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(from Wikipedia entry)

Sir Charles Hallé (11 April 1819 – 25 October 1895) was an Anglo-German pianist and conductor, and founder of The Hallé orchestra in 1858.
Hallé was born Karl Halle on 11 April 1819 in Hagen, Westphalia. After settling in England, he changed his name to Charles Hallé.

His first lessons were from his father, an organist. As a child he showed remarkable gifts for pianoforte playing. He performed a sonatina in public at the age of four, and played percussion in the orchestra in his early years. In August 1828 he took part in a concert at Cassel, where he attracted the notice of Spohr.

He then studied under Christian Heinrich Rinck at Darmstadt, Germany in 1835, and as early as 1836 went to Paris, where for twelve years he often assoociated with Luigi Cherubini, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and other musicians, and enjoyed the friendship of such great literary figures as Alfred de Musset and George Sand. He had started a set of chamber concerts with Jean-Delphin Alard and Auguste Franchomme with great success.

He had completed one series of them when the revolution of 1848 drove him from Paris, and he settled, with his first wife and two children, in London.

He conducted elsewhere in the country also, as well as performing as a pianist. He was the first pianist to play the complete series of Beethoven's piano sonatas in England. Hallé's piano recitals, given at first from 1850 in his own house, and from 1861 in St James's Hall, Piccadilly, were an important feature of London musical life, and it was due in great measure to them that a knowledge of Beethoven's pianoforte sonatas became general in English society.

At the Musical Union founded by John Ella, and at the Popular Concerts from their beginning, Hallé was a frequent performer.
He moved to Manchester in 1853 to direct Manchester's Gentleman's Concerts, which had its own orchestra and in May 1857 was asked to put together a small orchestra to play for Prince Albert at the opening ceremony of the Art Treasures of Great Britain, the biggest single exhibition Manchester had ever hosted. Hallé accepted the challenge and was so happy with the results that he kept the group together until October, forming the fledgling Hallé Orchestra.

He then started a series of concerts of his own, raising the orchestra to a pitch of perfection quite unknown in England at that time. Hallé decided to continue working with the orchestra as a formal organisation, and it gave its first concert under those auspices on 30 January 1858.

The orchestra's first home was the Free Trade Hall. By 1861 the orchestra was in financial trouble (it performed only two concerts that year), but has survived under a series of accomplished conductors.
Funerary monument of Sir Charles Hallé, Weast cemetery.

In 1888, Hallé was married for a second time to the violinist Wilma Neruda, widow of Ludvig Norman and daughter of Josef Neruda, members of whose family had long been famous for musical talent.

The same year, he was knighted; and in 1890 and 1891 he toured with his wife in Australia and elsewhere. In 1891, he also helped to found the Royal Manchester College of Music, serving as head and chief professor of pianoforte.

He died at Manchester on 25 October 1895, and was buried in Weaste Cemetery, Salford. Lady Hallé, who from 1864 was one of the leading solo violinists of the time, was constantly associated with her husband on the concert stage until his death.
He was twice married : first, on 11 Nov. 1841, to Desirée Smith de Rilieu, who died in 1866 ; and, secondly, on 26 July 1888, to Madame Wilma Neruda, the distinguished violinist.
Hallé exercised an important influence in the musical education of England; if his piano playing, by which he was mainly known to the public in London, seemed remarkable rather for precision than for depth, for crystal clearness rather than for warmth, and for perfect realization of the written text rather than for strong individuality, it was at least of immense value as giving the composer's idea with the utmost fidelity. Those who were privileged to hear him play in private, like those who could appreciate the power, beauty and imaginative warmth of his conducting, would have given a very different verdict; and they were not wrong in judging Hallé to be a man of the widest and keenest artistic sympathies, with an extraordinary gift of insight into music of every school, as well as a strong sense of humour. He fought a long and arduous battle for the best music, and never forgot the dignity of his art. Although his technique was that of his youth, of the period before Liszt, the ease and certainty he attained in the most modern music was not the less wonderful because he concealed the mechanical means so completely.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hall%C3%A9 .

(from ODNB entry by William Sweet)

Reinhold Friedrich Alfred Hoernlé (1880-1943), philosopher and social reformer in South Africa, was born in Bonn, Germany, on 27 November 1880.

His parents were the Indologist and philologist (Augustus Frederic) Rudolf Hoernlé (1841–1918) and Sophie Fredericke Louise, daughter of R. Romig of Bonn.
R. F. A. Hoernlé was their only son and spent his early years in India, later being educated in Germany before attending Balliol College, Oxford in 1899 where he was encouraged to pursue philosophy. In 1904 he was elected to a senior demyship at Magdalen College, where he studied for a BSc (completed in 1907), but in late 1905 moved to the University of St Andrews to serve as assistant to the professor of moral philosophy, Bernard Bosanquet.

Recommended by Caird, Bosanquet, and Smith, as well as by F. H. Bradley and Henry Jones, Hoernlé was appointed professor of philosophy at the South African College in 1908. From 1912 until 1914 he held the newly established professorship at Armstrong College, Newcastle (England).

On 23 March 1914 Hoernlé married Agnes Winifred Tucker (1885–1960), a former philosophy student at South African College, and the daughter of the South African senator William Kidger Tucker. She later became a leading ethnographer and the doyenne of South African anthropologists. They had one son, Alwyn (1915–1991).

In the summer of 1914 Hoernlé was appointed assistant professor of philosophy at Harvard University, where he was able to engage at first hand some of the leading American philosophers. In 1920, however, he returned to his former chair at Newcastle.

Hoernlé left Newcastle in 1923 to succeed John Macmurray as professor of philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa, where Winifred Hoernlé was appointed to a post in anthropology. With the exception of visiting professorships at Bowdoin College, Maine (1926), and at the University of Southern California (1930), he spent little time outside South Africa until his death.

Hoernlé's early work was in metaphysics, epistemology, and philosophical psychology, and in 1916 he and his wife completed an authorized translation of Rudolf Steiner's Die Philosophie der Freiheit (‘The philosophy of freedom’). Hoernlé was particularly concerned with two issues: the relation between the mental and the physical (focusing on volition and mental states), and the current debates between idealists and the ‘new’ realists. He believed he could address these issues through the ‘empirical’ statement of idealism or ‘speculative philosophy’ represented by Bosanquet. In his Studies in Contemporary Metaphysics (1920) Hoernlé presented essays on scientific method and the ‘mechanism versus vitalism’ controversy, insisting that, in biology at least, teleology is dominant over mechanism. His Studies reflected a systematic philosophy, showing that ‘experience, taken as a whole, gives us clues which, rightly interpreted, lead to the perception of … a graded order of varied appearances [in the universe]’ (p. v). It also exhibited his ‘synoptic’ approach, ‘which itself rests on the assumption that truth has many sides, and that to the whole truth on any subject every point of view has some contribution to make’ (‘On the way to a synoptic philosophy’, 138).

Hoernlé's Matter, Life, Mind, and God (1923), based on extramural lectures given in Newcastle to a popular audience, similarly discussed the limitations of both mechanistic and contemporary behaviouristic theories. Critics were somewhat receptive of the book, noting especially Hoernlé's ‘limpid clearness’ in style. In 1924 he published a short volume, Idealism as a Philosophical Doctrine, expanded in 1927 as Idealism as a Philosophy. Designed initially as a ‘map’ to guide students through the different schools of ‘idealism’ still current in Anglo-American philosophy, the key chapters trace the distinction between the idealism of Berkeley on the one hand and of Kant, Hegel, and their successors on the other.

When Hoernlé arrived at Witwatersrand in 1923 his teaching included courses in logic and psychology. He and his wife soon became actively involved in social issues. His wife was a pioneering social anthropologist and one of the first scholars of Bantu studies in South Africa, and Hoernlé himself developed an interest in the black peoples of the region and the impact of western civilizations on them.

Hoernlé was heavily involved in the South African Institute of Race Relations during the 1920s and 1930s. He was also chairman of the Bantu Men's Social Centre in Johannesburg, of the Johannesburg Joint Council of Europeans and Natives, and of the Society of Christians and Jews. In addition from 1934 he was a government-appointed member of the South African Council for Educational and Social Research. During the Second World War he was the initiator of the Army Educational Corps of which he became honorary lieutenant-colonel.

A ferocious critic of the policy of racial segregation proposed by the government of J. B. M. Hertzog from 1924 onwards, Hoernlé viewed segregation as entrenching white domination and the exploitation of the non-European peoples.

In 1941 he had an important correspondence with Geoffrey Hare Clayton, Anglican archbishop of Cape Town.

Hoernlé's death, following a heart attack and brief illness, in Johannesburg on 21 July 1943, was attributed largely to the stress of his extensive administrative work.

For more information see: William Sweet, ‘Hoernlé, (Reinhold Friedrich) Alfred (1880–1943)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, May 2006 [http://www.oxforddnb.com.ezproxy.library.yorku.ca/view/article/94419 .

Constance Jane Munro was the eldest daughter of Henry Monro, a medical doctor. She married Rev. Evelyn J. Hone on 28 July 1870.
Her son, Campbell Richard Hone (1873-1967), became an Anglican bishop.

Evelyn J. Hone was the only son of Archedeacon Home.
He married Constance Jane Munro, the eldest daughter of Henry Monro, a medical doctor on 28 July 1870.
He was listed as the head of St. John's Parish in the Diocese of Rochester in Kent in 1897.
His son, Campbell Richard Hone (1873-1967), became an Anglican bishop.

James Howard Kehler was a successful and innovative advertising executive based in Chicago.
He married Keith Ransom in October 1910. Born Nannie Keith Bean, she was previously married to painter Ralph Ransom, who had died 1908.
He had three children from a previous marriage, two sons Stewart and Gordon and a daughter Elizabeth.
Jim Kehler opened an advertising agency on Fifth Avenue in New York City by 1915.
Described by Nina Cust as "[o]ne of Stanley Lee's 'inspired millionaires'" (OD, 347).
Kehler died 19 June 1923.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Raphael Meldola FRS (19 July 1849 – 16 November 1915) was a British chemist and entomologist. He was Professor of Organic Chemistry in the University of London, 1912–15.

