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Edward Stuart Talbot (19 February 1844 - 30 January 1934) was an Anglican bishop in the Church of England and the first Warden of Keble College, Oxford. He was educated at Charterhouse School until 1858. In 1862 he went up to Christ Church, Oxford and graduated in 1865. He remained there until 1869 as modern history tutor. In 1869 he was appointed first warden of Keble College, Oxford, and he stayed there until 1888 when he accepted the post of Vicar of Leeds Parish Church, where he remained for six years (1889-1895). While still in Oxford he and his wife were the founders of Lady Margaret Hall, the first hall for women, in 1878. He then held the posts of Bishops of Rochester, of Southwark and of Winchester. Farnham Castle was the traditional home of the Bishops of Winchester. His father was the Hon. John Chetwynd-Talbot, son of Charles Chetwynd-Talbot, 2nd Earl Talbot, and his mother was Caroline Jane Stuart-Wortley, daughter of James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe.
He married the Hon. Lavinia Lyttelton (born 10 October 1849), daughter of George Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton and Mary née Glynne, on 29 June 1870. Their children were:
-Mary Catherine Talbot (2 October 1875 - 2 September 1957) who married Lionel Ford
-Revd Edward Keble Talbot (31 December 1877 - 21 October 1949)
-Rt Revd Neville Talbot, Bishop of Pretoria (21 August 1879 - 3 April 1943)
-Lavinia Caroline Talbot (15 April 1882 - 30 September 1950)
-Gilbert Walter Lyttelton Talbot (1 September 1891 - 30 July 1915, killed in action at Ypres). The Hall and Library block of Lady Margaret Hall was named the Talbot Building after him: it was opened in 1910.
The Talbot Fund at Keble College, established in 1999, also bears his name.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Talbot_(bishop) .

Archibald Henry Sayce was an orientalist and comparative philologist.

James Mavor (1854-1925), educator and author, was born and educated in Scotland. He was the second professor of political economy at the University of Toronto, beginning his appointment in 1892. Mavor was instrumental in assisting the emigration to Canada of the Doukhobors in 1916.