Born in Islington, London, he was descended from Raphael Meldola (1754–1828), a theologian who was acting minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews in London, 1804. Meldola was the only son of Samuel Meldola; married (1886) Ella Frederica, daughter of Maurice Davis of London. He was educated in chemistry at the Royal College of Chemistry, London.

Meldola worked in the private laboratory of John Stenhouse (FRS 1848). He was appointed Lecturer, Royal College of Science (1872) and assisted Norman Lockyer with spectroscopy. Meldola was in charge of the British Eclipse Expedition to the Nicobar Islands (1875) and was Professor of Chemistry, Technical College, Finsbury (1885). He was also an entomologist and natural historian.

Meldola was a member of many scientific societies: Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Institute of Chemistry; Fellow of the Chemical Society (London and Berlin); Member of the Pharmaceutical Society; The Geologists Association; The Royal Anthropological Institute; Entomological Society of London. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1886 (Charles Darwin was one of his proposers), awarded the Davy Medal in 1913, and was Vice-President of the Council from 1914–1915.

Meldola was President of the Entomological Society, 1895–1897; the Chemical Society, 1905–1907; Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1907–1910; Society of Chemical Industry 1908-1909; Institute of Chemistry, 1912–1915. He was the first president of the Maccabaeans, 1891–1915. In his honour the Royal Society of Chemistry award the Meldola medal each year.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Meldola .

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn OM, PC (24 December 1838 - 23 September 1923) was a British Liberal statesman, writer and newspaper editor. Initially a journalist, he was elected a Member of Parliament in 1883. He was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1886 and between 1892 and 1895, Secretary of State for India between 1905 and 1910 and again in 1911 and Lord President of the Council between 1910 and 1914. Morley was a distinguished political commentator, and biographer of his hero, William Gladstone. Morley is best known for his writings and for his "reputation as the last of the great nineteenth-century Liberals". He opposed imperialism and the Boer War, and his opposition to British entry into the First World War led him to leave government in 1914. Morley was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, the son of Jonathan Morley and Priscilla Mary (née Duncan). He was educated at Cheltenham College, University College School and Lincoln College, Oxford. He quarrelled with his father over religion, and had to leave Oxford early without an honours degree; his father had wanted him to become a clergyman. He wrote, in obvious allusion to this rift, On Compromise (1874). Morley was called to the bar before deciding to pursue a career in journalism. He was the editor of the Fortnightly Review from 1867 to 1882 and of the Pall Mall Gazette from 1880-83 before going into politics. Morley was a prominent Gladstonian Liberal. In Newcastle, his constituency association chairman was Robert Spence Watson, indefatigable and effective local organiser, a leader of the National Liberal Federation and its chairman from 1890 to 1902. Morley thus had the advantage of a superior local electoral organisation and direct linkage to a prime mover in the Liberal caucus. However, Newcastle was a dual member constituency and his parliamentary colleague, Joseph Cowen, was a local radical in perpetual conflict with the Liberal Party, locally and nationally, with the advantage of owning the most influential local newspaper, the Chronicle. Cowen increasingly attacked Morley from the left, sponsoring working men candidates on his retirement from the seat, whilst simultaneously showing favour to the local Tory candidate, Charles Frederic Hamond.

Morley, with Watson's machine, withstood the Cowen challenge until the 1895 general election, when the tactics of the one time revolutionary radical Cowen caused the ejection of Morley and the loss of Newcastle to the Tories. In February 1886, he was sworn of the Privy Council and made Chief Secretary for Ireland, only to be turned out when Gladstone's government fell over Home Rule in July of the same year and Lord Salisbury became Prime Minister. After the severe defeat of the Gladstonian party at the 1886 general election, Morley divided his life between politics and letters until Gladstone's return to power at the 1892 general election, when he resumed as Chief Secretary for Ireland.

He had during the interval taken a leading part in parliament, but his tenure of the chief secretaryship of Ireland was hardly a success. The Irish gentry made things as difficult for him as possible, and the path of an avowed Home Ruler installed in office at Dublin Castle was beset with pitfalls. In the internecine disputes that agitated the Liberal party during Lord Rosebery's administration and afterwards, Morley sided with Sir William Harcourt and was the recipient and practically co-signatory of his letter resigning the Liberal leadership in December 1898. He lost his seat in the 1895 general election but soon found another in Scotland, when he was elected at a by-election in February 1896 for the Montrose Burghs. From 1889 onwards, Morley resisted the pressure from labour leaders in Newcastle to support a maximum working day of eight hours enforced by law. Morley objected to this because it would interfere in natural economic processes. It would be "thrusting an Act of Parliament like a ramrod into all the delicate and complex machinery of British industry". For example, an Eight Hours Bill for miners would impose on an industry with great diversity in local and natural conditions a universal regulation. He further argued that it would be wrong to "enable the Legislature, which is ignorant of these things, which is biased in these things—to give the Legislature the power of saying how many hours a day a man shall or shall not work" His legacy was a purely moral one; although in May 1870 he married Mrs. Rose Ayling, the union produced no heirs. Mrs. Ayling was already married when she met John Morley and the couple waited to marry until her first husband died several years later. She was never received into polite society, and many of his colleagues, including Asquith, never met her. Morley had three siblings, Edward Sword Morley (1828-1901), William Wheelhouse Morley (1840-Abt. 1870), and Grace Hannah Morley (1842-1825).

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morley,_1st_Viscount_Morley_of_Blackburn.

Benjamin Jowett (April 15, 1817 – October 1, 1893) was renowned as an influential tutor and administrative reformer in the University of Oxford, a theologian and translator of Plato. He was Master of Balliol College, Oxford.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett.

(from Wikipedia entry)

John Henry Muirhead (28 April 1855 – 24 May 1940) was a British philosopher best known for having initiated the Muirhead Library of Philosophy in 1890. He became the first person named to the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Birmingham in 1900.

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, he was educated at the Glasgow Academy (1866–70), and proceeded to Glasgow University, where he was deeply influenced by the Hegelianism of Edward Caird, the Professor of Moral Philosophy. He graduated MA in 1875. The same year he won a Snell exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, to which he went up in Trinity Term 1875. His Library was originally published by Allen & Unwin and continued through to the 1970s. His Library is seen as a crucial landmark in the history of modern philosophy, publishing a number of prominent 20th Century philosophers including Ernest Albee, Brand Blanshard, Francis Herbert Bradley, Axel Hagerstrom, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, Bernard Bosanquet, Irving Thalberg, Jr., Georg Wilhelm Hegel, Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Muirhead .

Rev. Philip Mules (d. 1892) was the Chaplain to Duke of Rutland at Belvoir Castle, Cratham for over 40 years.
It is evident that he attended Exeter College and also spent time in Malta and Gibralter in the 1840s ministering to English Anglicans.
Rev. Philip Mules married Anne Eyles Egerton in 1855. Anne was the daughter of Sir Robert Eyles Egerton and his second wife Emily Caroline (daughter of Rev. J.W. Cunningham, vicar of Harrow).
He is listed as living in Knipton Cottage and Belvoir in Grantham and Belvoir Castle in the Diocese of Peterborough in 1873.
He died at the age of 80 in 1892.

Possibly a philosopher?

Rev. Frederick John Norman was the son of Richard Norman and Lady Elizabeth Isabela Manners. He married Lady Adeliza Elizabeth Gertrude Manners, the dauther of John Henry Manners, the 5th Duke of Rutland and Lady Elizabeth Howard on 22 February 1848. The couple had one child, Elizabeth.
He was the rector at Bottesford, Leicestershire.
He died 29 December 1888.

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Croom Robertson (10 March 1842 - 20 September 1892) was a Scottish philosopher.

He was born in Aberdeen. In 1857 he gained a bursary at Marischal College, and graduated MA in 1861, with the highest honours in classics and philosophy. In the same year he won a Fergusson scholarship of £100 a year for two years, which enabled him to pursue his studies outside Scotland. He went first to University College, London; at the University of Heidelberg he worked on his German; at the Humboldt University in Berlin he studied psychology, metaphysics and also physiology under Emil du Bois-Reymond, and heard lectures on Hegel, Kant and the history of philosophy, ancient and modern. After two months at the University of Göttingen, he went to Paris in June 1863. In the same year he returned to Aberdeen and helped Alexander Bain with the revision of some of his books.

In 1864 he was appointed to help William Duguid Geddes with his Greek classes, but he devoted his vacations to working on philosophy. In 1866 he was appointed professor of philosophy of mind and logic at University College, London. He remained there until he was forced by ill-health to resign a few months before his death, lecturing on logic, deductive and inductive, systematic psychology and ethics.

He left little published work. A comprehensive work on Hobbes was never completed, though part of the materials were used for an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica, and another portion was published as one of Blackwood's "Philosophical Classics." Together with Bain, he edited George Grote's Aristotle, and was the editor of Mind from its foundation in 1876 till 1891. Robertson had a keen interest in German philosophy, and took every opportunity to make German works on English writers known in the United Kingdom. In philosophy he was principally a follower of Bain and John Stuart Mill. He and his wife (a daughter of Mr Justice Crompton) were involved in many kinds of social work; he sat on the Committee of the National Society for Women's Suffrage, and was actively associated with its president, John Stuart Mill. He also supported the admission of women students to University College.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Croom_Robertson .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Carl Pearson, later known as Karl Pearson (1857-1936), was born to William Pearson and Fanny Smith, who had three children, Arthur (later Arthur Pearson-Gee, Carl (Karl) and Amy. William Pearson also sired an illegitimate son, Frederick Mockett.

Pearson's mother came from a family of master mariners who sailed their own ships from Hull; his father came from Crambe, North Riding of Yorkshire, read law at Edinburgh and eventually became a successful barrister and Queen's Counsel (QC).

"Carl Pearson" inadvertently became "Karl" when he enrolled at the University of Heidelberg in 1879, which changed the spelling. He used both variants of his name until 1884 when he finally adopted Karl. Eventually was universally known as "KP".

KP was an accomplished historian and Germanist. He spent much of the 1880s in Berlin, Heidelberg, Vienna[citation needed], Saig bei Lenzkirch, and Brixlegg. He wrote on Passion plays, religion, Goethe, Werther, as well as sex-related themes, and was a founder of the Men and Women's Club.

In 1890 he married Maria Sharpe, who was related to the Kenrick, Reid, Rogers and Sharpe families, late 18th century and 19th century non-conformists largely associated with north London; they included:
Samuel Rogers, poet (1763-1855); Sutton Sharpe (1797-1843), barrister;-Samuel Sharpe, Egyptologist and philanthropist (1799-1881); and John Kenrick, a non-Conformist minister (1788-1877).

Karl and Maria Pearson had two daughters, Sigrid Loetitia Pearson and Helga Sharpe Pearson, and one son, Egon Sharpe Pearson, who became an eminent statistician himself and succeeded his father as head of the Applied Statistics Department at University College. Maria died in 1928 and in 1929 Karl married Margaret Victoria Child, a co-worker in the Biometric Laboratory.

He and his family lived at 7 Well Road in Hampstead, now marked with a blue plaque. Karl Pearson was educated privately at University College School, after which he went to King's College, Cambridge in 1876 to study mathematics, graduating in 1879 as Third Wrangler in the Mathematical Tripos. He then travelled to Germany to study physics at the University of Heidelberg under G H Quincke and metaphysics under Kuno Fischer. He next visited the University of Berlin, where he attended the lectures of the famous physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond on Darwinism (Emil was a brother of Paul du Bois-Reymond, the mathematician). Other subjects which he studied in Berlin included Roman Law, taught by Bruns and Mommsen, medieval and 16th century German Literature, and Socialism. He was strongly influenced by the courses he attended at this time and he became sufficiently expert on German literature that he was offered a Germanics post at Kings College, Cambridge. When the 23 year-old Albert Einstein started a study group, the Olympia Academy, with his two younger friends, Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht, he suggested that the first book to be read was Pearson's The Grammar of Science. This book covered several themes that were later to become part of the theories of Einstein and other scientists. Pearson asserted that the laws of nature are relative to the perceptive ability of the observer. Irreversibility of natural processes, he claimed, is a purely relative conception. An observer who travels at the exact velocity of light would see an eternal now, or an absence of motion. He speculated that an observer who traveled faster than light would see time reversal, similar to a cinema film being run backwards. Pearson also discussed antimatter, the fourth dimension, and wrinkles in time.

Pearson's relativity was based on idealism, in the sense of ideas or pictures in a mind. "There are many signs," he wrote, "that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists." (Preface to 2nd Ed., The Grammar of Science) Further, he stated, "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind..." "In truth, the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world." (Ibid., Ch. II, § 6) "Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man." (Ibid., Ch. III, § 4) A eugenicist who applied his social Darwinism to entire nations, Pearson saw "war" against "inferior races" as a logical implication of his scientific work on human measurement: "My view - and I think it may be called the scientific view of a nation," he wrote, "is that of an organized whole, kept up to a high pitch of internal efficiency by insuring that its numbers are substantially recruited from the better stocks, and kept up to a high pitch of external efficiency by contest, chiefly by way of war with inferior races." He reasoned that, if August Weismann's theory of germ plasm is correct, the nation is wasting money when it tries to improve people who come from poor stock.

Weismann claimed that acquired characteristics could not be inherited. Therefore, training benefits only the trained generation. Their children will not exhibit the learned improvements and, in turn, will need to be improved. "No degenerate and feeble stock will ever be converted into healthy and sound stock by the accumulated effects of education, good laws, and sanitary surroundings. Such means may render the individual members of a stock passable if not strong members of society, but the same process will have to be gone through again and again with their offspring, and this in ever-widening circles, if the stock, owing to the conditions in which society has placed it, is able to increase its numbers."

"History shows me one way, and one way only, in which a high state of civilization has been produced, namely, the struggle of race with race, and the survival of the physically and mentally fitter race. If you want to know whether the lower races of man can evolve a higher type, I fear the only course is to leave them to fight it out among themselves, and even then the struggle for existence between individual and individual, between tribe and tribe, may not be supported by that physical selection due to a particular climate on which probably so much of the Aryan's success depended."

Pearson was known in his lifetime as a prominent "freethinker" and socialist. He gave lectures on such issues as "the woman's question" (this was the era of the suffragist movement in the UK) and upon Karl Marx. His commitment to socialism and its ideals led him to refuse the offer of being created an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1920 and also to refuse a knighthood in 1935.

In The Myth of the Jewish Race Raphael and Jennifer Patai cite Karl Pearson's 1925 opposition (in the first issue of the journal Annals of Eugenics which he founded) to Jewish immigration into Britain. Pearson alleged that these immigrants "will develop into a parasitic race. [...] Taken on the average, and regarding both sexes, this alien Jewish population is somewhat inferior physically and mentally to the native population".

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Pearson .

(from Wikiipedia entry)
Christina Georgina Rossetti (5 December 1830 - 29 December 1894) was an English poet who wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, and children's poems. She is perhaps best known for her long poem Goblin Market, her love poem Remember, and for the words of the Christmas carol In the Bleak Midwinter.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Rossetti .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, OM, FRS (18 May 1872 - 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social critic and political activist. At various points in his life he considered himself a liberal, a socialist, and a pacifist, but he also admitted that he had never been any of these in any profound sense. He was born in Monmouthshire, into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in Britain.
Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 20th century. He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, colleague G. E. Moore, and his protégé Ludwig Wittgenstein. He is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. With A. N. Whitehead he wrote Principia Mathematica, an attempt to create a logical basis for mathematics. His philosophical essay "On Denoting" has been considered a "paradigm of philosophy". His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science (see type theory and type system), and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Russell was a prominent anti-war activist; he championed anti-imperialism and went to prison for his pacifism during World War I. Later, he campaigned against Adolf Hitler, then criticised Stalinist totalitarianism, attacked the involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. In 1950 Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought."

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell .

The Bertrand Russell archives are held at McMaster University. See: http://library.mcmaster.ca/archives/findaids/fonds/r/russell.htm .

Most likely author of "Lillian Duff" and "I. Lillias Trotter". President of the Young Women's Christian Association.
Died a spinster in The Old House, Upper Sheringham, Norfolk in 1930.

(from Wikipedia entry)

George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 - 2 November 1950) was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School of Economics. Although his first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, in which capacity he wrote many highly articulate pieces of journalism, his main talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays. He was also an essayist, novelist and short story writer. Nearly all his writings address prevailing social problems, but have a vein of comedy which makes their stark themes more palatable. Issues which engaged Shaw's attention included education, marriage, religion, government, health care, and class privilege.

He was most angered by what he perceived as the exploitation of the working class. An ardent socialist, Shaw wrote many brochures and speeches for the Fabian Society. He became an accomplished orator in the furtherance of its causes, which included gaining equal rights for men and women, alleviating abuses of the working class, rescinding private ownership of productive land, and promoting healthy lifestyles. For a short time he was active in local politics, serving on the London County Council.

In 1898, Shaw married Charlotte Payne-Townshend, a fellow Fabian, whom he survived. They settled in Ayot St Lawrence in a house now called Shaw's Corner. Shaw died there, aged 94, from chronic problems exacerbated by injuries he incurred by falling from a ladder.

He is the only person to have been awarded both a Nobel Prize in Literature (1925) and an Oscar (1938), for his contributions to literature and for his work on the film Pygmalion (adaptation of his play of the same name), respectively. Shaw wanted to refuse his Nobel Prize outright because he had no desire for public honours, but accepted it at his wife's behest: she considered it a tribute to Ireland. He did reject the monetary award, requesting it be used to finance translation of fellow playwright August Strindberg's works from Swedish to English.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henry Sidgwick (31 May 1838 - 28 August 1900) was an English utilitarian philosopher and economist. He was one of the founders and first president of the Society for Psychical Research, a member of the Metaphysical Society, and promoted the higher education of women. His work in economics has also had a lasting influence. He also founded Newnham College in Cambridge in 1875. Newnham College is a women-only constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England. It was the second Cambridge college to admit women after Girton College. The co-founder of the college was Millicent Garrett Fawcett. He joined the Cambridge Apostles intellectual secret society in 1856.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick .

(from Wikipedia entry)

Most likely Mary Amelia St. Clair. May Sinclair was the pseudonym of Mary Amelia St. Clair (24 August 1863 - 14 November 1946), a popular British writer who wrote about two dozen novels, short stories and poetry. She was an active suffragist, and member of the Woman Writers' Suffrage League. May Sinclair was also a significant critic, in the area of modernist poetry and prose and she is attributed with first using the term stream of consciousness) in a literary context, when reviewing the first volumes of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage (1915-67), in The Egoist, April 1918.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Sinclair .

(from Wikipedia entry)

William Robertson Smith FRSE (8 November 1846 - 31 March 1894) was a Scottish orientalist,Old Testament scholar, professor of divinity, and minister of the Free Church of Scotland. He was an editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica and contributor to the Encyclopaedia Biblica. He is also known for his book Religion of the Semites, which is considered a foundational text in the comparative study of religion. Smith was born in Aberdeenshire and demonstrated a quick intellect at an early age. He entered Aberdeen University at fifteen, before transferring to New College, Edinburgh, to train for the ministry, in 1866. After graduation he took up a chair in Hebrew at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1870. In 1875 he wrote a number of important articles on religious topics in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He became popularly known because of his trial for heresy in the 1870s, following the publication of an article in the Encyclopædia Britannica.

Smith's articles approached religious topics without endorsing the Bible as literally true. The result was a furore in the Free Church of Scotland, of which he was a member. As a result of the heresy trial, he lost his position at the Aberdeen Free Church College in 1881 and took up a position as a reader in Arabic at the University of Cambridge, where he eventually rose to the position of University Librarian, Professor of Arabic and a fellow of Christ's College. It was during this time that he wrote The Old Testament in the Jewish Church (1881) and The Prophets of Israel (1882), which were intended to be theological treatises for the lay audience.

In 1887 Smith became the editor of the Encyclopædia Britannica after the death of his employer Thomas Spencer Baynes left the position vacant. In 1889 he wrote his most important work, Religion of the Semites, an account of ancient Jewish religious life which pioneered the use of sociology in the analysis of religious phenomena. He was Professor of Arabic there with the full title 'Sir Thomas Adams Professor of Arabic' (1889-1894). He died in 1894 of tuberculosis.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith .

Most likely Rev. Simon Stephen (1865-1946) who was the vicar of Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire from 1904 to 1946.
He may have also published in 1909 an Arabic translation of John Wordsworth's "
Some Points in the Teaching of the Church of England, set forth for the Information of Orthodox Christians
of the East in the form of an answer to questions."
For more information see: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/stephen/stephen.html .

Rev. Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart (9 July 1856 - 28 February 1932) was the son of Sir Michael Robert Shaw-Stewart of Greenock and Blackhall, and Lady Octavia Grosvenor. He married Ida Fannie Caroline Afken (daughter of H.W. Afken) on 2 January 1890. They had two children, Una and Katherine. He graduate from Christ Church, Oxford with an MA in 1882, and after holding various curacies from 1880-1892 settled as rector at Cowden, Kent.

Also mentioned that a C. R. Shaw Steward of Coventry was involved in the Walsall and District Gospel Temperance Union.

Listed in The Harrow School Register (1801-1893) as Charles Robert Shaw-Stewart, son of Sir Michael R. Shaw-Stewart, 7th baronet Ardgowan, Greenock, N.B.
received his BA 1880, MA 1882, held various curacies from 1880-1892 and current vicar of Temple Balsall (1892).

Author of several articles published in Hibbert Journal

(from Wikipedia entry)

James Sully (3 March 1842 - 1 November 1923) was an English psychologist.

He was born at Bridgwater, the son of J.W. Sully, a merchant and colliery owner. He was educated at the Independent College, Taunton, the Regent's Park College, University of Göttingen, where he studied under Lotze, and at Humboldt University, Berlin where he studied under DuBois-Reymond and Helmholtz. Originally destined for the Nonconformist ministry and in 1869 he became classical tutor at the Baptist College, Pontypool. In 1871 he adopted a literary and philosophic career. He was Grote professor of the philosophy of mind and logic at University College, London, from 1892 to 1903, when he was succeeded by Carveth Read. An adherent of the associationist school of psychology, his views had great affinity with those of Alexander Bain. He wrote monographs on subjects such as pessimism, and psychology textbooks, some of the first in English, including The Human Mind (1892). His 1881 Ilusions was commended by Freud and Wundt.

Sully opened an experimental psychology laboratory at University College London in January 1889. In 1901 he was one of the founder members of the British Psychological Society and in fact called the meeting at which the Society was formed.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sully .

(from Wikipedia entry and ODNB article by M. K. C. MacMahon)
Henry Sweet (15 September 1845 – 30 April 1912) was an English philologist, phonetician and grammarian.

As a philologist, he specialized in the Germanic languages, particularly Old English and Old Norse. In addition, Sweet published works on larger issues of phonetics and grammar in language and the teaching of languages. Many of his ideas have remained influential, and a number of his works continue to be in print, being used as course texts at colleges and universities.

Henry Sweet was born at 11 Mecklenburgh Street, London, the eldest of the three sons of George Sweet (1814–1879), a barrister, and his wife, Alice Nicholson (d. in or after 1879). On his father's side the family had connections with the west country, and on his mother's, with Scotland. He was educated at Bruce Castle School and King's College School, London. In 1864, he spent a short time studying at the Heidelberg University. Upon his return to England, he took up an office job with a trading company in London. Five years later, aged twenty-four, he won a scholarship in German and entered Balliol College in Oxford.

Sweet neglected his formal academic coursework, concentrating instead on pursuing excellence in his private studies. Early recognition came in his first year at Oxford, when the prestigious Philological Society (whose President he was destined to become later on) published a paper of his on Old English. In 1871, still an undergraduate, he edited King Alfred's translation of the Cura Pastoralis for the Early English Text Society (King Alfred's West-Saxon Version of Gregory's Pastoral Care: With an English Translation, the Latin Text, Notes, and an Introduction), his commentary establishing the foundation for Old English dialectology. He graduated, nearly thirty years old, with a fourth-class degree in literae humaniores. Subsequent works on Old English included An Anglo-Saxon Reader (1876), The Oldest English Texts (1885) and A Student's Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon (1896).

Sweet, like his contemporary Walter Skeat, felt under particular pressure from German scholars in English studies who, often state-employed, tenured, and accompanied by their comitatus of eager graduate students, "annexed" the historical study of English. Dismayed by the "swarms of young program-mongers turned out out every year by German universities," he felt that "no English dilettante can hope to compete with them—except by Germanizing himself and losing all his nationality."

In 1877, Sweet published A Handbook of Phonetics, which attracted international attention among scholars and teachers of English in Europe. He followed up with the Elementarbuch des gesprochenen Englisch (1885), which was subsequently adapted as A Primer of Spoken English (1890). This included the first scientific description of educated London speech, later known as received pronunciation, with specimens of connected speech represented in phonetic script. In addition, he developed a version of shorthand called Current Shorthand, which had both orthographic and phonetic modes. His emphasis on spoken language and phonetics made him a pioneer in language teaching, a subject which he covered in detail in The Practical Study of Languages (1899). In 1901, Sweet was made reader in phonetics at Oxford. The Sounds of English (1908) was his last book on English pronunciation.

Other books by Sweet include An Icelandic Primer with Grammar, Notes and Glossary (1886), The History of Language (1900), and a number of other works he edited for the Early English Text Society. Sweet was also closely involved in the early history of the Oxford English Dictionary.

Despite the recognition he received for his scholarly work, Sweet never received a university professorship, a fact that disturbed him greatly; he had done poorly as a student at Oxford, he had annoyed many people through bluntness, and he failed to make every effort to gather official support. His relationship with the Oxford University Press was often strained.

Sweet died on 30 April 1912 in Oxford, of pernicious anemia; he left no children.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sweet or Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

(from Wikipedia entry and ODNB)

Sir Donald Francis Tovey (17 July 1875 – 10 July 1940) was a British musical analyst, musicologist, writer on music, composer, conductor and pianist. He had been best known for his Essays in Musical Analysis and his editions of works by Bach and Beethoven, but since the 1990s his compositions (relatively small in number but substantial in musical content) have been recorded and performed with increasing frequency. The recordings have mostly been well received by reviewers.
Tovey began to study the piano and compose at an early age. He eventually studied composition with Hubert Parry.

He became a close friend of eminent violinist, and friend of Brahms, Joseph Joachim, and played piano with the Joachim Quartet in a 1905 performance of perhaps Brahms's most highly regarded chamber work, the F minor Piano Quintet, Op. 34. He gained moderate fame as a composer, to the point of having his works performed in Berlin and Vienna as well as in London. He performed his own Piano Concerto under Sir Henry Wood in 1903, and under Hans Richter in 1906. During this period he also contributed heavily to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, writing many of the articles on music of the 18th and 19th centuries.

In 1914 he began to teach music at the University of Edinburgh, succeeding Frederick Niecks as Reid Professor of Music; there he founded the Reid Orchestra. For their concerts he wrote a series of programme notes, many of which were eventually collected into the books for which he is now best known, the Essays in Musical Analysis.

As he devoted more and more time to the Reid Orchestra, to writing essays and commentaries and to editing his editions of Bach and Beethoven, Tovey composed and performed less often later in life; but the few major pieces he did complete in his latter years are on a large scale, such as his Symphony of 1913 and the Cello Concerto completed in 1935 for his longtime friend Pablo Casals, of Mahlerian length. He also wrote an opera, The Bride of Dionysus. In illustrated radio talks recorded in his last few years, his playing is severely affected by a problem with one of his hands.

Tovey made several editions of other composers' music, including a 1931 completion of Bach's Die Kunst der Fuge (The Art of Fugue). His edition of the 48 Preludes and Fugues of Bach's The Well-Tempered Clavier, in two volumes (Vol. 1, March 1924; Vol. 2, June 1924), with fingerings by Harold Samuel, for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, has been reprinted continually ever since. His completion of the (presumed) final unfinished fugue in The Art of Fugue has nothing of pastiche about it, and in fact has often been recorded as the final piece of the set.

Tovey married Margaret Cameron, the daughter of a Scottish painter, on 22 April 1916, but it was not a happy marriage. The couple adopted a baby boy in 1919 but divorced in 1922. Tovey would later marry Clara Georgina Wallace (ca. 1875-1944) on 29 December 1925.

He was knighted in 1935, reportedly on the recommendation of Sir Edward Elgar, who greatly admired Tovey's edition of Bach.

He died in 1940 in Edinburgh. His archive, including scores, letters, handwritten programme notes and annotations in the scores of others, is housed in the Special Collections Unit of the University of Edinburgh library. In 2009 Richard Witts created a simple catalogue of the archival material available from the University on-line.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tovey and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Walter George Woolcombe (b. 1856?) is the author of "Practical work in general physics for use in schools and colleges." Published by Clarendon Press in 1894, and "Practical Work in Heat." published by MacMillan. Previously a member of the Linnean Society of London (departure noted in May 24, 1888 meeting notes) and listed as a new member of the Physical Society at the meeting notes of 10 December 1881. May have been associated with Oxford University Press.

Sara Woods, mystery and crime writer, is the nom de plume of Lana Bowen-Judd, born in 1922 in Bradford, Yorkshire, England and educated at Convent of Sacred Heart in Filey, Yorkshire. During the Second World War, she worked in a bank and as a solicitor's clerk in London, England. Following her marriage to Anthony George Bowen-Judd on April 25, 1946, she worked alongside her husband as a pig breeder from 1948 to 1954. In 1957, they emigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia where Woods worked as registrar of St. Mary's University until 1964. She published her first novel, 'Bloody Instructions' in 1962, and between 1962 and 1985 wrote fifty-three mystery novels most of which were published in the United Kingdom and the United States. Only 'Call Back Yesterday' (1983) was published in Canada. In addition to publishing as Sara Woods, she also published under the names of Anne Burton, Mary Challis and Margaret Leek. She was a member of the Society of Authors (England), the Authors League of America, the Mystery Writers of America and the Crime Writers Association (England). She also helped found Crime Writers of Canada and served on its first executive committee. Her final home was Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario where she lived with her husband from 1981 until her death in 1985.

Humphry Ward (1845–1926), son of the Rev. Henry Ward and Jane Sandwith. Married Mary Augusta [known as Mrs Humphry Ward] on April 6, 1872. Following the success of his anthology The English Poets in 1879, Humphry Ward resolved to give up academic life. He took a position on The Times in January 1881, and a year later became the newspaper's principal art critic and occasional leader writer.

(from Wikipedia and ODNB)

Edvard Alexander Westermarck (20 November 1862 – 3 September 1939) was a Finnish philosopher and sociologist. Among other subjects, he studied exogamy and the incest taboo.

The phenomenon of reverse sexual imprinting is when two people live in close domestic proximity during the first few years in the life of either one, and both become desensitised to sexual attraction, now known as the Westermarck effect, was first formally described by him in his book The History of Human Marriage (1891).

He has been described as "first Darwinian sociologist" or "the first sociobiologist".
He helped found academic sociology in the United Kingdom, becoming the first professor of sociology (with Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse) in 1907 in the University of London.

In the UK, his name is often spelled Edward. His sister, Helena Westermarck, was a writer and artist.

His published works include:
1891: The History of Human Marriage. 3 Vol, Macmillan, London.
1906: The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas. 2 Vol, MacMillan, London
1907: Siveys ja kristinusko: Esitelmä. Ylioppilasyhdistys Prometheus, Helsinki.
1914: Marriage Ceremonies in Morocco. Macmillan, London.
1919: Tapojen historiaa: Kuusi akadeemista esitelmää: Pitänyt Turussa syksyllä 1911 Edward Westermarck. 2nd edition. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, Helsinki.
1926: Ritual and Belief in Morocco. 2 Vol.
1926: A short History of Human Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1930: Wit and Wisdom in Morocco. Routledge, London.
1932: Ethical Relativity.
1932: Avioliiton historia. WSOY, Helsinki.
1932: Early Beliefs and Their Social Influence. London: Macmillan.
1933: Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation. London: Macmillan.
1933: Moraalin synty ja kehitys. WSOY, Helsinki.
1934: Three Essays on Sex and Marriage. Macmillan, London.
1934: Freuds teori on Oedipuskomplexen i sociologisk belysning. Vetenskap och bildning, 45. Bonnier, Stockholm.
1936: The future of Marriage in Western Civilisation. Macmillan, London.
1937: "Forward" in The Wandering Spirit: A Study of Human Migration. Macmillan, London
1939: Kristinusko ja moraali (Christianity and Morals). Otava, Helsinki.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Ellen Seligman was a Canadian publisher and literary editor.
Seligman was the editor for many of Canada's leading fiction writers and poets, including: Margaret Atwood, Leonard Cohen, Elizabeth Hay, Anne Michaels, Rohinton Mistry, Michael Ondaatje, Jane Urquhart, Guy Vanderhaeghe, Peter Robinson, Sheila Watson, Irving Layton, Peter Lang and many more. Of the titles she edited, twenty three went on to win Governor General's Awards, six won the Scotiabank Giller Prize and four won the Man Booker Prize. She was also published the work of Nobel Prize winner Alice Munro.
She began her career in publishing in New York City, later joining McClelland and Stewart in 1977 as a senior editor. She was later promoted in to Editorial Director (Fiction) in 1987, and later Publisher (Fiction) and Vice President of the firm in 2000. She later became Senior Vice President and continued to direct the company's fiction publishing after the firm was bought by Random House (now Penguin Random House Canada).
She was the recipient of numerous awards that recognized her skill as an editor and her commitment to Canadian literature and poetry. She was made a member of the Order of Ontario in 2008 and the Order of Canada in 2009.
Seligman died 25 March 2016.

Lady Victoria Welby (1837-1912) was a philosopher, author and prolific correspondent.
She was the daughter of Charles Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie (second son of James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe), MP for Bossiney (1830-1832) and Emmeline Manners (daughter of John Manners, 5th Baron of Rutland and Lady Elizabeth Howard the daughter of the Earl of Carlisle), poet, traveller and editor of the annual "Keepsake" in 1837. Following the death of her father in 1844 and her brother Adelbert in 1847, Victoria accompanied her mother Emmeline on a series of travels throughout Europe, North and South America and the Middle East. As a result she did not receive a formal education typical of young girls of her class, although she did publish a travel memoir in 1852,"A Young Traveller's Journal of a Tour in North and South America During the Year 1850" (T. Bosworth, 1852).

During a trip through the Ottoman Empire, Victoria's mother died of dysentery en route from Antioch to Beruit, leaving Victoria orphaned and stranded. Upon her return to England, Victoria lived with her grandfather, the Duke of Rutland, later becoming a member of the household of the Duchess of Kent, Queen Victoria's mother. She would later serve as a maid of honour to Queen Victoria, her godmother.

In 1863, Victoria married William Welby-Gregory, MP for Grantham (son of Glynne Earle Welby-Gregory and Frances Cholmeley). They resided at Grantham in Lincolnshire. The couple had three children: Victor (1864-1876), Charles (1865-1938) and Emmeline (1867-1955), known as "Nina."

Starting at around 1863, Welby began building up a social network with leading thinkers, scientists, psychologists and other public figures. This coincided with a rigorous schedule of self-education after her marriage, begun at the encouragement of her husband. The Welby home was the site of many visits and gatherings of learned men throughout her lifetime. Accompanying this was Welby's robust correspondence with many leading philosophers, psychologists, theologians, novelists, scientists, mathematicians, artists and poets. She had notable exchanges with such figures as Charles Peirce, Francis Galton, C.K. Ogden, Mrs. W.K. (Lucy) Clifford, James Sully, Friedrich Max Müller, Sir Oliver Lodge, Peter Lang, Julia Wedgwood, Rev. Edward Stuart Talbot and others. In addition to being a member of the Aristotelian Society of London as well as the Sociological Society of Great Britain, there is evidence that Welby was involved in intellectual debates developed by members of the Society for Psychical Research.

Welby was heavily involved in the founding of the School of Art Needlework (later known as the Royal School of Needlework) which was founded in 1872 on Sloan Street in London, initially employing 20 women.

Starting in 1872, Welby began publishing essays and pamphlets, anonymously or in in collaboration with others. These works are frequently only attributed to "V.W." The topics focused on motherhood, Christian theology, scripture or spiritual matters. In the 1880s she published a number of essays, poems, and copies of her public addresses through W. Clarke, a local printer in Grantham. These works reflected her reading on theological matters, and culminated with an edition of essays published in 1881 (a second edition in 1883) titled "Links and Clues." She also published articles and poems in publications such as "Nineteenth Century."

Welby's intellectual focus shifts in the 1890s to issues of mental evolution, psychology and eugenics, privately printing her work for distribution through her correspondence and also publishing in periodicals such as "Monist" and "Mind." In 1893 she introduces the term "sensifics" to designate her theory of meaning. She would later replace this term with "significs." In 1896 she sponsored "The Welby Prize" for best essay on the critique of philosophical and psychological terminology based on a "significal perspective."

In 1897 she published "Grains of Sense" a collection of her 'essaylets', parables, satires and aphorisms that formed what Susan Petrilli has called "an appeal to scholars to adopt a more scientific approach to all areas of study and research, for the improvement of our powers of interpretation, ultimately of human thought and action. (Petrilli,98).

In October 1900 she delivered a series of lectures on significs at Oxford University and in 1902 James M. Baldwin's "Dictionary of Philosophy and Psychology in Three Volumes" features entries on "Translation" and "Significs" written or co-written by Welby. This was the first official recognition of her new approach to the study of sign, meaning and understanding. She would later publish "What is meaning? Studies in the Development of Significance" with Jonathan Cape in 1903. The 1911 edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica would also feature an entry on "Significs" written by Welby.

In 1903 she visited pragmatists Giovanni Vailati and Mario Calderoni in Italy. In the same year she was a founding member of the Sociological Society of Great Britain.

In 1911 Welby also published "Significs and Language: the Articulate Form of Our Expressive and Interpretative Resources" (MacMillan). A companion volume of collected essays edited by George F. Stout and John W. Slaughter was planned but never published.

In January 1912 Welby suffered from partial aphasia and paralysis. She died at the age of 74 on 29 March 1912.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick, (née Balfour; 11 March 1845 - 10 February 1936) was an activist for the higher education of women, Principal of Newnham College of the University of Cambridge and a leading figure in the Society for Psychical Research. was a member of the Ladies Dining Society in Cambridge, with 11 other members. Most of her writings related to Psychical Research, and are contained in the Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research. However, some related to educational matters, and a couple of essays dealt with the morality of international affairs. Eleanor Mildred Balfour was born in East Lothian, daughter of James Maitland Balfour and Lady Blanche Harriet. She was born into perhaps the most prominent political clan in nineteenth-century Britain, the 'Hotel Cecil': her brother Arthur would eventually himself become prime minister. Another brother, Frank, a biologist, died young in a climbing accident.

One of the first students at Newnham College in Cambridge, in 1876 she married (and became converted to feminism by) the philosopher Henry Sidgwick. In 1880 she became Vice-Principal of Newnham under the founding Principal Anne Clough, succeeding as Principal on Miss Clough's death in 1892. She and her husband resided there until 1900, the year of Henry Sidgwick's death. In 1894 Mrs Sidgwick was one of the first three women to serve on a royal commission, the Bryce commission on Secondary Education.

As a young woman, Eleanor had helped Rayleigh improve the accuracy of experimental measurement of electrical resistance; she subsequently turned her careful experimental mind to the question of testing the veracity of claims for psychical phenomena. She was elected President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1908 and named 'president of honour' in 1932.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Mildred_Sidgwick .

Joseph Barber Lightfoot (13 April 1828 - 21 December 1889), known as J. B. Lightfoot, was an English theologian and Bishop of Durham. Lightfoot was born in Liverpool, where his father was an accountant. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, under James Prince Lee. His contemporaries included Brooke Foss Westcott and Edward White Benson. In 1847 Lightfoot went to Trinity College, Cambridge, and read for his degree along with Westcott. He graduated senior classic and 30th wrangler, and was elected a fellow of his college. From 1854 to 1859 he edited the Journal of Classical and Sacred Philology. In 1857 he became tutor and his fame as a scholar grew. He was made Hulsean professor in 1861, and shortly afterwards chaplain to the Prince Consort and honorary chaplain in ordinary to Queen Victoria.

In 1866 he was Whitehall preacher, and in 1871 he became canon of St Paul's Cathedral. The Times wrote after his death that:

"It was always patent that what he was chiefly concerned with was the substance and the life of Christian truth, and that his whole energies were employed in this inquiry because his whole heart was engaged in the truths and facts which were at stake."

In 1875 Lightfoot became Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity in succession to William Selwyn. In 1879 he was consecrated bishop of Durham in succession to Charles Baring. He soon surrounded himself with a band of scholarly young men.

Lightfoot was never married. He died at Bournemouth and was succeeded in the episcopate by Westcott, his schoolfellow and lifelong friend. He served as President of the first day of the 1880 Co-operative Congress. Lightfoot wrote commentaries on the Epistle to the Galatians (1865), Epistle to Philippians (1868) and Epistle to the Colossians (1875). In 1874, the anonymous publication of Supernatural Religion, a work speculated by some to be authored by Walter Richard Cassels, attracted attention. In a series of papers in the Contemporary Review, between December 1874 and May 1877, Lightfoot undertook the defense of the New Testament canon. The articles were published in collected form in 1889. About the same time he was engaged in contributions to William Smith's Dictionary of Christian Biography and Dictionary of the Bible, and he also joined the committee for revising the translation of the New Testament.

The corpus of Lightfoot's writings include essays on biblical and historical subject matter, commentaries on Pauline epistles, and studies on the Apostolic Fathers. His sermons were posthumously published in four official volumes, and additionally in the Contemporary Pulpit Library series. At Durham he continued to work at his editions of the Apostolic Fathers, and in 1885 published an edition of the Epistles of Ignatius and Polycarp, collecting also materials for a second edition of Clement of Rome, which was published after his death (1st ed., 1869). He defended the authenticity of the Epistles of Ignatius.

Andrew Lang (31 March 1844 - 20 July 1912) was a Scots poet, novelist, literary critic, and contributor to the field of anthropology. He is best known as a collector of folk and fairy tales. The Andrew Lang lectures at the University of St Andrews are named after him. Lang was born in Selkirk. He was the eldest of the eight children born to John Lang, the town clerk of Selkirk, and his wife Jane Plenderleath Sellar, who was the daughter of Patrick Sellar, factor to the first duke of Sutherland. On 17 April 1875 he married Leonora Blanche Alleyne, youngest daughter of C. T. Alleyne of Clifton and Barbados. She was (or should have been) variously credited as author, collaborator, and/or translator of Lang's Color/Rainbow Fairy Books he edited.

He was educated at Selkirk Grammar School, Loretto, and at the Edinburgh Academy, St Andrews University and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he took a first class in the final classical schools in 1868, becoming a fellow and subsequently honorary fellow of Merton College. As a journalist, poet, critic and historian, he soon made a reputation as one of the most able and versatile writers of the day. In 1906 he was elected FBA.

He died of angina pectoris at the Tor-na-Coille Hotel in Banchory, Banchory, survived by his wife. He was buried in the cathedral precincts at St Andrews. Lang is now chiefly known for his publications on folklore, mythology, and religion. The interest in folklore was from early life; he read John Ferguson McLennan before coming to Oxford, and then was influenced by E. B. Tylor. Lang was one of the founders of "psychical research" and his other writings on anthropology include The Book of Dreams and Ghosts (1897), Magic and Religion (1901) and The Secret of the Totem (1905). He served as President of the Society for Psychical Research in 1911.He collaborated with S. H. Butcher in a prose translation (1879) of Homer's Odyssey, and with E. Myers and Walter Leaf in a prose version (1883) of the Iliad, both still noted for their archaic but attractive style. He was a Homeric scholar of conservative views. Other works include Homer And The Study Of Greek found in Essays In Little (1891), Homer and the Epic (1893); a prose translation of The Homeric Hymns (1899), with literary and mythological essays in which he draws parallels between Greek myths and other mythologies; and Homer and his Age (1906). Lang's writings on Scottish history are characterised by a scholarly care for detail, a piquant literary style, and a gift for disentangling complicated questions. The Mystery of Mary Stuart (1901) was a consideration of the fresh light thrown on Mary, Queen of Scots, by the Lennox manuscripts in the University Library, Cambridge, approving of her and criticising her accusers. Lang's earliest publication was a volume of metrical experiments, The Ballads and Lyrics of Old France (1872), and this was followed at intervals by other volumes of dainty verse, Ballades in Blue China (1880, enlarged edition, 1888), Ballads and Verses Vain (1884), selected by Mr Austin Dobson; Rhymes

F.R. Leavis was an influential British literary critic. He taught for most of his career at the University of Cambridge.

Ivor Armstrong Richards was an influential British literary critic and rhetorician.

Kurt Lewin was a German-American psychologist and pioneer in the fields of social, organizational and applied psychology.

B.F. Skinner was an influential American psychologist, behaviourist, and social philosopher.

Eric Lansdown Trist (September 11, 1909 – June 4, 1993) was an influential British theorist in the fields of psychology and organizational development. Trist was born to a British Naval Officer and Scottish mother in Dover, England, where he spent his early life. After completing his primary school education at the Dover County School in 1928, Trist read English Literature and Psychology at the University of Cambridge. While there, he studied under psychologist Sir Frederick Bartlett and influential British literary critics, F.R. Leavis and I.A. Richards, and was heavily influenced by the ideas of Kurt Lewin, whom he later met on more than one occasion. Trist graduated from Cambridge in 1933, whereupon he became the Commonwealth Fund Fellow in Social Psychology and Anthropology at Yale University until 1935. From 1935-1940, Trist was a member of the department of Psychology at the University of St. Andrew's, Scotland. During the war, he worked as a psychologist and researcher at the Institute of Psychiatry at Mill Hill Emergency Hospital, University of London, and as a senior psychologist with the War Office Selection Board. This led to a post-war position advising the British Army's Civil Resettlement Scheme for British repatriated prisoners of war. For this work, Trist was designated an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE).

In 1946, Trist helped launch the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, a British charity dedicated to research in organizational and group behaviour. He acted as the Institute's Deputy-Chair until 1958 and as Chair from 1958 to 1966. From 1960 to 1961, Trist was a Ford Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University. In 1966, he became professor of organizational behaviour and social ecology at the University of California Los Angeles, a post he held until 1969. At this time, he joined the faculty at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, as professor of organizational behaviour and social ecology, a position from which he retired to Emeritus status in 1978. Following this, Trist became a professor in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University, again teaching organizational development and social ecology. In 1979, Trist was named a Fellow of the International Academy of Management. In 1983, he was awarded an honourary LLD from York University. He retired from academia in 1985.

During his career, Trist authored and co-authored numerous works in the social sciences, including Organizational Choice: Capabilities of Groups at the Coal Face Under Changing Technologies (Tavistock, 1963) and Towards a Social Ecology (with Fred Emery, Plenum Press, 1973). He was co-editor (with Hugh Murray) of The Social Engagement of Social Science: A Tavistock Anthology (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990).

(from Wikipedia entry)

Gertrude Jekyll (/ˈdʒiːkəl/ jee-kəl; 29 November 1843 - 8 December 1932) was an influential British horticulturist, garden designer, artist and writer. She created over 400 gardens in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States, and wrote over 1,000 articles for magazines such as Country Life and William Robinson's The Garden.
Jekyll has been described as "a premier influence in garden design" by English and American gardening enthusiasts.

For more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Jekyll .

(based on ODNB entry by Norman Vance)

Frances "Fanny" Eliza Grenfell was born in 1814, the daughter of Pascoe Grenfell, MP for Great Marlow, and his second wife, Georgiana St Leger.
Fanny was educated privately and in the mid 1830s she lived with three of her religious, unmarried sisters. The group was attracted the Catholic revival within the Church of England and were involved in joining an Anglican sisterhood, similar to Puseyite Park Village (established in 1845).
On July 6, 1839 Fanny met Charles Kingsley (1819-1875), a Cambridge undergraduate. The two began a protracted courtship, which the Grenfell family strongly disapproved of. Fanny introduced Kingsley to writers such as Coleridge, Carlyle, and F. D. Maurice and exercised a strong influence of his subsequent career in the Anglican Church. The two were finally married on 10 January 1844.

The couple settled in Hampshire, where Charles Kingsley took up the curacy of Eversley. The couple had four children and Fanny was heavily involved in her husband's parish work.
Following Charles' death, Fanny took up the writing and editing of his correspondence, publishing "Charles Kingsley: his Letters and Memoir of his Life" in 1877, as well as four volumes of his selected writings.
She died on 12 December 1891.

For more information, see Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry by Norman Vance. Available at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47583.

Larry Weinstein is a director, producer and writer. He is one of the founding members of Rhombus Media Inc., a production company based in Toronto. Weinstein specializes in film and television related to music and music history. He has directed and produced such films as All That Bach (1985), Making Overtures (1985), Greta Kraus (ca. 1985), Ravel (1987), Eternal Earth,( 1987), For the Whales (1989), The Radical Romantic: John Weinzweig (1990), Noches on los jardines de Espana (1990), Life and Death of Manuel de Falla (1991), My War Years: Arnold Schoenberg (1992), Weinzeig's World (1992), El retablo de Maese Pedro (1992), Concierto de Aranjuez (1993), Shadows and Light (1993), Concerto! (1993), The Music of Kurt Weill - September Songs (an episode of Great Performances broadcast in 1994), Satie and Suzanne (1994), Solidarity Song: The Hanns Eisler Story (1995), Hong Kong Symphony (1997), The War Symphonies: Shostakovich Against Stalin (1997), Tuscan Skies: Andrea Bocelli (2001), Ravel's Brain (2001), Toothpaste (2002), Stormy Weather: The Music of Harold Arlen (2003),Beethoven's Hair (2005), Burnt Toast (2005, Mozartballs (2006), Toscanini in His Own Words (2009), Inside Hana's Suitcase (2009), Devil's Delight, God's Wrath (2011), Mulroney: The Opera (2011), Wrath (2011), and Our Man in Tehran (2013).

Weinstein has received numerous awards throughout his career, including Gemini awards for Beethoven's Hair (Best Direction in a Performing Arts Program or Series, 2005) and September Songs: the Music of Kurt Weill (Best Music, Variety Program or Series, with Niv Fichman, 1997). His 1985 film Making Overtures: The Story of a Community Orchestra was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. In 1998, Weinstein and other Rhombus Media principals, Niv Fichman, Barbara Willis Sweete, and Sheena MacDonald, were granted honorary doctorates from York University.

Janice Kulyk Keefer (1952-), writer, critic and scholar, was born in Toronto, Ontario and educated at the University of Toronto where she received a BA in English literature in 1974, and the University of Sussex where she received a MA in modern literature in 1976 and a PhD in English literature in 1983. She has been a professor of literature and creative writing at the University of Guelph since 1990, is the author of over ten books and has written in numerous genres including poetry, short and long fiction, non-fiction and children's literature. Her writing has won or been nominated for several awards including awards by the CBC Radio Literary Competition and the National Magazine Award Foundation. Her collection of short stories entitled "Travelling Ladies" was nominated for the Commonwealth Writers' Prize, Canada and Caribbean in 1991. Her novel "The Green Library" and her study of Canadian fiction from the Maritimes entitled "Under Eastern Eyes" were both nominated for Governor-General's Awards. She was the recipient of the Marian Engel Award for her body of work in 1999, and she was awarded the Kobzar Literary Award for her novel "The Ladies' Lending Library" in 2008. Keefer is also the co-editor of the anthologies "Two Lands, New Visions: Stories from Canada and Ukraine" and "Precarious Present / Promising Future?: Ethnicity and Identities in Canadian Literature". Her work has also appeared in numerous journals and anthologies.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Henrietta Blanche Stanley (30 July 1830-5 January 1921) was second daughter of Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley, and Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley. Married David Ogilvy, Earl of Airlie 23 September 1851. They had two sons and four daughters: Lady Henrietta Blanche Ogilvy (1852-1925), Lady Clemintina Gertrude Helen Ogilvy (1854-1932), Lt. Col. David Stanley William Ogilvy, 6th Earl of Airlie (1856-1900), Lady Maude Josepha Ogilvy (1859-1933), Hon. Lyulph Gilchrist Stanley Ogilvy (1861-1947) and Lady Griselda Johanna Helen Ogilvy (1856-1934).
She died 5 January 1920.

Fore more information see Wikipedia entry at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogilvy,_10th_Earl_of_Airlie .

Harald Høffding (11 March 1843 - 2 July 1931) was a Danish philosopher and theologian.
Born and educated in Copenhagen, he became a schoolmaster, and ultimately in 1883 a professor at the University of Copenhagen. He was strongly influenced by Søren Kierkegaard in his early development, but later became a positivist, retaining and combining with it the spirit and method of practical psychology and the critical school.
The physicist Niels Bohr studied philosophy from and became a friend of Høffding.

Høffding died in Copenhagen.

Angelo Principe was born in Delianuova, Reggio Calabria, Italy on 10 July 1930. He immigrated to Canada in 1957, settling in Toronto. He was a newspaper editor, a union activist, a member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), a supporter of the Waffle movement, an instructor of Italian culture, and a researcher of Italian Canadian social history. While working as a sales representative for Tre Stelle Cheese, Principe contributed to various Italian Canadian newspapers in the 1960s and was a founding editor of the Italian Canadian newspaper, Forze Nuove which was published from 1972 to 1982. He was a key figure in the Italian community in Toronto in the 1970s and 1980s for his support of various unions and political organizations, including the Associazione Democratica Italo-Canadese (ADI), which was the Italian wing of the NDP. Principe unsuccessfully ran in the riding of Davenport during the provincial election of 1972. Principe earned a B.A. in 1972, an M.A. in 1975, and a Ph.D. in 1989, all from the University of Toronto (U of T). He was an instructor of Italian culture at both U of T and York University and is now retired. Principe researched various aspects of Italian Canadian history and culture, publishing two books and many essays in both Italian and English publications.

(from Wikipedia entry)

Manuel was born to Maria and Rainbow in 1921, on the Secwepemc territory of the Shuswap people. Maria later married Louie Manuel and George took his last name. He was first educated at the Kamloops Indian Residential School, but contracted tuberculosis and was transferred to an Indian TB hospital on an Indian reservation near Chilliwack, British Columbia. It was there that Manuel met the woman who would become his first wife, Marceline Paul, a Kootenai woman from St. Mary's Indian Band. Together Manuel and Paul would have six children.

Unfortunately, Manuel's developing responsibilities as a political leader began to be a growing strain on his marriage. He was elected chief of the Neskonlith Indian Band. In 1959, following the death of his mentor Andy Paull, Manuel was elected head of the North American Indian Brotherhood. Soon after, he and Marceline separated. Not long after this, the federal Department of Indian Affairs hired Manuel for a position with the Cowichan Tribes government at Duncan. Manuel worked as a Community Development Officer, and increased the awareness of problems and conditions the Cowichan people were experiencing.

Manuel moved on from this position to a role with the Alberta Brotherhood, and developed a strong working relationship with the Cree political leader Harold Cardinal. Manuel networked extensively with chiefs across Canada during his time with the Alberta Brotherhood. Eventually Cardinal approached him to run for the position of national chief of the newly created National Indian Brotherhood, a body that would represent almost 250,000 Indians. After some time the National Indian Brotherhood would rename itself as the Assembly of First Nations, and Manuel would serve as its national chief from 1970 to 1976.

Building on this experience, in 1975 Manuel helped found and became the president of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples, a position he kept until 1981. In this role he travelled internationally, meeting with and advocating for the indigenous people of nations like Argentina, Chile, and Peru. This work was inspired by his thinking on the impact of successive waves of European expansion on Indigenous societies, a group he termed "the Fourth World." Manuel wrote a book expanding on this idea, co-written with Michael Posluns, which was published in 1975.

George Manuel was President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs[3] from 1979 to 1981, where he continued to inspire many into action. He developed the Aboriginal Rights Position Paper and organized what came to be regarded as one of the UBCIC's most ambitious projects – the Indian Constitutional Express. Under his leadership, the UBCIC worked hard to fulfil its mandate to the people. Under his leadership, the UBCIC grew in esteem of indigenous people for whom it was created and gained stature in the eyes of the general public. His legacy lives on at the UBCIC today.

Manuel was honoured several times for his lifetime of work representing both First Nations peoples in Canada and indigenous peoples worldwide. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, and was repeatedly recognized for his international work with the World Council of Indigenous Peoples. In 1983 he received an honorary degree from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. In 1984, Manuel and Dr. Rudolph C. Ryser formed the Center for World Indigenous Studies.

His sons Robert Manuel and Arthur Manuel became active in indigenous politics.

His eldest daughter Vera Manuel became an internationally known playwright, and poet, as well as a highly respected leader in the community.

For more information, see Wikipedia entry at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Manuel .

(from Trent University Archives fonds-level description)
The Canadian Association in Support of Native Peoples is an association of natives and non-natives in support of natives. It was originally established in 1957 under the name of the National Commission on the Indian Canadian and was a non-native organization created to study the "Indian problem". The first chairman of the Commission was Mrs. W.H. Clark. By February 1958 it had become apparent that the problems of the native peoples were much more complex than first anticipated, and it was decided to involve aboriginal peoples in the Commission to help find viable solutions. In 1960, the Indian-Eskimo Association (I.E.A.) was incorporated, with Mrs. Clark as the first president. The I.E.A. had several functions which included encouraging native leaders to form organizations, fund-raising, organizing workshops to discuss native housing, community and economic development, and providing advice and support in legal matters. Also, provincial and regional divisions were created to help deal with specific native issues, not just native problems on a general level. By 1968, several national and provincial native organizations had come into being. In September of the same year, leaders of the native organizations met with representatives of the I.E.A. to discuss the future role of the Association. It was agreed that the native organizations still needed the I.E.A.'s support, but that they should begin to deal directly with governments, without the I.E.A. acting as the middleman. It was clear that the future of the I.E.A. was to provide only support and advice to the developing native organizations. In 1972, many of the recommendations made in 1968 had come into effect. The name was changed to the Canadian Association in Support of Native Peoples to reflect the new functions of the Association more accurately. At this time, regional offices of the Association were closed, and the head office moved from Toronto to Ottawa. The Association still continues to function in an advisory capacity.
For more information, see: http://www2.trentu.ca/library/archives/82-014.htm .

(from ANFC website)
The Friendship Centre Movement began in the mid-1950s when groups were formed in most urban areas across Canada to represent the interests of the increasing number of Indigenous peoples migrating from outlying reserves. These early Friendship Centres existed mainly as referral agencies between established social service organizations and urban Indigenous residents. Funding of these early centres was dependent on individual volunteers and their ability to raise operating funds though various fundraising events and private donations.

As the stream of new arrivals continued to grow throughout the 1960s, Friendship Centre staff became increasingly aware of the need to extend their services beyond a referral mandate. For this to be possible, increased organization and adequate funding for each Centre was necessary. To support this transition, in the late 1960s, Friendship Centres began organizing into Provincial/Territorial Associations (PTAs): unifying bodies aimed at providing administrative support to each of the local Friendship Centres within their specified region.

With the increased organization and supportive network that ensued from the creation of the PTAs, local Friendship Centres were able to expand their services beyond their referral mandate to concentrate on proactively encouraging and assisting Indigenous peoples to adjust and thrive more successfully in their new urban environment. With this refocus, both the public at large as well as Provincial and Federal governments began to recognize the viability and importance of the Friendship Centre Indigenous Self-Reliance Movement.

In 1972, the government of Canada’s support of the movement was formally recognized with her implementation of the Migrating Native Peoples Program (MNPP); providing operational funding to each of the then 40 Centres across Canada. The MNPP was renamed the Aboriginal Friendship Centre Program (AFCP) in 1988. The federal government’s commitment to supporting Friendship Centres has been ongoing with the renewal of the Aboriginal Friendship Centres Program. The AFCP program now provides core operational funding to 115 local Friendship Centres across Canada— 20 of which are located in communities throughout Alberta.

Videographer with 2009 Mariposa Folk Festival.

Videographer with 2009 Mariposa Folk Festival.

Hugh Ian Macdonald (1929- ) was born in Toronto, Ontario, and received his B.Comm. from the University of Toronto in 1952. He attended Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar, earning his M.A. there in 1954 and B.Phil. (Econ.) in 1955. He began teaching at the University of Toronto in 1955, and was made Assistant Professor of Economics in 1962. In 1965 Macdonald joined the Government of Ontario Department of Economics and Development as Chief Economist, becoming Deputy Treasurer in 1967, Deputy Minister of Treasury and Economics in 1968, and Deputy Treasurer and Deputy Minister of Economics and Intergovernmental Affairs in 1972. He left the provincial government to serve as President of York University from 1974 to 1984, and was later named President Emeritus. From 1984 to 1994 Macdonald was the Director of York International, which administered projects in Kenya and other countries and sought to widen York University's international involvement. He continued to work at York University as Professor of Public Policy and Economics and Director of the Master of Public Administration Program. Macdonald has served as president, chairman, director, or member of numerous organizations. He was Chairman of the Ontario Advisory Committee on Confederation from 1965 to 1971 and from 1977 to 1982, and Chairman of IDEA (Innovation Development for Employment Advancement) Corporation from 1982 to 1986. His many other positions in community service include President of the Couchiching Institute on Public Affairs, Chairman of Hockey Canada, Trustee of the Lewis Perinbam Award, Board Member of the International Association of Universities, Governor of York-Finch Hospital, President of the Ticker Club, President of the Empire Club of Canada, Director of Aetna Canada, President of the World University Service of Canada, Board member of the North-South Institute, Vice-Chairman of the Board of Theatre Plus, and member of the Economic Council of Canada. Macdonald was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Toronto in 1974. He was named Officer of the Order of Canada in 1977 and a Knight of Grace of the Order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem in 1978, and has received many other honours.

Edgar Wardwell McInnis was an educator, author and university administrator, who was born in Charlottetown, P. E. I. on July 26, 1899. McInnis took his first degree (B. A. 1923) at the University of Toronto, after serving in the Canadian Heavy Artillery in the First World War. He was a Rhodes Scholar and he received further degrees in History from Oxford University (B.A. 1926, M.A. 1930), where he won the Newdigate Prize for English Verse. McInnis taught at Oberlin College, Ohio and the University of Toronto (1928-1952), and served as the President of the Canadian Institute of International Affairs (1952-1960) prior to his appointment as the first faculty member and History professor of York University in 1960. McInnis taught History at York until his retirement in 1968, (Emeritus Professor of History, 1969-1973). He also served York as a University Orator, as Chair of the History Department, 1962-1968 and as Dean of Graduate Studies at the University, 1963-1965. He remained at Glendon College following the opening of the Keele Street campus in 1965. McInnis was a prolific writer. Notably, he twice won the Governor-General's Award for Non-Fiction, first in 1943 for "The Unguarded Frontier: a History of American-Canadian relations" and second in 1945 for "The war: the fourth year". His "Canada: a Political and Social History" went through three editions in his lifetime and was a standard text for a generation of Canadian History students. In addition to numerous works on History and International Relations, McInnis published works of poetry, including "On the road to Arras," (1924) and "Eleven poems," which appeared in the anthology "Modern Canadian Poetry" (1930). Many of his works were written for a wider audience than the academic community, which reflected his activities outside of the university. In 1952 McInnis was a member of the Canadian delegation to the United Nation's Seventh General Assembly. McInnis died on September 28, 1973 in Toronto, Ontario.

Herbert William Hunt served in the artillery for the British Army during the First World War while his wife, Jessica, served in the Voluntary Aid Detachment. Hunt and his wife tried to build an agrarian life for themselves in England for six year after the war, without success. Disappointed, Hunt applied to the 3,000 Family Settlement Scheme, a joint initiative by the governments of the United Kingdom and Canada to resettle British families on farmland in central and western Canada. Canada’s Department of Immigration and Colonization accepted Hunt’s application to participate in the Settlement Scheme in March 1926. By the end of May, Hunt and his wife began their migration to their settlement, which was located north of Spruce Lake and east of St.Walburg in Saskatchewan. After completing the probationary apprenticeship of one year, during which time new settlers were required to demonstrate their fitness by working as farm hands, Hunt purchased 160 acres of farmland from the Soldier Settlement Board. On this farm, Hedgerows, Hunt primarily cultivated wheat. Hunt and his wife struggled to acclimatize to Canada, the harsh prairie weather in particular. His crops also suffered under frost and drought. The family’s financial hardship was compounded by the low market prices of grains during the depression. After spending a challenging decade in Saskatchewan, Hunt and his wife returned to England in 1936. Hunt died in Benfleet, Essex, England in 1985.

Vernon Oliver Stong (1937-2005) was the son of Oliver Wellington Stong (1897-1993) and Verona Bowes (1904-?).

The Stong Family are farmers of Pennsylvania Deutch descent who farmed lots 24 and 25 of concession 4 of York township, the land upon which the Keele campus of York University is built. The Stong family emigrated from Pennsylvania in 1800. Sylvester (Seward) Stong (1746-1834) and his wife Barbary Bolinger (1769-1863) established a homestead on lot 12, concession 2 in Vaughan township where they raised their family of 7 children.
Their eldest son Daniel Stong (1791-1868) fought in the War of 1812 before he married Elizabeth Fisher (1798-1885), had 8 children and farmed lot 25, concession 4. There they built a two-story log house and two log barns. During the William Lyon Mackenzie Rebellion of 1837, Daniel and his eldest son Jacob sided with the Reformers. Daniel Stong was captured and held prisoner by the government.
Daniel and Elizabeth's eldest son Jacob Stong (1821-1898) married Sarah Snider (1821-1900) and farmed lot 21, concession 4 at Elia. He later bought his fathers' farm in 1854, and in 1860 he built a two-story brick house on lot 25. He was appointed Justice of the Peace in 1874 and in 1897 he was an original director and judge at the Canadian National Exhibition. Jacob Stong was known as a good judge of livestock and was also a local expert on roofing. He owned the local sawmill and was a member of the Methodist Church. Jacob and Sarah Stong had ten children. Jacob was killed while driving home when he was hit by a fast express train at Downsview crossing.

Samuel Stong (1844-1930) was the eldest son of Jacob and Sarah Stong. He married Christina McNaughton (1847-1914) and farmed lot 24, concession 5, was a notable horse dealer and raised seven children.
Alfred Wellington Stong (1859-1936) was the youngest son of Jacob and Sarah Stong. He married Jennette Elizabeth Jackson (1868-1935) and they lived and raised their five children on the lot 25 homestead.
Oliver Wellington Stong (1897-1993) was the second youngest son of Alfred and Elizabeth Stong. He married Verona Bowes (1904-?) and farmed lot 25, concession 4 until 1952. Their son was Vernon Oliver Stong (1937-2005).
Daniel Stong and Elizabeth Fisher's third son,Joseph Stong (1826-1904) was born on lot 25, concession 4, York Township. He married Elizabeth Snider (1833-1911). Their eldest son Jacob S. Stong (1851-1941) ran a grocery store and butchers on Queen Street East. His sons Ross Stong (1877-1943) and Joseph Perry Stong (1881-1955) would move to Seattle and later Vancouver where they established grocery stores.